Welcome To….
1
Learning outcomes
Know the appropriate tool for data presentation
Exploring fact from data
2
Type of Data Presentation
1. Tabular 2. Graphical 3. Textual
Presentation of Presentation of Presentation of
Data. Data. Data.
Qualitative Quantitative
Variable Variable
Frequency • Bar chart • Histogram Use Words, statements
Distribution • Pie Chart • Frequency or paragraphs with
Polygon numbers to present
• Ogive curve data.
• Line graph
• Boxplot
• Scatter Diagram
3
Contents
Definition of Frequency Distribution with Examples
Construction of Frequency Distribution for quantitative data
Graphical presentation of quantitative data
4
Frequency distribution with Examples
Frequency distribution:
A grouping of data into mutually exclusive categories or different classes showing the number of
observations in each category or class is called frequency distribution.
Types of Frequency Distribution:
Frequency distribution for Quantitative data Frequency distribution for Qualitative data
5
Construction of frequency distribution for quantitative data
Construction of frequency distribution:
Example:
Mr. Rahman is a professor of X University. He wishes prepare to a report showing the number
of hours per week students spend studying. He selects a random sample of 30 students and
determines the number of hours each student studied last week.
15.0, 23.7, 19.7, 15.4, 18.3, 23.0, 14.2, 20.8, 13.5, 20.7, 17.4, 18.6, 12.9, 20.3, 13.7, 21.4, 18.3,
29.8, 17.1, 18.9, 10.3, 26.1, 15.7, 14.0, 17.8, 33.8, 23.2, 12.9, 27.1, 16.6.
Organize the data into a frequency distribution.
6
Construction of frequency distribution for quantitative data
Step 1: Decide on the number of classes using the formula
2k n Where k=number of classes
n=number of observations
There are 30 observations so n=30
Two raised to the fifth power is 32.
Therefore, we should have at least 5 classes, i.e., k=5.
Step 3: Set the individual class limits and
Steps 4 and 5: Tally and count the number of items in each class.
7
Construction of frequency distribution for quantitative data
Table-1: Frequency Distribution of the number of hours per week students spend on
studying This table is just for
understanding, not necessary for
Upper limit Hours studying Tally Frequency, f this math
Lower limit 10-15 IIII II 7 Example: Inclusive frequency table
15-20 IIII IIII II 12
Exclusive
20-25 IIII II 7
frequency
table 25-30 III 3
30-35 I 1
Class interval=
Upper limit-Lower limit=
Class interval=
15-10=5
Upper limit-Lower limit+1=
19-15+1=5
8
Graphical presentation of frequency distribution for quantitative data
Three types of graphical
presentation for quantitative data
are:
1.Histogram
2.Frequency Polygon
3. Ogive Curve/ Cumulative Frequency
Curve
Draw the following graphs for this temperature
data.
• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon
• Ogive Curve/ Cumulative Frequency Curve
9
Graphical presentation of frequency distribution for quantitative data
From the calculation of the following table we will learn how to draw all the 3 mentioned graphs.
Col-1 Col-2 Col-3 Col-4 Col-5 Col-6 1. Histogram:
class Frequency Relative Percentage Midpoints Cumulative Col-1& 2.
(𝒇𝒊 ) 𝒇
frequency( 𝒊) frequency (U+L)/2 Frequency
𝒏 𝒇
( 𝒊 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝒏 2. Frequency polygon:
99.5-104.5 2 2/50 2/50*100 102 2
104.5-109.5 8 8/50 8/50*100 107 10
Col-1, 2 & 5.
109.5-114.5 18 18/50 18/50*100 112 28
114.5-119.5 13 13/50 13/50*100 117 41
119.5-124.5 7 7/50 7/50*100 122 48 2. Ogive curve:
124.5-129.5 1 1/50 1/50*100 127 49 Col-1(upper limits)& col-6.
129.5-134.5 1 1/50 1/50*100 132 50
Total n=50 1
Lower limits upper limits
10
Graphical presentation of frequency distribution for quantitative data
11
Graphical presentation of frequency distribution for quantitative data
12
Graphical presentation of frequency distribution for quantitative data
13
Exercise to solve
The number of walking shoes sold in 20 different shops are given below:
45, 70, 70, 55, 75, 73, 70, 65, 68, 60, 74, 83, 80, 58, 68, 85, 90, 64, 75, 82
• Construct a frequency distribution table using appropriate class
interval.
• Draw Histogram, frequency polygon and ogive curve.
• How many shops were able to sold more than 70 shoes?
14
15
