Border Areas

25 March 2021
19:48

#Border Management :
• BM is securing frontiers and safeguarding our nation from the risks involved in the
movement of goods and people across borders.
• Why ?
o
1st line of defence against terrorism
o
Effective check on human crimes - human trafficking / drug trafficking
o
Illegal smuggling - loss of revenue
o
Military / nonmilitary threats from state and non-state actors
o
Effective check on cross border funded insurgencies
o
Reduced military standoffs
• Govt initiative
o
Space tech
o
Geo tagging/ geo fencing
o
High resolution - 12km NAVIC
o
Communication
o
Real time info on transgressions and movements
o
Precision - Uri surgical strikes
o
Operational efficiency
o
CIBMS - electronic surveillance of India's international borders with Pakistan and
Bangladesh
o
GSAT 7 - army; GSAT 7A air force
o
EMISAT - strategic value points
o
Dispute resolution
o
Bharatmala Pariyojana :Organising border Haats to build confidence and
economically develop border areas.
o
Border area development prog
o
Floodlights and fence : Punjab and Rajasthan
o
UAV vehicles with RFID tracking
o
Strategic border outposts

# technology for border management

• Complementing existing system
• Checking infiltration
• Facilitate cross border trade
• Surveillance and improved intelligence
• Automatic weapons - first line of defence
• Pre-emptive strikes
• Smart fencing
• Inhospitable terrain
• Madhukar Gupta committee
 o

• Challenges AAAEEESL
• Way forward
o
Financial burden sharing
o
PPP
o
Capacity building
o
Academia linkage

# maritime security
• Customs maritime organisation
• ICG + navy
• Exercises : Malabar
• Coastal security scheme
• AN tri service command
• Maritime theatre command proposed

# India observer at Djibouti code of conduct

• SHADE for information sharing

• India Japan China - coordinate patrols
• Contact group on piracy off the coast of Somalia

15000 km of international border. extreme geography is present at different borders

# India Afghan

#Indo pak
• extreme climatic conditions
• three different heads
 o
Radcliffe line
o
line of control (LoC), or the ceasefire line, which came into existence after the 1948
and 1971 wars.
o
actual ground position line (AGPL) current positions in Siachen Glacier region
• Siachen
o
Siachen is a triangular bit of land between PoK and the part ceded by Pakistan to
China.
o
Reason
o
Ambiguous wording of Karachi ceasefire didn’t delineate north of NJ 9842

• Border dispute at Sir Creek and Kashmir

o
a 96 km tidal estuary
o
Pakistan claims the entire Sir Creek, with its eastern
bank defined by a "green line'' and represented on a 1914 map belongs to it.
o
loss of about 250 square miles of EEZ for India.
o
Thalweg doctrine not applicable as it commonly applies to non tidal rivers
o
India : "mid-channel'' of the Creek as shown on a map dated 1925. Thalweg doctrine
in international law
o
Considering ecological sensitivity both countries can designate as a maritime national park
• River water sharing issue at Indus river.
o
Kishanganga - Hague PCA : allowed India to complete the project
• Gilgit Baltistan
o
In 2018, the executive order from Pakistan's Prime Minister intended to begin
legislative, judicial and administrative measures to integrate Gilgit-Baltistan with the
rest of the federal structure of Pakistan.
o
Earlier, Pak - maintained GB as a UN disputed area and thus residents cant be
declared citizens of PAK. India, has always maintained GB to be integral part of India.

