Partial Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Report On

Small Scale Basalt Mining Project

Laga Qal’a Locality, Calalaqa Bobe Kebele, Ejersa Lafo

Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Oromia National Regional State
To Be Submitted To:

West Showa Zone Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Authority

Alma’ata Environmental Consultancy Services

Cell phone:-+251940404278/+251910609824

July, 2021
Promotor:Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing
Plc
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Table of Content
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
1.1. General overview of the project...........................................................................................1
1.2. Objective of the environmental and social impact assessment study...................................2
1.2.1. The Main Objective of the EIA.....................................................................................2
1.2.2. The Specific Objectives of the EIA...............................................................................2
1.3. Approach to the study (Methodology)..................................................................................3
1.3.1. Methodology used.........................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Materials Used...............................................................................................................4
2. Scope of the study........................................................................................................................4
2.1. Limit of the study area (scope).............................................................................................4
2.2. Valued ecosystem components within the study area to impact by the project...................4
3. Relevant Policy, Legal and Administrative Frame Works..........................................................5
3.1. Policy Frameworks...............................................................................................................5
3.1.1. The National Economic Development Strategy............................................................5
3.1.2. The National Investment Strategy.................................................................................5
3.1.3. Conservation strategy of Ethiopia.................................................................................6
3.1.4. Environmental policy.....................................................................................................6
3.1.5. Sect oral policies and strategies.....................................................................................8
3.2 Legal Frameworks.................................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Constitution of the FDRE...............................................................................................9
3.2.2 Environmental legislative framework...........................................................................10
3.2.3. Ethiopian water resource management proclamation..................................................11
3.2.4. Proclamation on rural land administration and land use.............................................11
3.2.5. Proclamation on expropriation of land holdings and payment of compensation........12
3.2.6. Public health proclamation..........................................................................................12
2.2.7. Environmental assessment guidelines.........................................................................13
3.3. Administrative and Institutional Frameworks....................................................................14
3.3.1 National level environmental institutional arrangements.............................................14
3.3.2 Regional environmental protection agencies................................................................16
4. Project Location.........................................................................................................................16
5. Baseline Information of the Study Area....................................................................................18
5.1. Physical Environment.........................................................................................................18
5.1.1. Topography and landscape..........................................................................................18
5.1.2. Land use/land cover.....................................................................................................19
5.1.3. Climate (temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine)....................................................20
5.1.4. Geology........................................................................................................................20
5.1.5. Hydrology or Water resources (surface and ground water resources)........................22
5.2. Biological Environment......................................................................................................22
5.2.1. Population....................................................................................................................22
5.2.2. Settlement patterns.......................................................................................................22
5.2.3. Vegetation....................................................................................................................22
5.2.4. Wildlife........................................................................................................................23
5.3. Socio-economic Environment............................................................................................23
5.3.1. Economic activities......................................................................................................23
5.3.2. Demographic indices and Livelihoods........................................................................24

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 5.3.3. School facilities...........................................................................................................24
5.4. Historical, religious, cultural and archaeological resources...............................................25
6. Environmental and Social Impacts Identification, Synthesis and Analysis..............................26
6.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project............................................................................26
6.1.1. Beneficial Economic Impacts......................................................................................26
6.1.2. Beneficial Social Impacts............................................................................................27
6.1.3. Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities..........................................................28
6.1.4. Rural and Urban Development....................................................................................28
6.2. Potential negative (adverse) impacts of the project............................................................29
6.2.1. Adverse impacts during preconstruction phase...........................................................29
6.2.2. Potential adverse impacts during operation or implementation phase........................29
7. Proposed Mitigation Measures..................................................................................................32
7.1. Preconstruction phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures.....................................32
7.2. Construction phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures.........................................32
7.3. Operation phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures..............................................33
7.4. Mining phase adverse impacts mitigation measures..........................................................33
8. Alternative Analysis..................................................................................................................37
9. Environmental and Social Management Plan............................................................................37
9.1. Environmental and Social Management Plan.....................................................................37
9.1.1. Air quality management plan.......................................................................................37
9.1.2. Noise management plan...............................................................................................38
9.1.3. Soil loss management plan..........................................................................................39
9.1.4. Aquatic resource management plan.............................................................................39
9.1.5. Water quality management plan..................................................................................39
9.1.6. Solid waste management plan.....................................................................................39
9.1.7. Occupational health and safety management plan.......................................................39
9.1.8. Public consultation and disclosure plan.......................................................................40
9.1.9. Resettlement action plan..............................................................................................40
9.2. Environmental and Social Mitigation Actions and Monitoring plans................................49
9.2.1. Mitigation actions........................................................................................................57
9.2.2. Monitoring plans..........................................................................................................60
10. Conclusion and Recommendations..........................................................................................64
10.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................................64
10.2. Recommendations.............................................................................................................65
11. Appendices..............................................................................................................................66
12. References................................................................................................................................67

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 1. Executive Summary
Ethiopia current status of the industrial minerals sub-sector has been assessed through a survey of
producers and users, data on domestic production and imports, and reference to conventional
publications and information available on the World Wide Web.

Many manufacturers prefer to use imported industrial minerals because the quality of local material is
not consistent and/or cannot be supplied to a high enough specification; also, it is frequently more
expensive than imported material. Minerals are often extracted using unsophisticated, labor-intensive
methods.

Domestic production of industrial minerals is dominated by materials used for construction, although
activity in the construction sector is currently dampened due to shortages of Energy minerals.
Domestic use of industrial minerals is relatively small, which is a reflection of the small size.

The small size of the internal market for industrial minerals presents a problem to further development,
as the small tonnages used offer little incentive to local investors. Additionally, the lack of hard,
technical information on most industrial mineral deposits means that a potential investor has little on
which to base a business decision. Local producers need to be supported and encouraged to improve
the consistency and supply of their products. There is a role here for a better-resourced Geological
Survey of Ethiopia to bring solutions to industry problems by developing appropriate technologies and
introducing them to the local producers, and to provide market intelligence generally. Only when local
suppliers can compete with imported materials on the internal market in terms of price, quality and
consistency of supply, can they compete on the export market.

Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc basalt mining will implement various productivity management
programs in the mining to improve the work environment, effective housekeeping and environment
quality. All the necessary steps shall be taken in the mining to meet environmental standards
prescribed by the National EFCCA and Oromia Region EFCCA.

This report attempts to show the environmental impacts and mitigation measures of the Fasil Abdisa
Block Stone Crushing Plc basalt mining is going to be established in specific area called Qal’a locality,
Calalaqa Bobe kebele, Ejersa Lafo woreda. Remedial measures to control significant environmental
impacts associated with the company production processes are also suggested.

The implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts including creating job
opportunity and reducing poverty, contributing to national economic growth through mining materials
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production; foreign currency savings, etc. It also has negative impacts through increasing health
hazards if safety materials are not properly used. These negative impacts can be reduced to an
acceptable level through a holistic planning and implementation of the environmental management
plan. Thus, it can be concluded that the project benefits by-far outweigh its adverse socio-economic
and socio-ecological impacts as these two can be mitigated by proper utilizations of the suggested
mitigation measures.

To enhance the potential benefits and social acceptability of the project, avoid or minimize the adverse
impacts of the project and reduce the impacts of the existing environmental conditions on the project.
It is recommended that the proposed mitigating measures are properly implemented at the right time, at
right place and right person. To ensure its proper implementation regular environmental monitoring
and audit are also recommended. In addition, the company should create harmonious relationship
between the local community and the project by holding regular discussions with local elders so as to
develop strong linkages with and avoid unexpected conflicts and complaints from local communities.

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1. Introduction

1.1. General overview of the project

The mineral resources development works such as mineral prospecting, exploration and mining
activities are broadly developing in Ethiopia because of the higher demand of minerals due to the
ongoing enormous developments running in the country. Most of the development sectors like factory
basement, infrastructural and construction of settlements are highly requiring the construction
materials input. Basalt and different size basalt aggregates are commonly used as basic construction
materials as infill aggregates, cement mortar making, road any construction activities and other basic
building sectors including industrial applications uses, e.g., special wears, natural fertilizers by micron
zing, etc.

The developmental economic policy of the present Ethiopian Government has created conducive
environment for the private investors to participate in all sectors of the economy, including various
types of mineral mining and production.

At present there is an increasing demand of construction minerals like Basalt , limestone, sandstone,
marble etc. and their processed products which goes parallel with the Government’s ambitious of
Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) that gives vast emphasis to infrastructure and construction
development activities.

Therefore; the involvement in the mining and production of Basalt rock has an essential contribution
for various industries and it helps to earn high profit. Moreover, the ability of skilled and manual labor,
existence of adequate mineral deposit & limited number of nearby suppliers of Basalt rock, simplicity
of the production technology (either from financial and /or operating view point) transparent rules &
regulations, etc. makes this business to be the most attractive one. This along with the recent emphasis
given by the Government for industrial development will likely increased the demand for construction
materials. Therefore, the proposed project will be highly benefited from the existing enormous
demands of Basalt aggregate various size products.
Projects of both Government and private sectors will be benefited from Basalt products such as Basalt
crushed aggregate that will be produced by the planed organization. Thus, it is the present interest of
Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc to undertake quarrying of the out lined Basalt deposit
transporting and processing to mine Basalt rock which is used to produce Basalt crushed aggregate in
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small scale. But it is very obvious that development activities, especially mineral mining, if not
properly done they can cause great impacts to the environment and surrounding communities. So this
document presented the possible environmental and social impacts and proposed mitigation methods
that help to minimize the possible negative impacts likely occur during the mining operation.

1.2. Objective of the environmental and social impact assessment study

1.2.1. The Main Objective of the EIA

The objective of the project owners is to involve in mining of Basalt rock and to manufacture other
Basalt products and to supply for the local demanders, regional and national markets as well as to
create job opportunities and to generate reasonable income profit for the founders of the project.
While doing the intended objectives of the project, the project work will possibly results to
environmental and social impacts.

In order to know the type of possible impacts, the extent of impact, intensity of impact and to mitigate
the possible impacts conducting environmental and social impact is strongly recommended. In short
the main objective of conducting EIA at this specified place is to identify, describe, evaluate and
develop means of mitigating potential impacts of quarry site operation activity on the environment.
EIAs are usually not limited to environmental aspects, but typically address all potential impacts of
new projects, plan or activities on man and environment. Taking a step further in relating potential
impacts to people and communities, it may also be necessary to consider human health and
socioeconomic aspects where appropriate. Public participation is another fundamental element of EIA
in order to involve the public in the evaluation and decision making process of new projects. Where
possible, an EIA should try to predict all potential impacts, including those directly and indirectly
related to a projects, as well as cumulative impacts’ with other projects or activities, and trans-
boundary effects. Therefore, based on the above addressed general facts Fasil Abdisa Block Stone
Crushing Plc produced the EIA study and design of mitigation measures as stated in Environmental
Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 following the procedural guideline draft of 2003.

1.2.2. The Specific Objectives of the EIA

The EIA is used to predict and manage the environmental effects that will be resulted by the intended
project as a result of its design, construction, operation, or an ongoing process as a result of its
modification or termination. Therefore; the specific objectives of this EIA is aims:

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 To find out possible impacts on the environment prior to the approval of the license and design
effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social
aspects into a decision making process in a manner that promotes sustainable development.
 The EIA serves to bring about administrative transparency and accountability, as well as to involve
the public and in particular the communities in the planning and decision making on the
development which may affect them and their Environment.
 The EIA helps for comparisons of negative and positive impacts that may occur.
 The EIA makes clear the right and obligations of the promoters and supervisors (monitories’).
 The EIA helps as a parameter to evaluate promoters’ performance to be qualified for incentives.

1.3. Approach to the study (Methodology)

1.3.1. Methodology used

General

The methodology used follows the conventional pattern for Basalt mining project where the EIA
study meets the requirements of EPA’s Environmental Impact Assessment guideline through collection
of necessary data and documents, desktop study, impact analysis, choosing mitigation and
enhancement measures using different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection,
monitoring and management plans.

