A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
CROP PROT 103

PRINCIPLE OF CROP PROTECTION

College of Agriculture
BSA
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Module No. _3_

MAJOR PEST GROUPS

Topic

1st Semester AY 2020-2021

VIMBEE C. ALIPOON-ERESUELA
Instructor 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Cover page 1
Title Page 2
Table of Contents 3
Instruction to the Users 4

Introduction 5
Chapter
Title of the Chapter 6
Overview 6
Learning outcomes 6

Pre-test
Lesson 1 7
A. Learning outcomes 7
B. Time Allotment 7
C. Discussion 7
a. 8
b. 10
D. Activities/Exercises 11

E. Evaluation/Post-test 11

References
Greetings and Student Information
Back cover (WPU- Vision 2020, Mission and Core Values

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about MAJOR PEST GROUPS.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

This module will serve as an alternative learning material to usual way of

classroom teaching and learning delivery. The instructor will facilitate and explain the

module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes, activities and to

ensure that they will learn amidst of pandemic.

This chapter focus on the Major pest groups. It aims to provide basic

understanding pathogens, weed and arthropods and vertebrate pest.

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CHAPTER 2
MAJOR PEST GROUPS

Overview

Module 3 focus on the study on major pest groups. This include the following
lesson. Lesson 1- pathogens; Lesson 2- weeds; and lesson 3- Arthropods and
vertebrates.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module you can:

o Discuss Plant Pathogens; Plant Pathology (defined); Disease Cycle;

Economic Importance of Plant Diseases; Plant Disease Epidemiology
(The elements of an epidemic) Concepts of Plant Diseases; Causes of
Plant Diseases; and Variability in Plant Pathogens

o Describe Arthropods and Vertebrate Pests; Entomology defined;

Recognizing an insect and a mite; Characteristics of insects that make
them a very successful group of arthropods; How insects affect man as a
consequence of varied habits and behavior; Recognizing Insect Orders;
Representative insect pests and important considerations to make in the
formulation of strategies/programs for their man; and Important
Vertebrates Pests – birds and rodents

o Identify Weeds; Weed Science (defined), Concept of a Weed;

Characteristics of Weeds; Weeds, Crops and Other Pests; Classification
of Weeds; Effect of weeds on Human Affairs; Reproduction and
Establishment of Weeds; Crop-Weed Competition; and Change in Weed
Populations

Pre-test

Directions: Answer the pre-test with honesty. This not graded exam but please do you
best to evaluate your fore knowledge. Do this in a separate sheet.

Lesson 1A.

Test 1. Matching Type. Match column A with Column B.

Column A Column B
1. Pathogen a. an organism which depends wholly or
partly on another living organism for its
food.
2. Parasite b. any plant that can be attacked by a
pathogen; a host plant

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3. Suscept c. the inability of an organism to

overcome the effects of pathogen
4. Host d. refers to the plant that is being
attacked by a parasite
5. Tolerance e. exhibited by a plant which is severely
affected by a pathogen without
experiencing a severe reduction in yield
6. Susceptibility – f. any agent that causes a disease
7. Disease Resistance g. inherent ability of an organism to
overcome in any degree the effects of
pathogen

Test 2. True or False. Write the Word TRUE if the statement is correct and the word
FALSE if the statement is wrong.

1. A disease is any condition of a plant that interferes with its normal structure,
functions or economic value.
2. A plant is said to be „diseased‟ when there is a harmful deviation from normal
functioning of physiological process
3. The disease cannot define as 'any disturbance brought about by a living entity
or non-living agents or environmental factors
4. High cost of materials, equipment and labor incurred in controlling disease
result in high cost of production and handling
5. Plant pathology deals with the nature, causes and control of plant diseases

Test 3. Enumerate the following.