• Infiltration and cross-border terrorism targeted to destabilise India

• Govt initiatives
o
Fencing : 2011: J&K, Punjab, Raj , Gujarat- double row fenced
o
Use of tech :
o
5 layer plan to stop infiltration
o
Close circuit tv cameras, thermal imagers , underground monitor sensors ,
laser barriers to track all border movements,
 o
Integrated setup - backup for devices
o
Laser barriers over 130 unfenced sections
o
Electrified = land mines + floodlights
o
Outposts
o
700 , one integrated check post at Atari
o
Prog for optimum utilisation of eastern rivers of Indus
• Way forward
o
Madhukar Gupta committee :
o
Use of scientific tech like laser fencing, ground sensors, thermal imaging
where physical fencing is not possible
o
Madhav Godbole committee
o
Border guarding force should not be deployed in internal sec threats
o
Marine police force should be Est along with strengthening ICG

#indo china
• Sino-Pakistan Boundaíy Agíeement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180
sq. km in Pakistan Occupied Kashmií to China.
• tcííitoíial disputc o:cí Aksai Cki⭲. India claims it as part of erstwhile Kashmir,
while China claims it is part of Xinjiang.
• CPEC
• Water disputes
• Large scale smuggling of Chinese electronic and other consumer goods.
• Smuggling: Chinese electronics
• W: India: Johnson and China McMohan
• C: Barahoti plains
• E: McDonald line
• Multiple forces along Indian border (for example, ITBP, Assam rifles, Special frontier force)
as opposed to single PLA commander on Chinese side
• Initiatives
o
CoDS : Integrated battle groups
o
Min of defence: expedite border road construction delegated administrative and
financial powers to BRO
o
Daulat Beige oldie road - facilitates lateral movement of troops along
western sector - reducing travel time by 40%
o
Spy cam project
 o

#Indo Bangladesh
• India shares around 4100 km
• border meanders through villages, agricultural lands
• Adverse possession and enclaves : land boundary agreement CA 100
• Sharing of Ganga water through a 1996 Agreement
• Teesta water dispute
o
1983 Adhoc agreement : b: I :: [Link] 25
o
Bangladesh has sought equitable distribution on lines of ganga water treaty : B : I ::
37.5: 42.5 :20
o
Tipaimukh HEP on Barak river
• Illegal immigration: communal violence in assam; NRC
• Cattle and other smuggling: Cattle from UP, Bihar is taken to borders for grazing and then
smuggled to Bangladesh. This way government is losing revenue of around 10000 crore
annually
• Bases of Anti India elements: United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB)
• Initiatives
o
BSF + BGB forces
o
Border forces joint exercise : Sundarbans alliance

o
BOLD QIT : by IT wing of BSF to install technical systems in unfenced riverine areas of
Brahmaputra
o
Crime free stretch : at BSF border posts at Gunarmath and Kalyani
o
Govt announced est. of Border protection grid
o
Integrated check posts: Akhaura, Agartala , Sutarkandi assam
o
Bilateral coop : both have signed border management plan - joint patrols +
info sharing + 2 border haats to deal with illegal trade
 o
Cooperation agreement between coast guards to prevent crimes at sea
o
Border surveillance devices : closed circuit cameras, searchlights, thermal imaging
devices
o
CIBMS

# Indo Myanmar
• internal dynamics of the region in terms of the clan loyalties of the tribal people, inter-tribal
clashes, insurgency, and trans-border ethnic ties also adversely affect the security of the
border areas.
• Issues
o
Golden triangle
o
Military coup : MIZO govt resolution to give political refugee to Burmese( ethnically
belonging to chin - Lushai tribes)
o
Free movement regime 16KM
o
Rugged terrain - frontier forces
o
No physical barrier in form of fences , outposts, roads
o
Lack of support from military junta govt
o
Boundary dispute

• Initiatives
o
Deployment of assam rifles , 31 battalions for counter insurgency 15 battalions for
border gaurding
o
Panel to study FMR - misuse by NSCN- K
o
13 new ICP's
#Indo Nepal
• shared an open border since 1950
• Roti beti ka rishta
• Many terrorist organisations and Naxalites have fully exploited open borders w
• Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been using Nepalese territory to carry out anti-
India activities since the 1990s. WikiLeaks documents
 • Challenges
o
Boundary dispute
o
Kalapani - source of kali - India : Lipu Lekh