Collection of Available Information

The study team collected and reviewed published national policies, legislatives, regulations and
guidelines as well as international conventions and protocols ratified by the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), Central Statistical Authority (CSA) Census Reports and Documents.
The existing Environmental data were also gathered from the feasibility study of the project such as
hydrology, topographic map, and socio-economic data. Data collection on site was done using different
tools and techniques including the preparation of check lists and matrices appropriate for this project.
Satellite images were also used to extract wide information. Geographical Information system (GIS)
software, Remote Sensing and other software are intensively used to analyze the information collected
from different sources and to prepare maps.

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Field Visits

Two time site visit was made to assess the baseline environmental conditions of the proposed basalt-
mining project, to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely to be significantly
affected by the proposed project. During the field investigation, information on physical and biological
resources, socio-economic as well as socio-cultural profile data has been collected.

Public Consultation

Public consultation was undertaken for identifying issues during (scoping) and impact study. During
the impact study, individuals were informally interviewed. The consultation involved residents living
in the area close to the project site. The participants were men, women, and also the youth living in the
target community. Following the consultation meeting, an agreement was reached on the issues of the
community to be addressed in the project implementation.

1.3.2. Materials Used

In order to collect the necessary data we used different kinds of materials like:
 Environmental assessment guidelines, proclamations of Ethiopia and Oromia regional state,
etc. were used to extract wide information.
 Geographical positioning system (GPS) instrument was used to locate and to collect the points
the project boundary to prepare the map of the project area.
 Geographical Information System (GIS) software used to produce the map of the project area.
2. Scope of the study
2.1. Limit of the study area (scope)
The Environmental Impact Assessment study is conducted for those areas that would be influenced by
the impact of the basalt mining Project implementation. The project site, the land adjacent to the
project site and the neighboring environment are the most impacted areas either directly or indirectly
by the project implementation. The socio-economic and environmental impacts can, however, be felt
beyond those limits.

2.2. Valued ecosystem components within the study area to impact by the project

The minable basalt blocks totally lies on project owners’ grazing land. There are four land owners and
one mining project area surrounding the land proposed for this project. The surrounding farmers use
their land for grazing and the prior mining project is owned by micro business enterprise and used to
mine basalt blocks.
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3. Relevant Policy, Legal and Administrative Frame Works
This chapter covers the policy, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to development
projects in general and Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc basalt project in particular. The first
section looks at the National Economic Development policy and strategies and sect- oral policies and
strategies related to the project. The second section focuses on existing environmental policies and
strategies at the national and sect-oral level. Finally, the third section presents the existing institutional
frame-work for Environmental Protection and Management.

3.1. Policy Frameworks

3.1.1. The National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under the National Economic Development is known as the ‘Agricultural
Development led Industrialization’ (ADLI). This strategy further developed into sect-oral strategies
that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth, technological progress, Economic and
Social infrastructure, etc.

3.1.2. The National Investment Strategy

There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
governments as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economy’ to ‘mixed economy’
(since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.

Above all; the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current Ethiopian
investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.

o Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia

o Proclamation of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to

provide for investment Incentives.

According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment policy of the
federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(FDRE) are designed to improve the living standard of the
peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and social development. Article 13
of the proclamation specifies the required information for submitting an application for investment
permit. The first sub article under article 14, prescribes the procedure for issuance of investment
permit, states the following:

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 Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the
provisions of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the
included investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and
that, in particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws, the
appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.

3.1.3. Conservation strategy of Ethiopia

The Conservation strategy of Ethiopia sets out detailed strategies and action plans as well as the
institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sect-oral as well as cross sect- oral
interventions for the management of Ethiopia’s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The CSE
provides strategies for the effective management of the environment. The most important areas that are
considered in the document include the following:
Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural production;
Management of forest and woodland resources;
Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply;
Rangeland management and pastoral development;
Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial and
cultural resources, and environmental protection;
Land resource use policy and strategies and physical and use planning;
Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and environmental
management, and development of environmental education, public awareness and human
resources.
At the regional governments were also formulated their own Regional Conservation strategies. The
overall policy goal of the regional conservation strategy is to improve and enhance the health and
quality of life of all the people in the region. It also promotes sustainable social and economic
development through sound management and use of natural, human made and cultural resources and
the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

3.1.4. Environmental policy

The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of Ethiopia is the
Environmental policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the council of Ministers in April 1997. The
EPE supports Constitutional Rights through its guiding principles. The principles are of course,

6
guiding all development proposals in the country. The principles include many important issues to be
taken into account also in projects, the most relevant being:
Every person has the right to live in a healthy environment;
Full environmental and social costs (or benefits foregone or lost) that may result though
damage to resources or the environment as a result of degradation or pollution shall be
incorporated into public and private sector planning and accounting and decisions shall be
based on minimizing and covering these costs;
Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be
undertaken and the information widely disseminated within the population;
Natural resource and environmental management activities shall be integrated laterally across
all sectors and vertically among all levels of organization.
The principal features of the Environmental protection policy of Ethiopia
Provides for protection of human and natural environments;
Provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and program design;
Recognizes public consultation;
Includes mitigation plans and contingency plans;
Provides for auditing and monitoring;
Establishes legally binding requirements, and
Institutionalizes policy implementation.
The overall goal of the EPE is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians,
and to promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of
natural human-made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole (EPA,1997). The policy
seeks to ensure empowerment and participation of people and their organizations at all levels in
environmental management activities and to raise public awareness and promote understanding of the
essential linkage between environment and development.

EIA policies are included in cross-sect oral policies of the EPE (EPA, 1997). They emphasize, among
others, early recognition and incorporation of environmental issues and mitigation plans in project
design and implementation, public participation in EIA process, development of EIA tools and
capacity building at all levels of administration. The policy establishes the authority, EPA, to
harmonize Sect oral Development plans and implement an environmental management program for the
country. It also imparts political and popular support to sustainable use of natural, human-made and
cultural resources at the federal, regional, zonal, District and community levels.

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3.1.5. Sect oral policies and strategies

Several sect-oral policies and strategies have been issued by ministries that are aimed for protection of
environment and promote sustainable development in the country. The most pertinent policies and
strategies to the intended project are discussed below
3.1.5.1. Water resource management policy

The then Ministry of water Resources has formulated and issued in 1998 the Federal Water Resource
Management policy for a comprehensive and integrated water resource management. The overall goal
of the water resources policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards efficient and
optimum utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on sustainable
basis. The document includes policies to establish and institutionalize environment conservation and
protection requirements as integral parts of water resources planning and project development. It also
includes policies to develop criteria and parameters for;
 Protection of water bodies;
 Impacts of water resources undertakings on the environment; and
 To ensure the all water resources schemes and projects shall have “Environment impact
assessment and evaluation” component where the impacts of schemes or projects are
identified and the appropriate measures to mitigate impacts.

3.1.5.2 Health policy

Ethiopia’s health policy was issued in 1993 and revised in April 1998, with the aim of giving special
attention to women and children, to neglected regions and segments of the population and to victims of
man-made disasters.
The priority areas of the policy are in the field of Information Education and communication (IEC) of
health to create awareness and behavioral change of the society towards health issues, emphasis on the
control of communicable disease, epidemics and on diseases that are related to malnutrition and poor
living condign promotion of occupational health and safety, the development of environmental health
rehabilitation of health infrastructures, appropriate health service management system attention to
traditional medicines, carrying out applied health research, provision of essential medicines, and
expansion of frontline and middle level health professionals;
3.1.5.3 National policy on HIV/AIDS

The 1998 policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia urges communities at
large, including government ministries, local governments and the civil society to feel responsibilities
for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns “to provide an enabling environment

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for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the country”. The proposed project area in this regard
need take the necessary precaution to protect the residing population and/or other incoming population
attracted by the project benefits.

3.2 Legal Frameworks

3.2.1 Constitution of the FDRE

As the major binding document for all other derivative national and regional policies, laws and
regulations, the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation 1/1995, has
several provisions which have direct policy, legal and institutional relevance for the appropriate
implementation of environmental protection activities, mitigate adverse effects of development actions.

Article 40.3 of the Constitution establishes the public ownership of both rural and urban land as well as
all natural resources. It further states that land is the common property of the Ethiopian people and
cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Moreover, ownership of land is vested in the
state and the people while rural and urban dwellers have only have use rights over land. A use right
gives the user of the land the right to use the land and the right to benefit from fruits of her/his labor
which may be crops, trees, etc found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc. On the
other hand, Article 43 of the Constitution indicates the right to development of all citizens to meet their
basic needs.

Article 44 provides that all persons have the right to a clean healthy environment and further
emphasizes that the polluter shall pay for violating the basic right. Article 92 states that all Ethiopians
shall live in clean and healthy environment; no damage or destruction should happen to those basic
environmental rights. People have the right to full consultation and the community has the right to
express its views in the planning and implementation of environmental policy and to deal with the
projects that directly affect them. The government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the
environment and mitigate the affected components.

Further, Article 44.2 of the Constitution indicates that interventions for public goods that cause
displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihood of local population shall give the right to
commensurate monetary or other means of compensation including relocation (resettlement) with
adequate state assistance. However, the compensation does not take into account the value of land.

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3.2.2 Environmental legislative framework

3.2.2.1 Proclamation for the establishment of environmental protection

Proclamation No. 199/2008 E.C of Oromia re-established the Environmental protection Authority
(EPA), Sect oral Environmental Units and Regional Environmental Agencies of Ethiopia. The
objective of this proclamation is to formally lay down institutional arrangements necessary to ensure
environmentally sustainable management and development, both at Federal and at Regional level. A
series of institutional mandates, which describes powers and duties of EPA, regional environmental
agencies, sect oral environmental units are stipulated in the proclamation.
3.2.2.2 Environmental impact assessment proclamation

The aim of EIA proclamation No. 299/2002 is to make an EIA mandatory for specified categories of
activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors and is the legal tool for environmental
planning, management and monitoring.

The proclamation elaborates considerations with respect to the assessment of positive and negative
impacts and states that the impact of a project shall be assessed on the basis of the size, location,
nature, cumulative effect with other concurrent impacts or phenomena, trans-regional context,
duration, reversibility or irreversibility or other related effects of a project Categories of projects have
been defined that require full EIA partial EIA or for which study of EIA is not called for.

To effect requirements of the proclamation, EPA has issued procedural and Technical EIA Guidelines,
which provide details of the EIA processes and its requirement. The guidelines follow conventional
patterns adopted in many other countries and make provision for screening, scoping, identification and
evaluation of impacts, the development of environmental management and monitoring plans,
consideration of alternatives, EIA report structure and information requirements, etc.

3.2.2.3 Environmental pollution control proclamation

Proclamation No. 300/2002 is manly based on the right of each citizen to have a healthy environment,
as well as on the obligation to protect the environment of the country. Its primary objective is to
provide basis from which relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be
developed and to make violation of these standards a punishable act.

The proclamation states that “polluter pays” principle will be applied to all persons. Under this
proclamation, EPA is given mandate for creation of the function of Environmental inspectors. These

10
inspectors (to be assigned by EPA or regional environmental agencies) are given the Authority to
ensure implementation and enforcement of environmental standards and related requirements.
3.2.3. Ethiopian water resource management proclamation

Proclamation No. 197/2000 was issued in March 2000 and provides legal requirements for Ethiopian
Water resources Management, protection and utilization. The aim of the proclamation was to ensure
that water resources of the country are protected and utilized for the highest social and economic
benefits, to follow up and supervise that they are duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water
use prevented and that the management of water resources is carried out properly.
3.2.4. Proclamation on rural land administration and land use

Rural Land Administration and Land USE PROCLAMATION PROC No. 456/2005 came into effect
in July 2005. The objective of the proclamation is to conserve and develop natural resources in rural
areas by promoting sustainable land use practices. In order to encourage farmers to implement
measures to guard against soil erosion, the proclamation introduces rural land holding certificate,
which provides a level of security of tenure.

