Multiplication Formulae Basic Multiplication Formulae qa) (a—b)(a+b) —e. (2) (a+ b)? = a? + 2ab +B. @) (a£b)(a? Fab+P) =a £55. Generalization of Formulae (1) (a—b)(a3 + a?b + ab? +b) -o (2) (a—b)(at + a5b + ab? + ab? + bt) = a5 — D. @) (a—b)(a"—* + a®—9b 4 +++ + ab"-? + b"—1) foralln € N. Proof. (a= b)(a"~} + a"-b +--+ + ab"? + b"“1) = (a ath po a2"? + ab") (a Yb a" 262 4 ot ab) 4 dM) =a" 0", @) (a+ b)(a"~* — a? + ++ — ab"? + B- for odd n EN. Proof. For odd n, by using (—b) to replace b in (3), we obtain a” +b” (a+ d)(an~? + a®~?(—b) + a3 (—b)? + +--+ a(—b)"-? + (—b)""7), =a" —(—b)", therefore (a+ b)(a"-? — a?-2b4 a6? — ab? 4b" a" Eb", (5) (a1tag+-+++an)? = af +a3+-+-+a3 +2a1a2 + 20103 +++ +2a1an +2agaz + +++ + 2azdy +++ + 2an-1dn.Proof. (a, + a9 +++ + an)? = (a1 +42 +43 +--+ +an)(a1 + 42+ 03 +++ + an) =a} +a3 +--+ +02 + 2ayay + 2ayag +++ +--+ + 2ayan +2ap03 4+ +++ + 2azdn + +++ + 2an—10n- Testing Questions (A) 1. (SSSMO/1998) Suppose a, are two numbers such that a? +8 + 8a — 14d + 65 =0. Find the value of a? + ab + 0?. 2. Given a — b= 2,b— ¢ =4, find the value of a? + b? +c? — ab—be — ca. 3. Forintegersa, b, cand d, rewrite the expression (a? + b?)(c? + d?) as. a sum of squares of two integers. 4. Given 14(a? + b? + c?) = (a +. 2b + 3c)”, find the ratio a : 5. Given = a(a Z 0), find the value of x a +3e+1 at +30? +1" 1 1 6. Given ar + = = a, find the value of 2° + = in terms of a. 7. Given that a,b,¢,d # 0, and at + U4 + ct +d! = dabed. Prove that a? = Pae=@. 8 Givena +)+¢+d=0, prove that a? +0? +c? + d® = 3(abe + bed + cda + dab). 9. Given that (a—2)3 +4 (b—2)3 + (e—2)3 = 0, a2 +B? +e? = 6,a+b+e=2, prove that at least one of a, b, cis 2. 10 Given that a* + b° +c* = (a+b +c)*, prove that for any natural number n a4 4 prt 2m L(g pO peer,‘Testing Question (5-A) 1. From a? +b? +8a— 14) + 65 =0, (4? +80 + 16) + (0? — 14 +49) =0, (a+4)? + (b- 7) =0. Since (a + 4)? > 0 and (6 — 7)? > 0 for any real numbers a and b, we obtain a +4 = 0 and b— 7 = 0, i.e. a =—4, b = 7. Therefore a? + ab+b? = (—4)? — (4)(7) + 7? = 37. 2. From a—b=2,b—c=4 we have c— a = —6. Thus @ +P +e —ab—be- ca = Gila — 0)? + =e)? + (e—a)?| =2 +8 + 18 = 28, (P+ P\(C+P)=02 +00 + Pe + Pa? (ac)? + Qabed + (bd)?] + |(ad)? — 2abed + (be)?] ‘ac + bd)? + (ad = be)’. 4. From the given equality, do? + 140? + 14c? = a? + 4b? + 9 + dab + Gac + 12be, 13a? + 10b? + 5c? — dab — Gac — 12be (4a? — dab + 6?) + (9b — 12be + 4c?) + (9a? — ae ce) = (2a —b)? + (3b — 2c)? + (3a — e)? = Since any square is non-negative, we have 2a— Oke. =0, 36-2 b= 2a, = 3a. Thus,a:b:e=1:2:3. 5. It is obvious that x 4 0. Then x P+3o+1Therefore 1 1 +31 1 = 2 P+a)ts3 («+3) 41 z a G —8a)?+a2 10a? —Ga+1" 2 2 i 4 i (« +a)(*+a-1 ? — 2)8 — 3(a? — 2). o I at +b! + et +d! — dabed (a4 — 207d? + b*) + (ct — 267d? + d*) + 2(a?b? — 2abed + cd?) (a? — 0)? + (2 — d?)? + 2(ab — ed)?, therefore a? = b,c? = d?,ab = ed, and they imply a? = c®. Thus, the conclusion is proven. From a +b+e+d=0 we have a+b = —(c + d). By taking power 3, a + 307d + 3ab? + b3 = —(c3 + 3c7d + 3cd? + c3) =-2 — 302d — 3ed? — €, @+b +c +d = —307b — 3ab? — 3e7d — 3cd? = 3ab[—(a + b)] + 3cd[-(e + d)], “+08 e449 = 3ab(e+d) +3ed(atb) = 3(abe+bed + eda+ dab). Let 2-2 =u, y-2 = v, 2-2 = w. Then wu’ wv = Oandutet+w =0. From the identity ud +03 + w3 — 3uvw = (u+u+w)(u? +0? +), we have —3uvw = 0, ie. (2 — 2)(y—2)(2-2) =0, soa —2=Oory—2=0or z—2 = 0, the conclusion is proven.10. From (a+b+e)§ —a3 — 8 — 4 = [(a +b +0)3 — a5] — (68 +4) =(b+o)[(at+b+c)? + (a+b+c)a+a?] — (b+e)(h —be+ ec?) (b+ c)[Ba? + b? + c? + 3ab + 3ca + 2be — b? — c? + be) 3(b + c)(a? + ab + be + ca) = 3(b + c)[(a? + ab) + (be + ca)] 3(b + ©)[a(a + b) + c(a + b)] = 3(b+ c)(e+.a)(a+b). The given equation means that (a + b + c)3 — a — b3 — c} = 0, therefore 3(b+c)(c+a)(a+b) =0, which implies b+ ¢ = 0 or c+ a = 0 ora +b =0. In anyone of the three possible cases, we have the equality atl gpg 2H = (a ph pent,