Nepal : mouth of Limphudariya

o
Susta, Bihar- meandering of Gandhak

Avulsion and accretion doctrine of international law
o
Pak using open borders to carry out anti India activities - routing terrorists + fake
currency
o
Fear of spread of Maoist insurgency
o
Issue of land grabbing
o
Easy escape and illegal activities0 smuggling
• Initiatives for border management
o
25 battalions of Shashtra Seema Bal , MHA deployed
o
Bilateral talks : home sec level talks + joint working group
o
Border district coordination committee
o
Construction of Indo Nepal border roads

# Indo Bhutan
• Entirely demarcated except along trijunction with China,
• Doklam issue
o
Doklam plateau is a part of Bhutan disputed by China which can provide China
leverage to choke India's “Chicken Neck” - the narrow Siliguri corridor In 2017, India
successfully deployed its troops to counter Chinese design to build a road in Doklam
o
1st time troops deployed to safeguard Bhutan's territorial interests

o
Operation all clear
 • Bhutanese army drove out BODO and ULFA insurgents
o
Smuggling : Chinese goods, Bhutanese cannabis , liquor forest produce
o
Free movement of people and vehicles
o
Seasonal migration
o
Environmental concerns - deforestation , poaching , illegal wildlife trade
• Initiatives
o
SSB + BSF
o
Bilateral coop : secretary level
o
Border district coordination meeting mechanism between bordering states and royal
govt of Bhutan
o
Road construction : about 60,000 Indian national live in Bhutan - hep construction

#Indo Sri-Lanka
• Katchatheevu island
o
1974 : conditional accord
o
Fisherman : want joint fishing rights
• Fisherman issue
o
Refusal to recognise settled maritime boundary
o
Palk bay - traditionally common fishing ground

o
Steps
• All big fishing trawlers fitted with ais transponders
• Small fishing vessels- RFID proposed
• Vessel registration system - colour coded for coastal states
• Distress alert transmitters provided to fishermen
• Seafarer ID
• Joint working group on fisheries - hotline b//w Coast guard and Sri Lanka
# recommendations for better border management
• Advanced tech - satellite imagery - better vigil
• Aerial surveillance
• BSF - settled borders while unsettled borders responsibility of Indian army
• One force one border
• Integrated brigade size command - theatre commands e.g. China
• Border area development initiatives
• Development of ICPS
• CIBMS

# coastal security
• Challenges :
o
Diverse topography
o
Physical proximity to volatile economically depressed countries
o
Golden triangle
o
Unsettled maritime boundaries
• Threats
o
Maritime terrorism
o
Piracy and armed robbery
o
Smuggling and trafficking
o
Infiltration illegal migration and refugee influx
o
Fisherman issue

# institutional structure
 • Customs marine org
o
suggest the optimum assets required for anti-smuggling operations as well as
recommend ways to curb smuggling through the sea now merged with coast
guard
• Indian coast guard, min of defence
o
Coast guard act
• Marine police forces
o
Under coastal security scheme, 2005
o
Strengthen patrolling infra and surveillance of coastal trades
o
Hub and spoke concept
• Present coastal sec system
o
Surveillance of high seas outside EEZ : navy + coast guard
o
Territorial waters: coast guards
o
Close coastal patrolling state marine police
• Initiatives
o
Indian maritime security strategy 205 of Indian navy
o
Coastal security scheme - surveillance through automatic dentification systems
o
Coastal surveillance network
o
Joint operation centers of navy as command and control hubs
o
Enhanced maritime domain awareness

Internal security
27 March 2021
14:20

# Internal security -TIPS

• Preservation and protection of state, its territorial integrity, political institutions and
national sovereignty from physical, economic and technological threats
#Challenges:
• Inequitable growth
• Failure at administrative development front
• Rise of sectarian politics
• Porous borders
• nitty gritty of security management have not been given due importance by Indian Centre
• Police continue to be in a shambles.; lack of police force
• India lacks national security doctrine.
• Weak intelligence coordination and dissemination between various agencies
o
NATGRID + CCTNS
• No strategic vision to tackle the Maoist insurgency