The Ministry of Agriculture is charged with executing the proclamation by providing support and
coordinating the activities of the regional Authorities. Regional governments have obligations to
establish a competent organization to implement the rural land administration and land use law. At
regional level including Oromia, Bureau of Agriculture is responsible to implement this issue.

Part three of the proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land, particularly as it
relates to soil and water conservation and watershed management. The proclamation also addresses
environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives on environmental protection.

An important feature of this proclamation is that it stipulates rural land use and restrictions based on
proper land use planning, providing for the proper use of various types of land, such as slopes, gullies
and wetlands, as well as the utilization of rural land for villages and social services. In addition, it is
envisaged that the proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of the rural
population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental management
activities. In line with this national proclamation, regional governments hone issued regional rural
Land Administration and Use proclamations.

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3.2.5. Proclamation on expropriation of land holdings and payment of compensation

The proclamation, proc. No. 455/2005, was issued in July 2005 and deals with appropriation of land
for development works carried out by the government and determination of compensation for a person
whose land holding has been expropriated. It includes provisions on power to expropriate landholdings
notification of expropriation order, and responsibility for the implementing agency and procedures for
removal of utility lines. According to the proclamation, the power to exported land holdings mainly
rests on District or urban administration authorities.

Article 3(1) of the proclamation states that a District or an urban administration shall, upon payment in
advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or
urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development
project to be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or
where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government
organ for the same purpose.”

The proclamation deals also with determination of compensation having articles on the basis and
amount of compensation, displacement compensation, valuation of property, property valuation
committees, complaints and appeals in relation to compensation. As per this proclamation, a land
holder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment for compensation for his
property situated on the land for permanent improvements he made to such land and the amount of
compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on the basis of
replacement cost of the property. In addition to the amount of compensation for the property
expropriated. The proclamation also gives a provision for cost of removal, transportation and erection.

3.2.6. Public health proclamation

Public health proclamation (Proc. No. 200/2000) was issued in 2000. Among the objectives of the
proclamation related to environmental healthy and applicable during construction phase of
development projects are; prohibiting discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks,
seepage pits and industries into water bodies, of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks,
seepage pits and industries into water bodies, or water convergences; prohibiting disposal of solid or
liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminates the environment or affect the health of the
society etc.

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3.2.7. Oromia Environmental proclamation enacted in 2012
The Oromia regional state has adopted the Federal Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
and on pollution control, called ‘Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation No. 176/2012’ and ‘Oromia National Regional state Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation No.177/2012’. In addition to the framework proclamations, the OEFCCA is preparing
detailed regulations on EIA and pollution control which are currently drafted and being discussed in
house. Clearly the region has an environmental and social management system that requires for
conducting EIAs for development projects. The enforcement of this requirement for environmental
assessment is spearheaded by OEFCCA and its branch offices at Zonal, City and Woreda levels.

In practice, the environmental procedures followed to implement and administer the Oromia EIA
proclamation in the region starts from a screening exercise which was done with the help of the
Oromia Mineral Development Agency staff. The experts of the Agency provide a kind of pre-
consultancy support to the project proponent by screening the specific proposed project. When project
proponent approaches the offices, the office experts advise them on the category into which the
proposed project belongs and further indicate them on the type of EIA (full or partial or none) required
to be submitted. Screening of the projects is carried out by comparing it against a category list as
provided in the guidelines. After the screening, this project needs full ESIA. The guideline lists the
type of projects categorized in category A, B and C. During the EIA study process, project proponents
are also required to consider site and project alternatives based on land use plan, technology,
environmental sensitivity as well as the no project option. These considerations on project alternatives
are formally required to be present in the EIA document to be submitted for review and approval.

Some of the areas requiring assistance include: need for raising awareness on environmental
protection; need for training on environmental management; logistical support such as Desk top and
laptop computers, digital cameras, video recorders, vehicles etc; and training on environmental
auditing, EIA and laboratory skills.

3.2.8. Environmental assessment guidelines

With a view to implement the environmental laws, environmental guidelines have been issued by EPA.
Among these are the technical and procedural EIA guidelines, which were issued in 2000 and 2003
respectively. They are intended to guide developers, competent agencies and other stakeholders in
carrying out EIA.

13
The procedural guideline details the required procedures for conducting n EIA, the permit
requirements, the stages and procedures involved in EIA process and roles and responsibilities of
parties involved in the EIA process. It also includes categories of projects (schedule of activities)
concerning the requirement of EIA, and list of project types under each category. The technical
guideline specifies tools, particularly the standards and guidelines that may be considered when
undertaking the EIA process, and details key issues for environmental assessment in specific
development sectors.
The other valuable document is the Guideline for Reviewing EIA Reports (2003). This is a generic
guideline prepared to facilitate the EIA report reviewing and decision- making processes and it
includes review approaches, and outlines a minimum report structure and information requirements. It
is intended to help the reviewers to assess the content, comprehensiveness, adequacy and accuracy of
information in the report, as well as its organizational and presentation qualities. The review guideline
is principally meant to be used by EPA and regional environmental agencies but also by sectorial
environmental units and the proponents. Thus, it is believed that the guideline will help to make
decisions in good time and faith, whether and under what conditions the project shall proceed.

3.3. Administrative and Institutional Frameworks

The proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental protection organs, No. 295/2002, issued a
series of institutional mandates that extend powers and duties of the Federal Environmental protection
Authority (EPA) and the Environmental protection Council (EPC) beyond those defined in the
enabling legislation down to lower administrative levels as indicated under the following sections.
3.3.1 National level environmental institutional arrangements

The administrative structure of the country is based on a Federal system that has nine regional states
and two special city administrations At national level environmental protection activities are directed
through three levels of institutional arrangements; the Environmental protection Council, the
Environmental protection Authority and the Inter-ministerial commissions coordinating mechanisms.

3.3.1.1 Environmental protection Council

The proclamation establishes Environmental protection Council of the ensures integration of

environmental concerns with development policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among
sectors. The council is composed of Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Trade and Industry, Minister
of water, Mines and Energy; Commissioner of science and Technology and General Manager of the
Environmental protection Authority.

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3.3.1.2 Environmental protection Authority

The institution, Environmental protection Authority (EPA), is the competent environmental agency at
the Federal level in Ethiopia with one of its objectives, Article 5, indicating that the authority is
established.

“To ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s social and economic activities are carried out in
a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainably protects, develops and
utilizes the resources base on which they depend for survival.”
It also indicates that EPA is entitled to provide bases for the protection and conservation of the bored
Ethiopian environment, through formulating policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster
social and economic development of the country in a manner that enhances the welfare of humans and
the safety of the environmental sustainability.
As indicated in the authority’s powers and responsibilities with regard to Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA), the Federal Environmental protection Authority involves in EIA processes where a
proposed activity may have:
 An environmental effect across the international boundaries,
 An environmental effect across regional boundaries within Ethiopia
 An effect on an environment of national or international significance,
 A Federal Government Department, the relevant regional authority or another statutory body as
proponent, and
 The Federal Investment Authority as the investment approval body
Depending on these powers and duties, all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the
country should operate in close cooperation with EPA and its designate regional bodies to ensure that
proper mitigation measures should be designed and implemented especially for projects with adverse
effects on the environment.
3.3.1.3 Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms

Besides Environmental protection Council and Environmental protection Authority, there are a number
of inter-ministerial commissions that were established in the form of standing national committees nd
boards to deliberate upon issues relevant to their functional areas. These committees and boards
facilitate cooperation and coordination among different government ministries, authorities,
commissions and NGOs and other relevant organizations regarding issues related to Ethiopian
environmental conditions.

15
3.3.2 Regional environmental protection agencies

EPA proclamation No. 295/2002 states that each National Regional states shall establish an
independent regional environmental agency or designate an existing agency based on the Ethiopian
Environmental policy and Conservation strategy to ensure public participation in regulation and follow
up that any development activity is planned and implemented without damaging the environment and
disordering its balance.

When it comes to environmental impact assessment, among other activities, the regional environmental
body is entitled to coordinate formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional
conservation strategies, and also environmental monitoring, protection and regulation in order to
ensure the implementation of federal environmental standards or, as may be appropriate, issue and
implement their own no less stringent stands.

The environmental bodies of the country are structured based on the regional structural arrangements.
Accordingly, the Oromia National Regional State Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority
is structured to undertake the regional level environmental activities. Similarly, Ejersaa Lafoo
Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority is structured under the District council to
undertake the District level land and environmental protection activities.

4. Project Location
The project area is located in Oromia Regional State, West Shoa Zone, EjersaaLafoo District at Ejeree
Lafto peasant association at the locality called Lega Qaldhaa. The project area can be reached/accessed
by Hollota – Olonkomi main road and then about 1Km north turn over all-weather gravel road to the
site. The main accessible road is asphalt (Ambo-Olonkoomi) and the rest of the road is covered with
gravel and can be accessed in all weather conditions. The geographic coordinate of the four Corners of
the area are given in UTM, Adindan, Zone 37 and listed in the following table. The total area of the
target area is 0.937 hec.

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 Table 1. Geographic Coordinates of the Area
B.M Easting(m) Northing(m)

1 418982 995390

2 419050 995411

3 419083 995491

4 419011 995473

5 418961 995434

Enclosed Area = 0.937 hec.

Figure 1. Location map of the project area in Ethiopia and Oromia region.

Fig. 2. Map of project area

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Figure 2. Project area map.

5. Baseline Information of the Study Area

5.1. Physical Environment
Environment means surroundings, which are comprised by things and conditions. Pertaining to
Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc Project both bio-physical and socio-cultural aspects have been
considered. Prior to detail description of the project site, a general description of the study area
presented.

5.1.1. Topography and landscape

The relief of the study area has an altitude ranging from 1760 - 2300 meters above sea level in general.
The surrounding topography is flat toped plateau, gentle steeply sloping topography towards the south;
gullies, creeks, streams and cliff are formed by high erosion of the top soil. The plateau and sloppy
areas are generally used as grazing and farm land and they are covered with scattered bushy tree and
different types of grass species. Few eucalyptus trees exist surrounding human settlements in the area
which is far away from the intended BASALT mining site. The area is characterized by all-weather
Rivers and rainy season rivers which are found in the Nile basin and all of them are drain to the Nile
River. But they are at various distances from the mining site.
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Some of the known rivers and tributaries found in the area include Lega Qaldha River and many other
tributaries (see figure 2).

Figure 3. Map of drainage systems of the project area.

5.1.2. Land use/land cover

The area is sparsely vegetated due to intensive farming. Vegetation of the area is characterized by
sparsely distributed bushes and very few scattered acacia shrubs, and riverine trees along streams and
most parts of the land especially the target area is bare land. The people residing in the area mainly live
on substance farming and cattle breeding. Sorghum, maize and teff are the main agricultural crops.
Cows, sheep, goats, donkeys are the common domestic animals found in the area. Oxen are used in
plough the agricultural land while donkey and horses are used in transportation activities. The
livestock are feeding on grasses and leaves from dwarf bushes.

Based on the existing economic activities in the proposed area the land use can be categorized as:
 Agricultural land
 Range land
 Bush land and

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  Settlement area/cluster villages

Picture 4. The land use land cover photo of the project area

5.1.3. Climate (temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine)

The agro ecology of the surrounding area is described as "kola/ Gamoojjii" and “ Woyna degga/Badda
Daree”. The climate of the area is characterized by warm, humid and subtropical climatic condition.
The main rainy seasons are from June- September, little amount of rain also obtain during the autumn
season (April-June). The rest of the months are by dry weather conditions. And the average annual rain
fall obtain in this area is estimated to be 1000mm-1500mm. The temperature is hot during the day time
in the dry season and cold during rainy season. The average temperature varies from 15oc - 35oc.