1. Give the three (3) Requisites for Disease Development

Lesson 1B

Test 1. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The expressions by the host of a pathologic condition by which particular plant

disease may be distinguished from other diseases.
a. Sign b. symptoms c. pathogens d. primary symptoms
2. Are those that are the immediate and direct results of the causal agent’s
activities on the invaded tissues
a. Sign b. symptoms c. pathogens d. primary symptoms
3. Localized symptoms – distinct and unlimited structural changes
a. Sign c. symptoms
b. secondary symptoms d. primary symptoms
4. Are the presence of the causal organism, any of their parts or products or
abnormal factors that produce the symptoms.
a. Sign b. symptoms c. pathogens d. primary symptoms
5. Changes that are visible to the naked eye.
a. Morphological symptoms
b. Systematic symptoms

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c. Histological symptoms
6. Fungal mycelia, spores and fruiting bodies are example of?
a. Sign b. symptoms c. pathogens d. disease
7. Rotting and chlorosis are example of_?
a. Sign b. symptoms c. pathogens d. disease

8. Overdevelopment due to the increase in the size of cell

a. Hyperthrophy b. hyperplasia c. hyperplastic

9. An abnormal increase in the number of cells

a. Hyperthrophy b. hyperplasia c. hyperplastic

10. Appear when there is an inhibition or failure in the differentiation or

development of some aspect of plant growth.
a. Necrotic symptoms b. Hypoplastic symptoms c.hyperplastic symptom

Test. 2. Essay. Explain the following,

1. Differentiate sign and symptoms

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Lesson 1-A

Plant Pathogens

A. Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson you can:

a. Define plant pathology

b. Discuss economic importance of plant diseases
c. Discuss the concept of plant diseases
d. Identify terminology in plant pathology
e. Describe Requisites for Disease Development

B. Time Allotment :2 hours

C. Discussion

Plant Pathology (defined)

Plant Pathology or Phytopathology (Greek Phyton = plant + pathos =

disease, ailments + logos = discourse, knowledge) deals with the nature, causes and
control of plant diseases. It is a science which looks into the characteristics of diseases,
their causes, plant-pathogen interactions, factors affecting disease development in
individual plants and in populations, and various means of controlling diseases.

Plant pathology is related to most of the old and new sciences like biology,
physics, chemistry, physiology, mathematics, genetics, soil science, biochemistry,
biotechnology etc.

Economic Importance of Plant Diseases

Plant diseases are of paramount importance to humans because they damage

plants and plant products on which humans depend for food, clothing, furniture, the
environment and housing.

a. Uncontrolled plant disease may result in less food and higher food prices,
or in food of poor quality and low nutrient value.
b. Toxins or poisons produced by disease on the commodity make it unfit for
consumption.
c. Some diseases may wipe out entire plant species.
d. High cost of materials, equipment and labor incurred in controlling disease
result in high cost of production and handling.

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e. Sometimes the environment may be contaminated or affected by such toxic

chemicals used to control disease which include humans, animals, soil,
beneficial organism, our water sources and plants.
f. Harvested produced deteriorate during storage, marketing and transport.
g. Diseases predispose the commodity to attack by other pathogens.

Concepts of Plant Diseases

a. A disease is any condition of a plant that interferes with its normal

structure, functions or economic value.
b. Disease in plants can be defined as the senses of invisible and visible
responses of plant cells and tissues to a pathogenic microorganism or
environmental factor that result in adverse changes in the form, function or
integrity of the plant and may lead to partial impairment or death of the
plant or its parts (Agrios, 1997).
c. Disease is a malfunctioning process that is caused by continuous irritation,
which results in some suffering producing symptoms
d. Disease is an alteration in one or more of the ordered sequential series of
physiological processes culminating in a loss of coordination of energy
utilization in a plant as a result of the continuous irritation from the
presence or absence of some factor or agent.
e. A plant is said to be „diseased‟ when there is a harmful deviation from
normal functioning of physiological process (Federation of British Plant
Pathologists, 1973).
f. The disease can also be defined as 'any disturbance brought about by a
living entity or non-living agents or environmental factors which interfere
with manufacture, translocation or utilization of food, mineral nutrients
and water in such a way that the affected plant changes in appearance with
or without much loss in yield than that of a normal healthy plant of the same
variety. In general disease is an interaction among the host, parasite and
the environment.