• Conclusion : 2nd ARC - all laws relating to national security should be consolidated .
o
E.g. official secrets act should be bought under NSA
# Measures to be taken
• SAMADHAN doctrine
• Police is generally the first agency to respond; impending reforms of the Prakash Singh
Judgement
o
SMART policing
• central anti-terrorism agency, NCTC, should be established
• Synergy between law enforcement, legal and judicial systems is essential. .
• Perception management
 o
Counter narratives to the propaganda of the terrorists and insurgents should be
[Link], gov is introducing courses on scientific interpretations of religious
texts in Madrassas
o
Nayi Roshini and Naya Savera scheme
• Northeast, Assam Rifles had been raised primarily for deployment in that area and
comprised personnel from that region. Its composition was eventually changed to that of an
all-India force which lead to loss of rapport.
• Internal funding sources for terrorists, money laundering, cyber thefts should be checked
by the coordination of NIA, NATGRID and IB

Linkages between development and spread of

extremism
26 March 2021
01:29

# Growth of naxalism
• Naxalbari phase - 1967 -1972
• Naxalbari incident: Charu Majumdar, Jangal Santhal and Kanu Sanyal who
were able to motivate and mobilise the landless peasants to forcibly occupy
the land belonging to the landlords whom they called “class enemies”
• Radical communists rallied around charu as their leader, failed to reconcile
difference and where expelled from CPI -M, created CPI-ML
• Operation steeplechase - control the violent extremist movement. Death of
charu majumdar
• Identity with name of village and not name of leader is unique in history
• Movement couldn't win support of poor peasants, sharecroppers , Agri
labourers, urban middle class as they did not view it as a struggle for their
own cause
• Post charu phase 70's-2000
• CPI ML disintegrated
• Internal squabbles - 1971 war due to charu's opposition to Indian govt
• Vinod Mishra elected as gen sec of liberation in 1975. started a rectification
method aimed at rectifying shortcomings of an armed rebellion. Created
Indian people's front and got elected to Indian parliament
• Dakshin Desh group in Bihar led by Kanhai Chatterjee and Amulya sena,
comprising of lower caste and landless savagely executed landlords .
• Emergence of CPI-M : 2004-present
• Maoist insurgency doctrine based on glorification of extreme left wing
ideology, legitimises use of violence to overwhelm existing socio economic
and political structure
• Creation of people liberation guerrilla army
• Over the decades LWE impacted 40% territory 35 % of population
• Key functioning
• Guerrilla warfare - aimed at creating a vacuum at grassroot levels of the
existing government structures.
• Absence of governance structures becomes a self fulfilling
prophecy
 • Civilian killing + destruction of economic infra
• Women cadres + children cadres ( Bal Dastaks)
• Against education ( spirit of enquiry)
• Links with terrorist org and foreign funding
• Front org
• The Front Organizations are the off-shoots of the parent Maoist
party, which professes a separate existence to escape legal
liability
• Carry out propaganda, recruit professional revolutionary , raise
funds