5.1.4. Geology
 Regional Geology

The regional geology of the proposed area and its surroundings consists of Abay Formation, Ashangi
Formation, and Alajae Formation.
A. Abay Formation (Jb,Jt)

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The Abay formation consists of sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone and thick unit as well as
upper unit of a sequence of alternating shale and limestone. The Abay Formation (Jb) is middle
Jurassic age.
B. Ashangi Formation (P2a)
The Ashangi Formation represents the earliest fissure flood Basalt volcanism on the northwestern
plateau. The Basalt flows are strongly weathered, crushed, tilted Basalts which lie below the major
Pre-Oligocene unconformity. The Ashangi Formation consists of predominantly mildly alkaline
Basalts with inter bedded pyroclastics and rare rhyolites and is commonly injected by dolerite sills and
dykes. The general consensus remains that the Ashangi Formation has a Eocene to Oligocene age.

C. Alajae Formation (PNa)

The Alajae Formation (PNa) mainly consists of aphyric flood Basalts associated with rhyolite
(ignimbrites) and subordinate trachyte. This formation ranges in age between 36-13 Ma (Kazmin,
1979; Zanettin et aL, 1980).

Figure 3. Geological map of the Area extracted from regional geological map of Ethiopia.

 Local Geology

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The local geology of the project area is mainly characterized by Basalt, sandstone, and limestone and
intercalation layer of shale, mudstone and units from the bottom to the top. The rocks are tilted towards
NE-SW, but at places they are horizontally bedded. The sandstone unit is characterized by a purplish
red to reddish brown or light colored and medium to coarse grained rocks. The limestone unit is
relatively thin layer of intercalation unit. It consists thinly to thickly bedded shale, mudstone, Basalt
and clay units. In most of the cases intercalation of sand stone and limestone units are observed. The
thickness of the intercalation ranges up to 130 meter in average. While the Basalt unit can rich up to 60
meters.

5.1.5. Hydrology or Water resources (surface and ground water resources)

A detailed hydro-geological study has not been carried out in the area. But there are indicators
observed during the field work that indicate the existence of both surface water and ground water
availability in the project area. Few rivers and the springs observed are sources of surface water and
they are the indicators of existence of shallow ground water aquifer in the surrounding areas of the
project site.

5.2. Biological Environment

5.2.1. Population
The main ethnic groups in the area of interest are Oromo people, speaking mainly “the Oromo
Language Called ‘Afan Oromo’. Christian (Protestant and Orthodox), are the major belief systems in
the area. The people residing in the area mainly live on substance farming and cattle breeding.
Sorghum, maize and teff are the main agricultural products. Cows, sheep, goats, donkeys are the
common domestic animals found in the area.

5.2.2. Settlement patterns

The people living in this area since their live depend on agricultural activity mostly agricultural crop
production and to some extent animal raring they demand wider area of their land for crop production
and range land. Do to this reason the people are gathered around one area and made their land free for
agricultural activities. Yet there are very few people living in scattered settlement patterns where their
majority of their land resource found.

5.2.3. Vegetation
The study conducted in the area shows the vegetation composition of the area is few in types. The
study has covered plant and mining sites, as well as the buffer area, i.e., an area of 2 km radius around

22
the plant and mining sites. The distribution of vegetation is highly influenced by anthropogenic
factors such as crop cultivation, grazing, char basalt production and wood cutting for domestic uses.
Most of these species are indigenous while a few others are exotic or naturalized. Indigenous species
found in the area include various types of acacia species, Croton, ficus, mixed bushes, and plantations
like eucalyptus, and cupresus, bottle brush etc.

5.2.4. Wildlife
Due to the scarcity of forest, the area is not suitable for many wild animals. Wild animals like hyenas,
rabbit, antelopes, rodents, snakes and variety of birds are the only inhabitant in the area.
Few fauna were observed in the core and buffer zones, as the area is highly impacted by deforestation
and wildlife hunting. The fauna recorded in the buffer area include monkeys, baboons, hyenas, jackals,
bush pig, etc. There are no faunal species recorded from the area that can be categorized as
endangered, threatened or vulnerable. The species encountered are common forms that are observed in
other parts of Ethiopia.

5.3. Socio-economic Environment

A detailed socio-economic survey has been carried out in the area around the project site. The poverty
profile of the area is given below. The results of the household survey carried out for the project area
comprising of mining area reveal that the per capita consumption/ expenditure of the household and
the population in the project area is estimated to be Birr 9214.37 and Birr 1722.77 respectively.
According to the 2002 Development and Poverty Profile of Ethiopia the real per capita consumption
expenditure of West shewa zone, the area where the project is located, amounts to Birr 1087.2. The
higher figure arrived at during the primary survey may partly be attributed to the time gap and current
prices used in the calculation of the data.

In accordance with the 2002 Development and Poverty Profile of Ethiopia, the proportion of people in
absolute poverty is about 31.7% in West Shoa Zones. This is by far better than the National and
Oromiya Region absolute poverty figures of 39.9% and 44.2% respectively.

As indicated by the survey a significant portion of the expenditure incurred by people in the area is
incurred on food. Food on average accounts for 56% of the household budget. Within the non-food
category, clothing and house maintenance account for greater share of total expenditure (10 and 8%).
Medical care and education budget contribute 4% and 2 % of the total household budget respectively.

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5.3.1. Economic activities
The main source of livelihood in the project area is agriculture. Therefore, land ownership in the
project area becomes an important determinant of welfare. The major crops of the area are teff
sorghum, maize, peas, wheat, etc. Fruits and trees grown include, banana, sugarcane, and Juniper and
eucalyptus are the dominant cash crops. The area is mainly cultivated by means of traditional rain fed
subsistence farming and using little traditional irrigation.

According to the survey results, average landholding of the surveyed household is found to be 2.8 ha.
The majority, nearly 90.9% of the surveyed households own more than 2 ha of land. In general the size
of individual land holding of the farmers in the study area is better than the average holdings on
Regional and country levels.

The major source of employment and income in the project area is mixed farming, i.e. crop production
and livestock. Apart from the heads of the households who are often the breadwinners of the family,
other family members also contribute to family income through employment in farming and off-farm
activities. The most important part of the income accounting to over 88.5% originates from agricultural
and related activities mainly from the production of cereals and vegetables, perennial crops, domestic
animals and its products, agro-forestry products and renting of farming lands. The remaining activities,
i.e., trading, employment, handicrafts and others bring in the remaining income of the people. On the
bases of the survey result, the annual per capita income of the households and population is computed
to be Birr 10,287.62 and Birr 1923.4 respectively.

5.3.2. Demographic indices and Livelihoods

The average population density is 40 persons/ sq km, which is, less than the national average of 50
persons/ km2. Females constitute 51.3% of the total population. Female headed households are few.
Out of the total surveyed household heads only 12.3% were female-headed households. The average
family size in the project area is about 5.3. This is classified as a large family size, which usually
indicates the characteristics of a poor family. Residents of the project area are predominantly
followers of the Orthodox Christian Religion (30%) and 70% are Christian protestants.
The population of the project area is almost entirely of the Oromo ethnic group (97.5%) and Afaan
Oromo is the major language spoken in the area. The remaining 2.5% of the total households belong to
Amhara ethnic group.

24
5.3.3. School facilities
According to findings of the socio-economic survey, the overall literacy rate in the project area is very
low. 81.5% of the surveyed household heads are illiterate whereas the remaining 18.5% are literate. Of
this, less than a quarter of the household heads had formal education of which the majority was only
till primary level. Literacy rates are also disproportionate between sexes. While 88.5% of females are
illiterate, the figure is 69.8% for males. Literacy rates are consistently higher for men than women
throughout all levels of education. Of the total household heads in the project area, 3.5%, 4.0%, 7.6%,
and 1.5% and 1.5% have attained Lower Primary (1-4), Primary (5-8), and Secondary (9-10),
Technical school and above grade 10 level education respectively. Concerning school facilities there
are one elementary school at the kebele in which the project is situated and there is one preparatory
school in the District.

5.4. Historical, religious, cultural and archaeological resources

No visible archaeological remains, which have scientific, cultural, public, economic, ethnic and
historic significances, have been observed in the area. The risk value of the mining sites is very low,
where no significant observable archaeological evidence is found. The site has currently no
archaeological importance. However, a Chance find protocol will nevertheless be prepared to cover
any unexpected finds.

25
6. Environmental and Social Impacts Identification, Synthesis and Analysis
General overviews

This part of the report addresses potential impacts associated with the proposed project and measures
for both mitigating (i.e. avoidance, reduction, or restoration of) negative impacts, and enhancing (i.e.
improvements of) positive effects of the Basalt-mineral mining project. The major positive impacts of
the proposed project are mainly those of economic benefits at the national, regional and local level due
to the earning of foreign exchange and creation of employment as well as technological capacity
building for the citizens, while the minor adverse impacts are mainly results from processing of
byproducts particularly solid wastes.

As major Basalt row material s (input) for the mining of Basalt crushed aggregate, fuels are used and
solid and liquid wastes or effluents of significant impacts on human health and surrounding ecosystem
are not expected to generate from the mining process. Even though the expected impact is less unless
the project is properly planned and the environment well managed the environmental devastating will
be high. Besides, safety effects on employees, dust and movement of soils during mining are other
types of impacts.

To minimize the resulting impact cost-effective and environmentally sustainable techniques that can
mitigate the adverse impacts were proposed. Emphasis is given for best quality Basalt row material
source of mining as well as management of effluents suitable for the project.

Special consideration is given to enhancement of positive effects of the project (e.g. utilization of the
local manpower at different stages of the project and hiring them during the production stage when
there is the possibility to do so).

6.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project

6.1.1. Beneficial Economic Impacts

The revenue of the project can bring by manufacturing crushed Basaltaggregates of various sizes that
will have a contribution for the country’s economic development. The financial evaluation of the
project indicates that the proposed project is expected to generate gross profit of over 4,366,538 in a
five years period of time. Beside above financial resource induced economic development

26
contributions, the project will be an opportunity for the introduction of developing local Basalt mining
technologies to the Woreda, and the Region as well as county Investment. 150,330.76 birr was planned
for the environmental rehabilitation cost and 105,000 birr is also planned for community funding or
community services.

Impact Origin and Characteristics

The feasibility study of the project indicates that the proposed project requires a total investment cost
of 1,000,000.00 Birr, which building construction and machinery are the major cost component of the
project. This will have a significant input on the investment capacity, most importantly at region level.

Benefit Enhancement Measures

Complying with public and private requirements and producing at low costs of production maximizes
benefits from the investment. Although, they require effort of external institution and governmental
bodies, facilitating the investment process, including development credits enhances the benefit.

6.1.2. Beneficial Social Impacts

Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement

Impact Origin and Characteristics

The employment opportunity to be created by the project will have social benefit beside the expected
economic benefit. The employment income from the project will have a substantial role for social
livelihood improvement in the project area. This local income generation related social benefit will
have long term as well as cumulative benefits:

Poverty reduction: As a result of creation of jobs the project will have a meaningful impact on
poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely unemployed and marginal farmers, the
employment priorities would focus on households subsisting below the poverty line.

Education opportunity particularly girls: The increased income from the employment in the project
will improve substantially the living standard of the immediate area. Due to their improved income
families can afford to send their children to schools and supply their school needs adequately.

27
Benefit Enhancement Measures

Utilization of the available labor force in the area enhances the benefits at local level. Out sourcing
commercial activities like cafeteria services for local competitive service providers maximizes the
social benefit of the project as well.

6.1.3. Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities

Impact Origin and Characteristics

Women efficiency in carrying out and handling assignment given to them is preferable for the project.
This gender specific opportunity will address the historical disproportionate burden of unemployment
on woman.