Terminology in Plant pathology

1. Pathogen – any agent that causes a disease (refer to living organism)

2. Parasite – an organism which depends wholly or partly on another living
organism for its food.
a. Facultative parasite – an organism which has the faculty or ability to be a
parasite although it is ordinarily a saprophyte.
b. Obligate parasite – an organism that is restricted to subsist on living
organism and attacks only living tissues.
3. Saprophyte – an organism that lives on dead organic or inorganic matter.
4. Host – refers to the plant that is being attacked by a parasite
5. Suscept – any plant that can be attacked by a pathogen; a host plant
6. Pathogenicity – the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease
7. Pathogenesis – disease development in the plant
8. Virulence - the quantitative amount of disease that can isolate of a given
pathogen can cause in a group of plants in terms of lesions or number of
lesions for example.
9. Aggressiveness – measures the rate at which virulence is expressed by a
given pathogenic isolate.

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10. Disease Resistance – inherent ability of an organism to overcome in

any degree the effects of pathogen (Merril, 1980).
11. Susceptibility – the inability of an organism to overcome the effects of
pathogen
12. Tolerance - exhibited by a plant which is severely affected by a
pathogen without experiencing a severe reduction in yield.

Requisites for Disease Development

Disease development requires the presence of the Susceptible plant; Virulent

pathogen; and Favorable environment

The absence of one or more of these factors will produce no disease.

Figure 1. Disease Triangle Figure 2. Disease Tetrahedron

Let’s do this!

Directions: do this in a separate sheet.

1. what are the requisites for disease

development?

2. draw the concept of plant diseases. And

below your drawing explain it. Be creative.

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Lesson 1- B

Symptoms of Plant Disease

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson you are expected t0:

a. Define symptoms and sign

b. Discuss the classification of plant diseases symptoms and types
c. Familiarize Specific Symptoms and Their Respective description
d. Distinguish symptoms and sign

B. Time allotment: 2 hours

C. Discussion

Symptoms are the expressions by the host of a pathologic condition by

which particular plant disease may be distinguished from other diseases.

Classification of Plant Disease Symptoms

a. Primary symptoms- are those that are the immediate and direct results
of the causal agent’s activities on the invaded tissues (rotting of roots)
b. Secondary symptoms – the effects on the distant and uninvaded plant
parts (wilting of leaves due to rotting of root)
c. Localized symptoms – distinct and unlimited structural changes (leaf
spots, canker, galls)
d. Systemic symptoms – more generalized changes (mottle, mosaic,
wilting)
e. Histological symptoms – essentially internal and can be seen only when
the affected part is dissected and examined under microscope
(abnormality in cell content, structure or arrangement)
f. Morphological symptoms – changes that are visible to the naked eye
(galls, rotting, curling)

Types of Symptoms

a. Necrotic symptoms – involve death of protoplast, cells or tissues. Ex.

Spot, blight, scorch, cankers, die-back.
b. Hypoplastic symptoms – appear when there is an inhibition or failure
in the differentiation or development of some aspect of plant growth. Ex.
Stunting, chlorosis, etiolation, mottle, mosaic, curling and rosetting
c. Hyperplastic symptoms (Metaplastic) – are expressed with the
occurrence of excessive multiplication, enlargement or overdevelopment
of plant organs including the abnormal prolonged retention of the green
color. Ex. Gall formation, fasciation, scab, fruit drop, greening, witches
brooms

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11. Hypertrophy – overdevelopment due to the increase in the size

