String (part - 1 - Immutable String) Index String Introduction 2 Immutable String 2 ‘Without using new Keyword 3 Using new Keyword 3 Different Methods to Compare String - (examples pg. 6) 4 Concatenation of the strings - Adding of two string 4 Impact of Immutability 6 ‘Comparing two string - example 8 Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalString Introduction In Java, strings are treated as objects; they represent a sequence of characters or char values. Java.lang.String class is used to create strings and are always enclosed within double quote i.e., " Strings are of two types Mutable (Changeable) and Immutable (Unchangeable) string. Immutable string means reference of string can be mutable but instance is immutable... For Mutable String we use the StringBuffer and StringBuilder class. Immutable String ‘Syntax to declare the Immutable string: 1. Without using new Keyword Heap area string ste = "Java"; arsaca Datatype reference operator ~— value one object is created in string pool 2. Using new Keyword String str = new _String(“Java"); two object created one in string pool and another in heap area 3. From Character array to string char [] ch = {7,'o, 'V, ‘a’; String str = new _ String (ch); Memory of every object in java will be allocated in the Heap Area and Strings are treated as objects. 1. Inside Heap area duplicates are allowed. 2, Inthe Heap area there is a String Constant Pool / String Pool where duplicates are not permitted. 1. Whenever we create string without using new keyword only one object is created in string constant pool 2. Whenever we create a string using a new keyword two objects are created, one inside the String constant pool and another in the Heap area. Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalWithout using new Keyword String str1 = "Java"; Strt String str2 = "Java"; ‘str2, ‘System.out.printin (strl == str2); Output: true Before allocating the memory JVM will scan the entire string pool to find out whether the same object already exists or not, if it exists the object will not be created and reference will refer to the already created same object. But if it does not exist then an object will be created in the string pool. As duplicates are not allowed in the string constant pool. In the above example both the strings are referring to the same object as they contain the same value. Using new Keyword String str3. = new String ("Java"); 2 object : one in string pool and another in heap area String str4. = new String ("Java"); str3 — Java 1 object in heap coz string pool does not support duplicate str4 — Java System.out.printin (str3 str4); Output: false Whenever we create a string using a new keyword two objects will be created inside the memory. One inside string pool and another inside heap area. This happens when string st 3 is created and it will start referring to a heap area object. But when str4 js created, a new object is created inside the heap area but not in the string pool because string pool does not support duplicates. str3 and str4 will be referring to objects created inside the heap area. ‘As duplicates are allowed so both the references are referring to the different object inside the heap. So the output is false because the pointing. operator will not compare the value but the references where it's Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalDifferent Methods to Compare String - (examples pg. 8) 1 Reference value will be compared 2. .equals() Actual value will be compared S.ap (strLequals (str2)); output: true 3. .equallgnoreCose() Actual value will be compared ignoring case 4, .compareTo() Compare value lexicographically i.e., character by character This will compare ASCII value return int value. S.op (str3.compareto (str4)); output: 0 If any one of the letters is different it will stop and give the difference of ASCII value between them. Concatenation of the strings - Joining two string String str1 = "Java"; str1 = String str2 = "Program"; st2 ‘System.out.printin (strl.coneat (str2) ); JavaProgram Output: JavaProgram JavaPzogzam object will be created but no one will refer to it because we are not storing it. We have studied strings are immutable but what if e.g, String st = —_new String ("Java"); String str4. = new String ("Program’y i str3 = str3.coneat (str); OR str3 = str3 + str4; Program System.out.printin (str3); JavaProgram Output: JavaProgram ops, str3's value has changed..!!!! But strings are immutal Nope, an object of value “JavaPzogram” has been created and stx3_has started referring to the “JavaProgran” object. Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalString str "Jove"; String str2 "Program; str2 What if we concat str1 and str2 using .concat() method and these strings are created by not using new keyword, str|_ ————~ JavaProgram strl = — strl.concat (str2); Question : Where will the new string be stored inside the heap area or inside the String pool? Answer : Inside the Heap area. Because whenever we are using any of the references or any of the methods the abject will be stored inside the Heap area. Note : Whenever we are using references with the methods or without methods, the memory allocation will be inside the heap area These will be resolved in Run time not in the Compile time. But if we concate the string value : strl "Java" + "Program"; It will not create objects in heap area although it's performing concating operations, because it's not concating any reference value, it's concating the actual value and no references are involved while concating the actual value. Note : The Concat method is a little slower than + operator. System.out.printin (strl_+ str2 +9 + 10); Output: — JavaProgram910 Here the addition of 9 and 10 is not performed and concatenated to string as it is. System.out.printin (9 + 10 + strl + str2); Output: 19JavaProgram Here the adi jon of 9 and 10 is performed and then concatenated to string. Note : If string is first then all after values will be treated as string. Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalImpact of Immutability © Space optimization © Performance is slow String s = ""; for (int i Question : What is the Time Complexity of the above snippet? Why? Answer: O(n’) String s for (int i s = sti; Heap Address null 405 O 505 o1 605 012 705 2 So as operations of copying and concating another value to it makes TC to O(n’) as loop will run n(n+1 2 Example if we have a String size 2GB and we want to concat a string “Apple” to it It will first copy that 2GB of String to the new address and then add “Apple” to it So it will take more time, For this reason we have StringBuilder Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalString Methods String methods Output String str = "hello "; //declaration by string literal length of the string S.o.p (str.length()); String to uppercase / lowercase S.o.p (str.toUpperCase()); S.o.p (str.toLowerCase()); Check if string is empty S.o.p (str.isEmpty()); Check specific char whether string contains it S.o.p (str.contains("h"))7 Get index of the char S.o.p (str.indexof("h")); To replace any character inside string S.o.p (str.replace("LL", "YY")); To check whether a string starts/ends with char, generally used for username S.0.p (str.startsWith("#@") )s S.o.p ( -endsWith("Lo "))% To trim white spaces inside the string S.o.p (str.trim()); S.o.p (str.strip()); To find out character at specific index S.o.p (str.charAt(1)); To find out the character present between the specific range S.o.p (str.substring(1, 4)); To separate every character from the string S.o.p (Arrays. toString(str.toCharArray())); To find out int value of every character S.o.p (Arrays. toString(str.getBytes())); To split the string by any specific string S.0.p (Arrays. toString (str.split("©"))); HELLO hello false true heYYo false true heLLo Lo, hy e@, Ly by [32, 104, 101, 76, 76, 111, 32) {h, Llo ] Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish JaiswalComparing two string - example String methods and operators Output String strl = "heLLo "; String str2 = "heLlo "; Compare stri and str2 S.o.p (strl SEEQ); true This happens because of String Pool. Java sees whether the same string is already declared or not. Ifit’s already declared it will refer to the same object, else it will create a new one. ‘While we create using new keyword ew object is created in heap which support duplicates String str3 = new String("hello"); String str4 = new String("hello"); Compare reference str3 and str4 S.o.p (stx3 == BEEM); false Oops this gives false but the values of str3 and str4 are the same! We need to use another method i-e., Obj 1.equals (obj2) S.o.p (str3.equals(str4)); true Now let’s create both types of String String str5 = "hello"; String Pool String stré = new String("hello"); Heap area Now we will compare both the strings: In this stx6 reference is compared in the string pool because such a value is already in it. S.o.p (str5 stré,intern()); true Now we will declare the same name to two strings but with different cases. String fname = "tony' String Iname = "Pony"; Compare fname to Iname S.0.p (fname == Iname); false false it's right. But we humans, for us it's the same so what to do? we can use equalsIgnorcase () method S.o.p (fname.equalsIgnoreCase (1name) ) ; true Linkedin | Git-Hub Document created by - Shirish Jaiswal