Benefit Enhancement Measures

Consideration to be given for keeping the above beneficial opportunity the project provider to women
and actions to avoid work area problems women can face. The actions to be taken include:

o Strict rule on work area sexual harassments.

o Job security

o Appropriate payment (equal payment standard with men engaged on equivalent work
load).

6.1.4. Rural and Urban Development

Impact Origin and Characteristics

The implementation of the project is expected to contribute to the development of institutions that
would provide social services to the local community. Since the project is expected to involve
hundreds of workers this by itself induces the establishment of medical and other service giving
centers. Beside this project development induced rural-urban development potentials, according to the
projects proponents’ explanation; they have a pack of plan for participating social services
development programs. As part of this EIA study, the proponent assigned the team to assess problem
areas concerning social services and prioritize according to the interest of the community.

28
Benefit Enhancement Measures

Consideration is given to measures that can maximize the benefits the local community can obtain
from the development of the services intended by the proponent. Integrating local knowledge’s at each
stage of the intended program implementation will maximize the benefit of the services. Participating
the local administrative and community during planning implementation & management is not only be
an opportunity for facilitating the process but also makes the community to consider the services as
their property.

6.2. Potential negative (adverse) impacts of the project

6.2.1. Adverse impacts during preconstruction phase

Potential negative impacts associated with the pre-construction phase activities of the project include:

 Loss of farmers income which provides family’s subsistence

 Damage on the soil and grazing area/pasture/ for cattle

Impact Origin and Characteristic

The project site is situated on local farmers’ pasture lands. Land for cattle grazing and soil of the area
will be affected by the expropriation of the grazing land.

6.2.2. Potential adverse impacts during operation or implementation phase

Top Soil Excavation Phase

Negative Impacts and Their Mitigation

The top soil excavation phase of the project involves clearing, land leveling, transportation of
excavator, which have adverse impacts on:

 Alteration of pasture, landscape and land use pattern

 Impact on Air Quality

 Impact on flora and fauna

 Nuisance Noise

 Accident and Hazard

 Impact on women
29
Alteration of pasture, landscape integrity and land use pattern

Impact Origin and Characteristic

Land clearing and leveling as well as dumping of excavated material can be a cause for the alteration
of landscape integrity in the project area. The land clearing work involves moving of soils and removal
of grazing land. Such activities can be a possible impact origin for alteration of landscape integrity;
from the existing environmental features of the project area point of view the impact from land
clearing and leveling will be significant.

Impact on flora and fauna

Impact Origin and Characteristic

Stripping of vegetation and cutting trees and introduction of plants that are foreign to the environment
will affect the biodiversity of the immediate area. Potential impacts include those associated with the
loss of plant communities, grasses, and increase in natural instability of plant communities. However,
because the project site is already pasture, de-vegetation of native vegetation cover is none, the project
site is neither a recognized wildlife habitat nor an important ecosystem of indigenous plant species,
therefore, the mining work has minimum impact on flora and fauna.

Nuisance Noise

Impact Origin and Characteristic

Construction involves the operation of machinery and vehicles. As a result, some noise pollution is
expected in and close to the project site. However, because of the fact that settlements are far from the
project site, the noise impact on the local population is not significant. Moreover, the construction
doesn't involve the use of explosives or blasting and thus does not entail significant noise that affect
human population or wildlife. The operation is conducted during daytime where most of the people are
in the field. There are no institutions sensitive to noise such as schools, health institution or other
offices close to the project site.

Accident

Impact Origin and Characteristic

Short duration increase in the traffic in the process of delivering supplies to the construction site
coupled with the concentration of casual labor can potentially increase accident. Moreover, visibility
30
problem that may be caused by dust storm during clearing and land leveling may create accident
problem in the site operation.

Women’s Perspective

Impact Origin and Characteristic

The proposed project is beneficial for women. But some adverse impacts may arise due to additional
work load and responsibilities as a result of immigrants in the area. Women in the area might are
expected to risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

Construction waste disposal

Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut vegetation and
typical construction waste (e.g. wooden scaffolding and forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc.). This
waste would negatively impact the site and surrounding environment if not properly managed and
disposed of at an approved dumpsite. Cleared vegetation burned onsite would generate smoke,
possibly impacting negatively on ambient air quality and human health. Vegetation and solid waste, if
allowed to accumulate in drainage ways, could cause localized pooling and flooding.

Sewage and litter management

Inadequate provision of toilets for use by workers can lead to ad hoc defecation in secluded areas on
the site, thus creating of unsanitary conditions and sources of fly infestation. Improper disposal of food
cartons and other domestic forms of construction camp garbage could lead to littering of the site and
pollution of adjacent areas.

Employees’ Health Hazard

Employees’ health hazard is minimal if protective gears are provided to them. Inhalation of
contaminated air, absorption of toxic ingredients through the skin, and ingestion of pollutants during
eating, smoking and drinking are insignificant.

Soil and Groundwater Pollution

31
Basalt rockmining process does generate significant amount of effluents that bring damage to ground
water and soil resources.

Socio-Cultural Impact

Impact Origin and Characteristics

As described early on, the project is likely to have some change to socio economic situation of the
area. The livelihood of the surrounding area will gradually shift from own subsistence means of live to
salary-based livelihood. This shift which may induce change in the life style will have a short-term to
medium-term consequence. Household resource management conflict, traditional social hierarchy and
value system may be changed.

Impact Origin and Characteristics

Employees’ health hazard impacts particularly impacts that can make workers handicap will have a
cumulative socio-economic impacts. The cumulative impact of employee’s health hazard particularly,
work area caused accidents related partial or total hand capness will have significant social impact on
the worker and economic impact for his/her family in particular.

7. Proposed Mitigation Measures

7.1. Preconstruction phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures

Due care is given for farmers’ pasture land and necessary compensation will be paid to avoid conflict
with local community.

7.2. Construction phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures

Though the above described impacts are significant they can be avoided by undertaking the following
mitigation measures:

 Restoration and maintenance of shrubs and vegetation covers by planting suitable tree species
as a hedge around the premises

32
  Grade limitation to avoid spoiling scenery and view lines with earthworks

 Dumping excavated material at selected suitable site and re-shaping it with the dumping site

 Creating awareness on the value of conserving biodiversity in general and indigenous

species in particular among the workers engaged on the construction activity

 Minimizing the movement of vehicles and construction machineries particularly outside the
premise of the project site to avoid further destruction.

7.3. Operation phase beneficial impacts enhancement measures

Impact on Air Quality

Impact Origin and Characteristic

Local land degradation due to earth moving operation during the site preparation and excavation of top
soil is the main air quality concern of the project during the mining stage of the project. As the impact
that can arise from the problem is localized, the contribution of the mining project to air quality
degradation is moderately significant. However, as the dust storm can have visibility impact on site
operation and decrease breathing because of the suspended particles in the air, the problem is an
important issue that requires consideration.

7.4. Mining phase adverse impacts mitigation measures

Mitigation Measures for Loss of an Income measures

Due care is given for farmers’ pasture land and necessary compensation will be paid to avoid conflict
with local community.

Alteration of pasture, landscape integrity and land use pattern mitigation

Though the described impacts are significant they can be avoided by undertaking the following
mitigation measures:

 Restoration and maintenance of shrubs and vegetation covers by planting suitable tree species
as a hedge around the premises

 Grade limitation to avoid spoiling scenery and view lines with earthworks

 Dumping excavated material at selected suitable site and re-shaping it with the dumping site

33
  Creating awareness on the value of conserving biodiversity in general and indigenous
species in particular among the workers engaged on the construction activity

 Minimizing the movement of vehicles and construction machineries particularly outside the
premise of the project site to avoid further destruction.

Mitigating Impact on Water and Other Natural Resources

The following measures mitigate the impacts:

 Limit water withdrawal to the amount that will not adversely affect the ecological balance
and the demand of the local community, such as by developing and conserving own source
of water.

 Contribute to the rehabilitation of quarry site

 Carefully excavation, storage and reuse of soils.

Mitigating Impact on Air Quality

To avoid consequence of visibility loss during operation, the practical option is to sprinkle water on
fresh construction spoil, and instructing the site workers on the procedures of construction, mining and
transportation and safety precaution.

Mitigating Impact on flora and fauna

Though the impact on vegetation loss is none in order to avoid pasture damages during the
construction activities, the project proponent keeps greening of the environment and the following
measures are recommended:

 Limit clearing and soil disturbance around mining and construction sites.

 Limit and control movement of trucks and construction machineries during mining and
construction.

 Record the type and number of tree cut in order to plant again.

 Prepare parks in the premise in order to be an example in keeping the environment.

 Create awareness for the local people and workers in every opportunity about the importance of
vegetation cover for soil and water conservation.
34
  Grade disturbed areas and restore landscape.

Mitigating Nuisance Noise

The following proposed measures mitigate the impact:

 Train and equip some of the workers to voluntarily serve as a traffic service person
during the beginning and end of daily work

 Aware workforce on the safety issues during site operation and on road safety

 Put in place necessary sign post on site and near the gate.
Mitigation measures for Accident
The following proposed measures mitigate the impact:Train and equip some of the workers to
voluntarily serve as a traffic service person during the beginning and end of daily work

 Aware workforce on the safety issues during site operation and on road safety

 Put in place necessary sign post on site and near the gate.

Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Women’s Perspective

Awareness creation among the women community and also for the workers deployed in the area would
minimize the impacts. Availing condoms at the project premises & promotion of its use shall be
undertaken in collaboration with the local health institutions.

Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Materials transportation

 All fine earth materials must be enclosed during transportation to the site to prevent spillage and
dusting. Trucks used for that purpose should be fitted with tailgates that close properly and with
tarpaulins to cover the materials. The cleanup of spilled earth and construction material on the
main roads should be the responsibility of the Contractor and should be done in a timely manner
(say within 2 hours) so as not to inconvenience or endanger other road users. These
requirements should be included as clauses within the contracts made with relevant sub-
contractors.

 The transportation of lubricants and fuel to the construction site will only be done in the
appropriate vehicles and containers, i.e., fuel tankers and sealed drums.

35
  As far as possible, transport of construction materials will be scheduled for off-peak traffic
hours. This will reduce the risk of traffic congestion and of road accidents on the access roads to
the site.

 Appropriate traffic warning signs, informing road users of a construction site entrance ahead and
instructing them to reduce speed, will be placed along the main road in the vicinity of the
entrance to the project site.

 Flagmen should be employed to control traffic and assist construction vehicles as they attempt
to enter and exit the project site.

Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Materials storage

 The stockpiling of construction materials will be properly controlled and managed. Fine grained
materials (sand, etc.) will be stockpiled away from surface drainage channels and features.

 Safe storage areas will be identified and retaining structures put in place prior to the arrival and
placement of material.

Mitigation Measures for construction waste disposal

 A site waste management plan will be prepared prior to commencement of building. This will
include the designation of appropriate waste storage areas, collection and removal schedule,
identification of approved disposal site and a system for supervision and monitoring. Special
attention will be given to minimizing and reducing the quantities of solid waste produced during
site preparation and construction. To reduce organic waste, softer vegetation may be composted
onsite and used for soil amendment during landscaping.

 Vegetation and combustible waste will not be burned on the site.

 Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. excavated sand) will be stockpiled away from drainage features
and used for in filling where necessary.

 Unusable construction waste, such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction material,
will be disposed of at an approved dumpsite.

Mitigation Measures for Sewage and litter management

 Proper solid waste receptacles and storage containers should be provided in sufficient numbers,
particularly for the disposal of lunch and drink boxes, so as to prevent littering of the site.

36
  Arrangements should be made for the regular collection of litter and for its disposal only at the
dump site/s.

8. Alternative Analysis

The sustainability goal of the project can be addressed if and only if the project is environmentally,
socially and economically viable. To achieve this; the team considered different project alternatives
and analyzed them from these three sustainability dimensions. The alternative analysis focused on
those significant negative impacts of the project (i.e. water resource depletion, environmental pollution
and workmanship health hazard). As environmental pollution and human health hazards are
prominently related with the nature of Basalt row material use; due emphasis is given to solid waste
management and constant keeping of the factory compound cleanliness were considered and evaluated.