of cell
12. Hyperplasia – abnormal increase in the number of cells

Specific Symptoms and Their Respective description

 Abscission – premature falling of leaves, fruits or flowers due to early

laying down of the abscission layer
 Blast – term applied to the sudden death of young buds, inflorescence
or young fruits
 Bleeding – flow of plant sap from wounds
 Blights – an extensive, usually sudden death of host tissue such as leaf
blight
 Blotch – large, irregular spots on leaves or fruits with necrotic injury of
epidermal cells
 Callus – an overgrowth of tissue formed in response to injury in an
effort of the plant to heal the wound
 Canker – an often sunken necrotic area with cracked border that may
appear in leaves, fruits, stems and branches
 Chlorosis – yellowing caused by some other factor other than light,
such as virus or mycoplasma
 Curling – abnormal bending or curling of leaves caused by overgrowth
on one side of the leaf or localized growth in certain portions
 Damping-off – rotting of seedlings prior to emergence or rotting of
seedling stems at an area just above the soil line
 Die-back – a drying backward from the tip of twigs or branches
 Etiolation – yellowing of normally green tissues caused by inadequate
light
 Fasciation or fasciculation – clustering of roots, flowers, fruits or
twigs around a common focus
 Flecks – extremely tiny spots on leaves, fruits, stem, etc.
 Gumming or gummosis – oozing out of viscid gum from wounds and
bark
 Leak – the hosts juices exude or leak out from soft –rotted portions
 Mosaic – the presence, usually on leaves, of variegated patterns of green
and yellow shades with sharply defined boarders
 Mottling – the variegation is less defined than mosaic and the
boundaries of light and dark variegated areas are more diffused
 Mummification – an infected fruit is converted into hard, dry,
shrivelled mummy
 Phyllody – metamorphosis of sepals, petals, stamens or carpels into
leaf-like structures
 Pitting – definite depressions or pit are found on the surface of fruits,
tubers and other fleshy organs resulting in a pecked appearance
 Rosetting – shortening of the internodes of shoots and stems forming
a crowding of the foliage in a rosette
 Rotting – the disintegration and decomposition of host tissues, a dry
rot is firm, dry decay whereas a soft rot is a soft, watery decomposition
(ex. Fruit rot, stem-end rot, blossom-end rot, stalk rot, root rot)

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 Russeting – a superficial brownish roughening of the skin of fruits,

tubers or other fleshy organs usually due to the suberization of epidermal
or subepidermal tissues following injury to epidermis
 Sarcody – abnormal swelling of the bark above wounds due to the
accumulation of elaborated food materials
 Savoying – the cupping or pocketing of parts of the leaf; also curling or
puckering; due to underdevelopment of veins on leaf margins
 Scab – slightly raised, rough, ulcer-like lesions due to the overgrowth of
epidermal and cortical tissues accompanied with rupturing and
suberization of cell walls
 Shot-hole – a perforated appearance of a leaf as the dead areas of local
lesions drop out
 Streak or stripe – long, narrow necrotic lesions on leaves or stems
 Vein clearing – the leaf veins are translucent or pale while the rest of
the leaf is its normal color
 Virescence or greening – development of chlorophyll in tissues or
organs in which it is normally absent
 Wilting – may be due to an infectious agent or due to lack of water.
wilting caused by infectious agent are permanent while wilting due to
lack of water is temporary

Figure 2. Symptoms of diseases in plants

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Figure 2. Continuation …

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Figure 2. Continuation …

Signs of Plant Disease

Signs are the presence of the causal organism, any of their parts or
products or abnormal factors that produce the symptoms.

Examples of Signs

 Fungal mycelia, spores and fruiting bodies

 Bacterial ooze, sclerotial bodies

 Nematode at various growth stages

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 Plant parts of phanerogams (parasitic flowering plants)

D. Activities/Exercises

Directions: Do this in separate sheet.

1. Using the given Specific Symptoms and Their Respective

description in this module find personally at least 10 symptoms in your
backyard and name it.

E. Post-test/Evaluation

Test 1. Identification. Identify the following.

1. Phyton means____________
2. Phatos means____________
3. The expressions by the host of a pathologic condition by which particular plant
disease may be distinguished from other diseases is called______________.

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4. ____________are the presence of the causal organism, any of their parts or

products or abnormal factors that produce the symptoms.
5. __________is the disintegration and decomposition of host tissues.

Test 2. Matching type. Match column A with Column B.

Column A Column B
1. dieback a. drying backward from the tip of twigs
or branches
2. Necrotic symptoms b. Spot
3. Hypoplastic symptoms c. mosaic
4. Hyperplastic symptoms d. Gall formation
5. bleeding e. flow of plant sap from wounds
6. saprophyte f. an organism that lives on dead organic
or inorganic matter.
7. Suscept g. a host plant
8. Pathogen h. overdevelopment due to the increase
in the size of cell
9. Hyperplasia i. abnormal increase in the number of
cells
10. Hypertrophy j. agent that cause diseases

Test 3. Explain the following.