9. Environmental and Social Management Plan

General

Environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to minimize

or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. Unless the mitigation and benefit
enhancement measures identified in the EIA are fully implemented, the prime function of EIA, which
is to provide a basis for shaping the project so that overall environmental performance is enhanced,
cannot be achieved.

In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall project
management effort at all levels, which itself will be aimed at providing a high level of quality control,
leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions efficiently
throughout its life. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of M.T. will
include:-

9.1. Environmental and Social Management Plan

9.1.1. Air quality management plan

Dust can be generated by many different activities that will be carried out at the quarry site including:
crushing, extraction, trucks and machinery. Aggregate will insure that adequate measures will be taken
to control emission of dust from all parts of the site. Measures to implement the air quality objectives
will include the following:

37
  Locating the crusher within the excavation and away from the quarry boundaries
 Maintaining large volume of water on site, which will be available for dust suppression
purposes
 Areas of exposed material with dust generating potential, such as un grassed top soil and sub
soil bunds and stock pills, will be kept to a practicable minimum.
 Vegetating top soil and sub soil stockpiles as soon as possible to limit dust generation potential
will be considered.
 Using a water tanker to spray water on working areas during dry and windy weather conditions
 Ensuring the potentially dust activities are not carried out when weather conditions could give
rise to offsite dust emissions.
 Regularly under taking proper maintenance and tuning of the vehicles and equipment also
assists in avoiding any off-site effects.
 Requiring the quarry manager his or her nominee to record daily:
 Visual emission of dust
 Sources of visual emission of dust
 Measures initiated in response to visual emission of dust to prevent recurrence or
mitigate effects
 Water cart use
 Weather conditions (wind strength and direction, rainfall)

9.1.2. Noise management plan

The main sources of noise will be the process plant, the excavator and haul truck. But the crushing
machine took the highest consideration. The sound of the crushing machine will create a noise during
its operational activities. In fact there is no standard to set in the noise levels under the guide lines of
the district covering the rural area. However cognizing this impact the PLC would apply a method to
limit the noise that will be generated by the plant.

However the PLC will be intended to a sound level meter to measure the sound and there by monitor
periodically the noise level of the plant.

To fulfill the country’s standards and to ensure noise does not exceed acceptable levels a range of
operational practices will be implemented, including the following:

 Managing the time and location of particularly noisy operations around the site.

38
  The processing mining machines will be located on the floor of the existing quarry, which will
reduce the noise level at the boundary of the quarry.
 Machinery will be regularly maintained to ensure that noise produced from machinery is kept
to a minimum level.
 Wherever it’s a must to dig, or any other workings, fast and proper filling of the workings must
be made.
 Vegetation conservation can make the cutting of the most essential trees and bushes;
 Trees and dry products from the forests in the license area shall never be wasted, i.e., trees cut
for surveying shall be used for camping, etc.
 Program setting for tree plantation, where the old is cut.
 Truck roads will be economically wide, limited and long.

9.1.3. Soil loss management plan

During the mining of Basalt rock top soil 2-10m will be excavated to obtain the fresh Basalt
rock. This excavated soil as well as the soil exist adjacent to the mining area will be well managed.
Crushed basalt projecthas a plan to refill the mined area using soil excavated from the top surface of
the project site. Construction of physical structures to hinder soil erosion from the site and adjacent
farm lands will be carried out.

9.1.4. Aquatic resource management plan

In the project area there are no aquatic resources that will face an impact from the mining of Basalt
rockin the area and hence the company does not require the aquatic resource management plan.

9.1.5. Water quality management plan

The Basaltmining project that will be carried out by projectwill not use chemical pollutants those
cause problem/pollution to both surface and ground water and other water sources. In addition to this
there is no adequate amount of water that will be possibly polluted by the company’s operations in the
area. Since the water pollution problem is not significant in this area. Water quality management is not
necessarily required here.

9.1.6. Solid waste management plan

Solid wastes in the mining area will possibly include plastic bottles, papers, human generated wastes,
dry wood and leaves etc. Since most of the expected wastes are biodegradable wastes the company will
dig a pit to burry those biodegradable wastes. And take other non-bio degradable wastes to the towns
where there are demanders for recycling plastic wastes.
39
9.1.7. Occupational health and safety management plan
Occupational health and safety measures, including planning and training are essential to ensure that
personal adhere to appropriate operating practices which minimize adverse health and safety impacts.
To this respect, the PLC is implemented routing health and safety management techniques during
excavation and mining activities. The PLC uses to apply a medical monitoring for all workers who
might be involved in quarry site activities. A baseline medical exam that will be conducted at the star
of employment defines initial health condition, including lung cancer.
To avoid physical injuries the company will supply all necessary safety equipment and materials for all
employers. First aid center will also be established to give first aid incase injury occurs.

9.1.8. Public consultation and disclosure plan

Ought the participation of local community the project alone to will not meet the intended goal.
Therefore; public/ especially the nearby community members will make a discussion with the project
owners concerning the impact of the mining company. Comments and suggestions that will be made
by the local community will be used as an input for the improvement of the plan of the company and
reduction of significant social and environmental impacts.

9.1.9. Resettlement action plan

Since the project site is not inhabited by people there are no households to be displaced from the area.
As a result of this re-settlement action plan is not necessary for this project.

Table 2 : Environmental Management and Mitigation Plan.

40
 Time of
Responsible Estimated
Activity Possible impacts Mitigation Measures Indicator implemen
Party cost (Birr)
tation

Clearing Phase

Damage of vegetation to Plant trees in other places to Ha of land planted During

open pit and dump compensate for the loss of with indigenous mining 5,000
Proponent
overburden materials vegetation species phase
Removing vegetation and overburden

Dump the overburden on places

that will not hinder animal and Dumping places that is
Impediments on human human movement,
passage routs due to not affecting man and
animals Before and
improper damping Dump the overburden just far away
after mining 2,000.00
Overburden may be washed from a side, Presence or absence is started
by runoff and augment of soil transport from
pollution and loss of soil Dump the overburden in
the damping site
materials

appropriate places that can prevent

from soil erosion

Land damaged by runoff: The project will assess and

Km of water way
Runoff diverted to new construct artificial waterway to During
constructed to safely Proponent ” ”
waterway
Diverting

areas may damage villages, drain runoff diverted from the initial phase
existing

drain runoff
natural

or farmlands or properties project area

41
 Dust emission: emission of Water spraying during Absence or minimized Proponent Mining Rate only
dusts may affect the excavation dust emission phase
surrounding communities wet drilling in case of bedrock or
and vegetation. hard rocks
use sharp drilling machines Woreda
it is good if work in morning and Greened vegetation Environmental
night protection
Office
Cleaned air
Road mining and maintenances

Traffic accidents: the Posting safety signs or symbol at

vehicles, tractors and mining areas, Zero report of
bulldozers or others accident, Proponent
transportation means will
Woreda Labor “ ‘’ ‘’
affect the workers or Providing shinny clothes for
operators or communities Office
workers,
or vegetations or all
Limiting vehicles’ speed to 15km/hr

Operational/Mining phase

42
 Garbage or waste generate Garbage and other solid wastes of Collected solid wastes, Proponent, Mining 5000.00
from camp, processing site, the camp should be regularly number of sanitary phase
Basalt and others will affect collected and disposed at properly landfills constructed, Woreda
Environmental
the workers’ health and designated sites in order to avoid number of
environment directly or health hazards and environmental incinerators protection
office
indirectly nuisance; constructed, # of
containers placed in
Solid waste collection containers appropriate place
shall be placed at appropriate
Solid waste generation

places;

Collected wastes and garbage

should be disposed at appropriate
sanitary landfill prepared by the
proponent.

Unprotected environment and construct toilets at least 30 meters Assessment on Proponent Mining 5,000.00
Safe water supply, sanitation and hygiene

drinking water will affects the away from camp or living house potable water phases
workers’ health and and 50 meters away from water quality, number of
downstream communities wells in the wind ward direction; communicable
landfills for disposal of solid waste diseases cases,
is should be prepared at least 100 distance between
Unprotected and unsealing meters away from the living house, working areas and
toilets affects the kitchen’s kitchen and canteen; toilets, solid wastes
safety landfill, number of
Working area and camps should be constructed
in a clean and healthy condition as incinerators
prescribed by national workers
health standards; etc.

Excavation Inefficient utilization of the The company will excavate and Depth of excavation Proponent mining time No additional

43
 harvest up to the allowable depth
basalt deposit will lead to of mining Type of technology cost is
waste of this resource Use high technology for quarrying employed required
and processing.

Excavation will be done far from Distance of the

the house excavation from the During No additional
house Proponent mining cost is
Ground Vibration on House: Use low power dynamite
Vibration generated from close The power of the phase required
to the house may affect the dynamite
households
Proponent No additional
No close to the During
Avoid the use of close to the house cost is
household phase
required

Mass movement/slide on Excavation will be done with During

The excavated part of The
rehabilitated areas: Mass terraces at a depth of every 5 mining /
the site is terraced proponent
movement and associated meters excavation
impacts: Mass movement may
Excavation 25,000
occur due to gravity if the Excavation will be done with some The During
excavation leaves the area with Excavation with less proponent
tilts to reduce its mining
steep slopes and without gradient/slope
gradient/steepness /excavation
having terraces.

Slope Destabilization and The excavation will be done with Open pit/excavation is Proponent, During No additional
processing mining

mass movement: Mass terraces at a depth of every 5 with terraces and tilts mining cost is
Excavation and

machineries and
work on heavy

movement from the upper side meters and with some tilts to required
of the excavation area may reduce its gradient/steepness
occur and may cause death

44
 The project will construct berms
using boulders and overburden
materials at the top edges of
Accidents to workers, Berms constructed at During
excavations that can control The
communities and animals: the edge of the mining / 10,000.00
movement within proponent
Workers and people excavated areas excavation
specifically children and the quarry
livestock may be injured from
falling down into the excavated Put proper fence around the quarry
part of the project site and
Excavation done with
injured Excavation will be done with Proponent, During No additional
terraces at a depth of
terraces at a depth of every 5 meter mining / cost is
every 5 meter with 2-
with 2-meter bench excavation required
meter bench

The project will give practical # of orientation

Workers may be injured due to training to workers on handling sessions provided to
processing sites and heavy During No additional
lack of skills in handling the workers on managing The
machineries mining cost is
mining site and heavy processing activities proponent
phase required
machineries Provide workers with safety and heavy
materials machineries

Orientation will be given to workers

Environmental Pollution: No containers of
not to throw way containers of During
Project workers will produce packed foods and The
packed foods and drink anywhere mining / ” ”
solid waste mainly plastic drink observed in the proponent
Open in the project site and prepare excavation
containers of packed foods and project site
defecation waste pits
drinking and open defecation
may aggravate water and air The project will construct pit latrine Presence of pit latrine The During
pollution 5,000.00
to be used by the workers in the project site proponent mining
/excavation

45
 Sprinkle the excavation area,
During
Dust and its impact on processing mining, loading and Presence or absence The
workers: Dust generated from mining / No
Excavation unloading areas with water of dust emission proponent
excavation
excavation, from quarry or especially in dry seasons
, loading,
from loading and unloading of
unloading
trucks may affect the workers’ Dust masks provided During
The project will provide appropriate The
health to workers exposed to mining / 1,000.00
dust masks to workers proponent
dust particulate excavation

Killing of wild animals: Project The project will organize # of sessions the During No additional
Routine The
staffs may kill wild animals due orientation to project staffs on project organize mining cost is
activity proponent
to lack of awareness avoiding killing of wild animals orientation to its staffs phase required

Excavation Proponent
Loss of farmland: The farmers If there is no option to exclude the # of farmers During It is part of
who lose farmland will be farmlands the project will compensated for the Land mining the project
significantly affected compensate for the loss of land loss of land Administration phase cost
Office

Proponent,
If there is no option to exclude the # of farmers During It is part of
Loss of houses (if any) houses the project will compensate compensated for the Land mining the project
the farmers loss of houses Administratio phase cost
n Office

Loss of visual quality of To reinstate and change the The excavated land is The During The cost is
landscape: The excavation and abandoned land to useful land, the reclaimed proponent mining considered in
stockpile of overburden project will do rehabilitation work phase the
materials (boulders and loose reclamation
materials) reduces the scenic plan
value of the area

Waterborne diseases and its The project will construct drainage Drainage structure is The During 1,000.00

46
 structure to drain the stagnant constructed to drain mining
proponent
impacts: Malaria can be water stagnant water phase
aggravated due to the stagnant Project will also construct cutoff
water collected in excavated Presence of cut of During
drain that protects the entrance of The
part of the project site drain in the upstream mining 1,000.00
runoff from upstream to the proponent
of the excavated part phase
excavated parts

Impact on HIV AIDS and

communicable diseases: Awareness will be provided to the # of workers oriented Throughout
No cost is
Increasing income may cause workers by the project to properly on how to manage Proponent the project
required
unsafe behaviors and may result handle their salary. their salary life
in the risk of HIV/AIDS
Project
activities Interaction and communication
Awareness creation training will # of workers Proponent
among the workers may Throughout
also be provided for the workers to participated on
aggravate the transmission of Office of the project 2,000.00
use all prevention option like the prevention of
HIV/AIDS and communicable Health life
use of condom HIV/AIDs training
diseases

Social conflict: If project staffs  The project will provide  # of workers Proponent Throughout No additional
are engaged in undesirable orientation to its staffs to respect received orientation the project cost is
activities, conflict may arise the culture and to limit their  # of bylaw life required
between the community relationship with the local developed that
members and the project people. workers should
Communication with

 The project will also respect

develop its own bylaw that the
the local people

Project staffs coming from

other areas may create workers should follow
undesirable communication
with the local resident’s e.g.

47
 sexual relationship.

Decommissioning phase

Accidents during reshaping

and refilling: The project will aware the workers No human and
During the
Accidents may occur on and avoid the movement of animals are moving
Proponent decommissi 50,000
workers and the local children around the excavated around the excavated
oning phase
people during reshaping and areas area
refilling

The excavated land may be

Reshaping abandoned: If the refilling
and of the overburden materials The top soil will be placed on top of Top soil is placed on During the
refilling is not properly done the other overburden materials to top of the excavated Proponent decommissi 20,000
excavated land may not support the growth of the plans area oning phase
support the growth of plants
and hence can be abandoned
land
Revegetation: exotic species of
The selection of plant species will # of seedlings that are During the
trees, shrubs may be
focus on indigenous species and indigenous or adapted Proponent decommissi 15,000
introduced for the purpose of
adapted exotic species exotic species oning phase
reclamation

149,000
Total cost for the implementation of mitigation

48
9.2. Environmental and Social Mitigation Actions and Monitoringplans
General

Monitoring a project or a program and its surrounding is a tool for decision making not an end
product. Pertaining to project, the monitoring will involve both quantitative and qualitative data,
as appropriate to the nature of the information. Both due to its significance and comprising
different components; the production stage environmental management monitoring and
implementation program presented in detail.

Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project implementation. It helps to follow
up the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, as they are required and to
anticipate possible environmental hazards and/or to detect unpredicted impacts over time. Such
monitoring has to be carried out by projectEnvironmental and Safety Management Unit (ESMU)
in a regularly bases. The company top management together with affiliated units of the Ejersaa
Lafo Environment, forest and climate change office and representatives of the local community’s
cabinet will carry out an occasional monitoring on the performance of the environmental
management plan. Random monitoring on selected environmental indicators by EEFCC also
important as it is essential for auditing the environmental protection program of the company.

The EEFCC as the central point in monitoring the environmental management plan of the
operation phase of the project; the responsibility of the unit will be ensuring the implementation
of all the proposed mitigation measures. The unit should focus at least on the following main
environmental management plan themes.

Even though the company’s establishment is to generate returns to the shareholders and the
stakeholders, the company will also be committed to minimize potential negative impacts on the
environment & the community. Therefore; Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc project will be
committed to sustainablebasalt block mining in the region. To that end, the company will:

 Use the Best Available Technology

 Apply best practices in its operations
 Comply with regional, national and international environmental laws & regulations

49
 Rehabilitate the environment affected by its activities
 Engage effectively with local communities and work on local environmental
conservations and management.
 Engage in and reclaim micro-ecosystems disturbed due to mining practices of Basalt
quarry row materials from the plateau basalt.

Table 3: Environmental Monitoring Plan Framework

50
 Means of Estimated
Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicator Responsible body Time
verification cost (Birr)

Clearing phase

Proponent
Plant trees in other places to compensate for the Ha of land planted with Filed During mining
Land Administration 2,000.00
loss of vegetation indigenous species observation phase
Unit

Proponent No
# of farmers compensated
Compensate for the loss of farmlands and Filed During mining additional
for the loss of farmland and Land Administration
property observation phase cost is
property Unit required

No
The project will assess and construct artificial Proponent
Km of water way constructed Filed During mining additional
waterway to drain runoff diverted from the
to safely drain runoff observation phase cost is
project area
required

Mining phase

Appropriate drainage arrangements with catch Paved area and Landscaped, Proponent, WOreda Field Mining phase 10,000.00
drains and catch pits designed to safely drain out Level of BOD or COD EFCCA observation
the hazardous chemicals should be provided. occurred in water, level of
To avoid spillage of fuel and lubricants, the SO2 in air
vehicles and equipment shall be properly
maintained and repaired. Maintenance to be
carried out on impervious platforms with spill
collection provisions. Surface runoff from vehicle
parking, washing and fuelling areas and hot mix

51
plant areas should be passed through oil
interception chambers. The oil should be skimmed
off manually from the chamber and will be
disposed off in approved landfill sites. Water
quality monitoring should be conducted as per
Environmental Monitoring Plan to detect any
contamination or spillage

Proponent No
The company will excavate and harvest up to the Filed additional
Depth of excavation Mineral Dev’t During mining
allowable depth of mining observation cost is
Authority required

No
Distance of the excavation Proponent Filed additional
Excavation will be done far from the site During mining
from the church observation cost is
Community
required

Excavation will be done with terraces at a depth The excavated part of the Proponent Filed
During mining ” “
of every 5 meters site is terraced observation
EFCCA

Excavation will be done with some tilts to reduce Excavation with less Proponent Filed
During mining ” “
its gradient/steepness gradient/slope observation

Workers exposed to noise Proponent Filed

The project will provide earmuffs to workers During mining ” “
pollution used earmuffs observation

Establish processing facilities far from the church The distance of processing Proponent Filed During mining ” “
area from the church observation

52
 Both excavation and processing mining will not Working hours for mining on Proponent Filed
During mining ” “
work at night on holidays holidays observation

The excavation will be done with terraces at a Proponent

Open pit/excavation is with Filed
depth of every 5 meters and with some tilts to During mining ” “
terraces and tilts observation
reduce its gradient/steepness

The project will construct berms using boulders

and overburden materials at the top edges of Berms constructed at the Proponent Filed
excavations that can control movement within During mining ” “
edge of the excavated areas observation

the quarry

Excavation done with Proponent

Excavation will be done with terraces at a depth Filed
terraces at a depth of every 5 During mining ” “
of every 5 meter with 2-meter bench observation
meter with 2-meter bench

Orientation will be given to workers not to throw No containers of packed Proponent and EFCCA Filed
way containers of packed foods and drink foods and drink observed in During mining 2,000.00
observation
anywhere in the project site the project site

The cost
Proponent
will be
The project will construct pit latrine to be used by Presence of pit latrine in the Filed
EFCCA During mining covered
the workers project site observation
by the
above cost

Sprinkle the excavation area, mining sites, Volume of water added on Proponent Filed During mining ” “
loading and unloading areas with water especially excavated areas observation
in dry seasons

53
 Dust masks provided to Proponent
The project will provide appropriate dust masks Filed
workers exposed to dust During mining ” “
to workers observation
particulate

Establish the mining process taking into account The location of mining Proponent Filed During
the direction of the wind to avoid the effect on the against the wind direction ” “
observation establishment
church with reference to church

Establish mining area far from the farmlands and Distance of the mining site Proponent Filed During
” “
residents from farmlands and residents observation establishment
Land Administration

# of sessions the project Proponent

The project will organize orientation to project Progress Throughout the
organize orientation to its ” “
staffs on avoiding killing wild animals report project life
staffs

# of orientation sessions
The project will give practical training to workers provided to workers on Progress
Proponent ” “ ” “
on handling mining system and heavy machineries mining operation and heavy report
machineries

Clean water will be safely drained to the Presence of drainage to Progress During
Proponent ” “
environment discharge clean water report production

# of orientation sessions to
The project will orient its mechanic and drivers to Progress No cost is
workers on handling oil Proponent During operation
properly collect and dispose oil. report required
spillages

The project will establish a system to reuse the Volume of oil reused for Proponent Progress During operation ” ”
collected oil for other purposes other purposes report

54
 EFCCA

Ha of upstream areas treated

The project will support the communities in Proponent
with physical and biological Progress During
seedling production and natural resources 2,000.00
soil and water conservation report production
development activities OoA
measures

If there is no option to exclude the farmlands the # of farmers compensated Proponent Field
” ” ” ”
project will compensate for the loss of land for the loss of land observation
Land Administration

If there is no option to exclude the houses the # of farmers compensated Proponent Field
” ” ” ”
project will compensate the farmers for the loss of houses observation
Land Administration

If there is no option to exclude the cultural trees # of farmers compensated Proponent Field
” ” ” ”
(if any) the project will compensate the farmers for the loss of trees observation
Land Administration

Drainage structure is Proponent

The project will construct drainage structure to Field During mining
constructed to drain stagnant 1,000.00
drain the stagnant water observation phase
water EFCCA

Project will also construct cutoff drain that Presence of cut of drain in Proponent Field
protects the entrance of runoff from upstream to the upstream of the ” ” 1,000.00
observation
the excavated parts excavated part OoA

Awareness will be provided to the workers by the # of workers oriented on how Progress
Proponent ” ” ” ”
project to properly handle their salary. to manage their salary report

55
 Awareness creation training will also be provided # of workers participated on Proponent Progress
for the workers to use all prevention option like the prevention of HIV/AIDs ” ” ” ”
report
use of condom training Health Office

# of farmers received
The project will provide orientation to its staffs to
respect the culture of the local people, and to limit orientation Progress
Proponent ” ” ” ”
their relationship with the local people. report
The project will also develop its own bylaw that
the workers should follow # of bylaw developed that
workers should respect
Decommissioning phase

The project will aware the workers and avoid the No human and animals are Proponent During
Field
movement of children around the excavated areas moving around the decommissioning 1,000.00
observation
if it is not filled back and fence it excavated area EFCCA phase

The costs
The top soil will be placed on top of other Proponent During
Top soil is placed on top of Field considere
overburden materials to support the growth of the decommissioning
the excavated area observation d in Table
plans and after reshaping or back filling EFCCA phase
2a

The selection of plant species will focus on # of seedlings that are Proponent During
Field
indigenous species and adapted exotic species for indigenous or adapted exotic decommissioning “
observation
green belt after phase out species EFCCA phase

22,000
Total

56
9.2.1. Mitigation actions

Green belt development

Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc will be developing greenbelt inside and outside the
premises of the plant. Seedlings shall be raised initially by purchasing from outside and at late
stage, a nursery shall be developed. Services of professional horticulturist shall be hired for
development of greenbelt and garden with the plant premises. Besides, mineral ore site will be
reclaimed and trees of local variety will be planted and reforested.