1. How would you differentiate the sign and symptoms?

2. Enumerate at least 2 concept and diseases and explain each.
3. Why man give an importance to plant diseases?

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References

International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences (IAPPS) (2020). The Main
Disciplines involved in Plant Protection. https://www.plantprotection.org/plant-
protection-disciplines/

Agrios, G. N. 1997. Plant Pathology. Fourth Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

Ahamad, S. 2011. Plant diseases management in Horticultural Crops.

Balasabramaniam, R. 1997. Disease Causing Agents in Plants-Symptoms and Control.

Hort-Research, Marlborough Research Center.

Bhargawa, M. 2008. Handbook of Fungal Diseases of Plants and their Control

Calilung, V.C.J. and H. T. Facundo. 1999. Manual for General Entomology. Second
Edition. College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños

Capinera, J. L. Handbook of vegetable Pests. Academic Press, California, USA.

Caton, B. P., M. Mortimer, and J. E. Hill. 2004. A Practical Field Guide to weeds of
Rice in Asia. IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna.

Chaube, H. S. 2005. Crop Diseases and their Management.

Chauhan, S. K. 2014. Plant Pathology.

Choudhary, A. 2014. Crop Management, Integrated Farming and Pest Management

De Bach, P. 1979. Biological Control by Natural Enemies

Elzinga, R. 2004. Fundamentals of Entomology. 6th Edition. Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Gullan, P. J. and P. S. Cranston. 2014. The Insects: An outline of Entomology. Fifth

Edition. Chapman and Hall, London.

Halsted, A. 2010. Pests and Diseases.

Halsted, A. 2010. Pests and Diseases.

Ilag, L. L. and L. L. Ilag. 2002. Learning the Principles of Plant Pathology. Second
Edition. UPLB-CA Publication Office. University of the Philippines Los Baños.

Johnson, M. and V. C. Sekkar. 2012. Principles of Plant Pathology. Department of

Plant Pathology, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agriculture University.

Kumar, B. 2014. Agricultural Pest Management.

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Metcalf, R. 2011. Introduction to Insect Pest Management. 3rd edition.

Oerke, E. C. H. W. Dehne. 2004. Safeguarding production losses in major crops and

the role of crop protection. Crop Protection. Elsevier Science.

Pyenson, L. l. 1981. Laboratory Manual for Entomology and Plant pathology. Second
edition. The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.

Quebral, F. C. 1999. Plant Pest Identification Manual. University of the Philippines Los
Baños. Los Baños College, Laguna.

Quebral, F. C. 1999. Plant Pests Identification Manual.

Reddy, P. 2014. Biointensive Integrated Pest Management in Horticultural

Ecosystems.

Ross, M. A. 2009. Applied Weed Science, Including the ecology and management of
invasive plants. 3rd Edition.

W. B. Ennis Jr., W. M. Dowler, and W. Klassen (1975). Crop Protection to Increase

Food Supplies. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol. 188, Issue
4188, pp. 593-598.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/188/4188/593?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=56be
a1b436d73122c8a511310440bebe92c238a6-1602043120-0-
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9NvtFScXomSPunruceJS7vj5w6ipZJURT_D8z02BxzZkAd0nk_6ktlM4RnqGn55n8
ToHeZ3iMhKay3Sz7hMl_aKeoNeHeFFPqCDTEua_xZrYwmngQgtPxSp3IMgb7x_tH
8o-UikPRInKlO-m1U_8nPng6HnQpEXcODP-zpQxc9sxTT9Fb8O-
SsWYcfCBY5e_8E6GpdJArpsQC0l359QEwaw7GTBQUlon92pVfOMgK77qphWjqeW
Ne5X8FcJT55grwq2MEnfmnxNUWmGyBdhsIm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)

https://passnownow.com/classwork-series-exercises-biology-ss1-pest-agricultural-
importance/

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Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

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Vision 2020
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

Core Values (3CT)

Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork

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