Environmental management unit/Cell

Apart from having an EMP, it is also necessary to have a percent organizational set up charged
with the task of ensuring its effective implementation. A separate department consisting of
officers from various disciplines shall be created to coordinate the activities concerned with the
management and implementation of the environmental control measures of the proposed plant
operation.

Basically, this department shall undertake monitoring of the environmental pollution levels by
measuring stack emissions, ambient air quality, water and effluent quality, noise level etc,
departmentally or by appointing external agencies wherever necessary. In case, the monitored
results of environmental pollution are found to exceed the allowable values, the Environmental
Management Cell shall suggest remedial action and get these suggestions implemented through
the concerned plant authorities.

The Environmental Management Cell also co-ordinate all related activities such as collection of
statistics with respect to health of workers and population of the region, forestation and green
belt development.

To achieve the objective of pollution control, it is essential not only to provide best pollution
control systems but also to provide trained manpower resources to operate the same. Training
facilities would be strengthened for environmental control which would cover the items listed
below.

57
  Awareness of pollution control and environmental protection

 Operation and maintenance of pollution control equipment

 Knowledge of norms, regulations and procedures

 Occupational health and safety.

Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO)

The ELO shall be the focal point for all environmental matters in relation to implementation of
the engineering component of the proposed project. It shall be the responsibility of ELO to
ensure that the design provided for implementation and reviewed is in the EIA/EMP report
conforms to those in the conceptual plan. At the end of the review, using relevant checklists
(prepared by the QAE), and the design presented for implementation may be approved, referred
or rejected if considered environmentally unjustifiable.

Site Safety and Environmental Manager (SSEM)

The contractor responsible for project execution (Construction and commissioning) shall provide
a Site Safety & Environmental Manager (SSEM), working in functional interface with the
mining Contractor’s Team and interface with M.T. BASALT manufacturing ELO.

Site Safety and Environmental Manager will be responsible for the development and
implementation of the environmental activities relevant to construction described in the EMP. He
will report to the Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc Representatives. The SSEM’S
environmental responsibilities shall include the following:

 To ensure that all construction personnel involved with construction related

activities are aware of the objectives and appropriate environmental requirements

 To acknowledge the project organization with the environmental policy of the

project

 To execute internal environmental auditing

58
  To carry out site inspections

 To manage the waste streams as described

 To compile and issue documents and reports required to design and run
environmental training

 To plan and carry out, when necessary, studies and/or environmental expertise.
The Contractor’s office will provide qualified resource support as and when
required.

Environment management activities

This section presents those procedures and activities of general nature, which need to be
implemented for conservation of the resources and for protection of environment. These can be
grouped under the following headings:

Waste management

Waste shall be managed in accordance with the company’s Waste Management Plan as
stipulated in Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc Environmental Management System and
compliance with the country’s environmental regulations. The principles of waste reduction,
recycling, recovery and reuse shall be practiced.

Waste Minimization Guidelines

Waste minimization implies the reduction of the volume of air, liquid and solid wasters to
maximum possible extent. The four principles of waste minimization process (namely; recycling,
reduction, reuse and recovery) shall be adopted as applicable. Further, development activities are
functions of the activity level, age depreciation and maintenance level of facilitate and operating
equipment.

Waste Handling Guidelines

For proper handling and disposal, wastes shall be well defined at source and the definition
transmitted along with the waste until the final disposal state. All procedures shall be defined,

59
and documented appropriately for all wastes generated. The general information required, and a
minimum, for adequate definition of wastes include:

 Waste stream identification

 Proper waste categorization

 Waste segregation

 Appropriate handling and disposal practice

 Recommended management practices

Waste Segregation Guidelines

For effective implementation of appropriate waste disposal methods and recycling, it is

important that waste material be segregated, preferably at source into clearly designated bins at
strategic locations.

Waste Disposal Guidelines

Instructions on the material safety-handling sheet shall be strictly adhered to, and shall form the
basis for the disposal of wastes related to such products. Adequate treatment measures shall be
undertaken, wherever applicable, for all waste before final disposal.

9.2.2. Monitoring plans

The various areas to be monitored shall be in accordance with the state of the environment. In the
light of this, there is a need to establish the monitoring schedule for sustainable development of
the project. In-house environmental monitoring program needs to be instituted for the project,
while external environmental monitoring shall address the foregoing key issues to ensure
compliance with good housekeeping and manufacturing practice in order to avoid unnecessary
adverse effect.

60
Capacity building and training

A training program is an essential part of an Environmental Management System (EMS).

Environmental Training will be given to key operators on those who are responsible for
informing their teams. In line with the Guidelines, Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc shall
establish a Health Environment Safety (HSE) Unit, which shall be staffed with qualified and
competent scientists/engineers. There shall be a corporate/Company HSE Manager who shall be
responsible for implementing the company’s Environmental Policy and ensuring compliance
with all relevant international, national and state environmental regulations and laws.

The capacity of the HSE department would be strengthened through institutional strengthening
by purchasing portable environmental quality meters for measuring pollutants instantly in air,
water and soil as well as measurements of noise and heat. Staff of the HSE will be trained on
proficient use of the items of pollution monitoring equipment including understanding and
importance of Quality Assurance/Quality Control as well as interpretation of field monitoring
data and report writing for compliance monitoring.

There shall be periodic Sustainable Environmental Awareness Training/Seminars with consent

including Ecology, Sustainable Development, Environmental Management, Institutional and
Regulatory Framework, Pollution Control, Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring,
Environment Accounting, Corporate Environmental Responsibility, Environmental Health and
Safety, Risk Assessment, Environmental Assessment, Contingency Plan, Event Response,
Liability and Compensation etc, for Managers, Supervisors/Intermediate staff and junior staff to
inculcate the tenet of sustainable development in all member of staff.

Reporting

Reporting of all incidents shall be made to the regulatory agencies and supervisory bodies as
they occur. The findings of each environmental audit shall also be submitted to Climate, Forest
and climate change office of West Shewa Zone.

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Environmental audit

Environmental Audits are tools used by management to systematically and periodically evaluate
the performance of environmental management systems (EMS), procedures and equipment.
Environmental audits are required by the company as environmental monitoring tools to ensure
that project operation is carried out according to the regulatory requirements and standards.

All the project facilities shall be regularly audited once Operation commences. This audit shall
check the prediction of the Environmental Assessment Report and assess the general
performance of the project to ensure that environmental standards are maintained and the
company policies and environmental management guidelines are strictly maintained. Each
environmental audit shall be geared towards achieving the following:

 Examine compliance with regulatory requirements

 Identify current and potential environmental problems

 Examine the line management systems, plant operations, monitoring practices and data,
procedures and plans

 Check the predictions of the Environmental Evaluation Assessment and ensure that its
recommendations are being implemented

 Recommend areas of improvement in operations management.

Environment labeling and life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method of checking the facts about the environmental burden
of a product from its design through to production and then final disposal. It can be used in
design of a new product or the evaluation of existing product. LCA is the analysis of a product or
service through all stages of its life cycle, raw martial acquisition, manufacturing, transportation;
use/reuse/ maintenance, recycling/waste management and relevant energy supply systems. It
includes:

 Evaluation and policymaking

62
  Public education

 Internal decision making

 Public disclosure of information

In the same process, product also gets environment labeling. The Authority is will plan to
conduct all types of studies including LCA to preserve the natural resources and to protect the
environment.

PLC’s Statement on the Project

The Basalt Rock mining shall adopt the most up- to- date technology in the Basalt mining
industry by which, its impact on environment shall be less significant, and the regional
government regulations and the IFC guidelines would be completely fulfilled. Designed
environmental specifications of the proposed plant are in line with or more stringent than IFC
environmental guidelines.

A comprehensive environmental management system will be developed to monitor environment

and safety performance. A total engineering concept to integrate the performance parameters will
be applied. Safety audits shall be carried out to ensure compliance with health and safety
legislation and assessing work place risks.

Culturally, the proposed project shall have no significant impact with regard to cultural effects.
Economically, the proposed Basalt rockmining will serve the national income, will provide job
opportunities and a long – term economic boost and will help to supply the high demand of
Basalt rockfor supplying to industries for further processing and contribute the availability of
Basaltproducts in the Ethiopian market. Socially, peoples’ gain shall increase.

63
10. Conclusion and Recommendations

10.1. Conclusion

This document generally attempts to show the environmental impact and the controlling
measures of the Basalt rock mining, activities of Fasil Abdisa Block Stone Crushing Plc to be
started at Laga Qal’aa locality. The Company will follow the mitigation measures proposed in
this document to control all the impacts associated with the Basalt quarry activities.

Furthermore, the proposed quarry opening and exploitation practice with its environment impact
controlling measures will prove the practicability of the mining activities.The Basalt row
material utilization from this virgin land of Ejersa Lafoo District hills, which are part of the
central Oromia Plateau Basalt will also directly benefits the Oromia National State, West Shoa
zone and the District through royalty, and other expenses.

Another major benefit is the provision of employment opportunity for the surrounding
community.

The objective of the government of Ethiopia for the promotion of agriculture sector is to
stimulate its rapid development through it as its contribution to the development of the export
base and rural development is vital. The government is constantly on the lookout to identify
constraints to the development of the sector and advise on the best course of action to facilitate
investment in the sector. The government of Ethiopia has been actively working to create an
investment climate that encourages investors through facilitating long and short term loans and
owner is also has a plan to be benefited from this opportunity.

64
10.2. Recommendations
Below are some of the recommendations forwarded by the consultant:
 To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project; it is
very important for the enterprise management body and proponent to avoid or minimize
any adverse impacts of the project on human health to reduce impacts on the
environmental resources,
 The highly polluting dust can be treated easily by using up to date technology and
developing high level suckers and by dropping water regularly on the dust areas.
 It is recommended that the proposed mitigating measures are properly implemented.
 To ensure proper implementation of mitigation measures, regular environmental
monitoring and auditing must be conducted.
 In addition, the enterprise should create harmonious relationship with the adjacent
communities to develop strong linkages with them and avoid unexpected conflicts that
might occur in time.
 The enterprise should support development efforts in the project site. This will strengthen
relationship between the adjacent people and the project.
 The enterprise must develop own environment policy, environmental management
system and comply with federal and city environmental regulations on emission limits as
stipulated in the Emission Standards of the country.

65
 11. Appendices
Environmental Rehabilitation Cost

Depending on the rules and regulation of Oromia regional government rules and regulations
2%of the total profit of the company will be allocated for environmental rehabilitation.
Accordingly the expected profit of five years are indicated in the table below.

Description Years ( Mid 2021 to Mid-2026)

Expected Profit- retained earning

1 2 3 4 5
688,558 919,495 919,495 919,495 919,495

13,771.16 18,389.9 18,389.9 18,389.9 18,389.9

Expected Environmental rehabilitation cost
(2%) of earnings.

Community Fund
Based on the profit we obtain we will allocate the community fund on the basis of communities
identified problems and the request of the community itself. Thus the possible funds we will
allocate in the next five years will be as indicated in the following table.

Description Years (Mid 2021 to Mid-2026)

1 2 3 4 5

Community fund 11,000 13,000 13,000 15,000 16,000

66
References

1. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority 1997,

Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

2. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority 1997,

Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, Volume 1, Procedural Guideline, Addis
Ababa.

3. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority, Guideline

Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia (2003), Addis Ababa Ethiopia August
2003,

4. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority, Standards

for Industrial Pollution Control In Ethiopia (2003), Addis Ababa Ethiopia September
2003,

5. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental

Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 3rd December
2002.

6. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Environmental

Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3rd December
2002.

7. Guillermo Espinoza (2002), Management and Fundamentals of Environmental Impact:

Assessment

8. IssayasTadesse, P. 2003. Tannery Effluent Treatment in Advanced Integrated Wastewater

Pond System. Tampere (Finland)

9. Sectoral Profile of the Leather Industry. United Nations Industry Development

Organization (UNIDO).

67