# status
• Districts effected -96 in 2010 to 60 in 2018
• Deaths dec from 1000+ in 2010 to 240 in 2018

# Left wing extremism

• Use of violence to destabilise the state by use of communist guerrillas warfare
to set up rule of proletariat
• Objective of LWE in India
• Est people's revolutionary state by Est a red corridor from Nepal border
through central India till Karnataka in the south
• Support issue like protecting people's right to Jal jungle and jamin
• Build effective web of armed operatives + recruit influential tribal leaders to
maintain firm grip over villages
# linkages b/w development and extremism
• Underdevelopment and extremism : breeding ground
• Disillusionment and frustration ( land reforms not implemented) in govt
machinery
• Strengthens view of role of bourgeoises
• Land reforms
• Failure of land reforms/ land ceilings
• Existence of special land tenures - exemptions of ceiling laws
• Encroachment and occupation over community lands
• Lack of title rights to tribals/ peasants
• Non regularisation over traditional land rights
• Legislative
• Lack of implementation of PESA
• Poor implementation of special laws such as Scheduled Caste
and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and Bonded Labour System
(Abolition) Act, 1976 etc.
• Social
• Social exclusion
• High unemployment rates - low skills
• Governance
• Corruption and poor provision/non-provision of essential public
services including primary health care and education
• Misuse of powers by the police and violations of the norms of law.
• Development and extremism :
• Displacements and forced evictions
• No rehab
• Land grabbing/ land alienation - forest rights
 40% of rural households have no land or less than half of acre
•
of land
• Land acquisition for SEZ
• Shrinking of common property resources due to industrialisation
• Environment degradation:
• Land targeted for mineral extraction, agriculture land getting
barren, water and air pollution degrade the quality of life.
• Delayed process of adjudication:
• Considerable frustration gets built up in the society when conflicts
and disputes are not settled in time because of formal and slow
judicial system which ends up with illegal extremist mind
framework.
• Development solutions to extremism
• PESA, MNREGA, Scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers
acts must be to the spirit of the law. Gram Subhas must be granted more
powers.
• Land tribunals or fast track courts
• Government should strengthen the subsidiary and supportive activities in
horticulture, poultry, fisheries, animal husbandry
• Effective surrender and rehab policy
• Skill development for sustainable livelihood
• Universalise basic social services; counter Maoist propaganda
• Other measures required
o
Improved political representation in India’s Parliament. The collective
strength of the Northeast States in the Lok Sabha is 24 in a 543 member
house
o
Disruption of the underground economy of terrorism
o
Technology - GIS/ mapping
o
promotion of a culture of peace that rejects and de-legitimises political
violence

#govt initiatives
• Policy
o
holistic long-term policy in the areas of security, development, ensuring
rights and entitlements of local communities, improving governance and
perception management to combat LWE.
• Efforts:
• Legal
• Org armed movement 1960's CPI(M)- major outfit banned
• Security expenditure
• Special central assistance for 30 most LWE effected areas
• Reimbursement of security related expenditure under the Security
Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
• Special Infrastructure Scheme, Construction of Fortified police
station
• Civic Action Programme (CAP): CAP in LWE affected areas to bridge
the gaps between Security Forces(SFs) and local people through
personal interaction and bring the human face of SFs before the
local population
• Law and order
• CoBRA battalions
 • Sanction of India Reserve (IR) battalions
• setting up of Counter Insurgency and Anti-Terrorism (CIAT) schools;
• Sanction of India Reserve (IR) battalions, setting up of Counter
Insurgency and Anti-Terrorism (CIAT) schools
• Unified command set up in the States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Odisha and West Bengal carry out carefully planned counter LWE
measures
• Development
• Aspirational districts - 35 LWE districts
• GIS mapping
• LWE mobile tower
• Skill development - PM KVY
• Ensuring rights
• Civic action play
• Tribal sub plan development
• DMF
• Sensitisation
• Public perception management
• Media plan / e Tribal Youth Exchange programme
• Clear hold and develop strategy to win back support of tribal
population
• States case study Andhra
• Greyhounds combat force
• Surrender policy - rubber cultivation
• Comprehensive confidence building mechanisms
• Odisha:
• Tribal youth recruited as special police officers
• Training schools in each of the 7 police ranges
• Way forward
• Decentralisation , development , deradicalization

# way forward
• A permanent institutional mechanism in the form of a coordination centre can be
established to thrash out emerging differences between the Centre and the States.
 • Augmenting the capacities of the police as primary force against Maoists
• Development must operate in tandem with security forces
• Strengthening local self-governance + regular elections
• Bridging trust deficit through NGO + civil society org
• Conclusion :
• State response must be recalibrated to privilege the use of “brain force”
over “battalion force”.

#Reactionary right wing extremism - AANN

• Specific Ideology characterised by anti-communist, authoritarian , ultranationalist
and nativist tendencies

# AFSPA
• Context
o
Inc violence in NE
o
Armed forces power to maintain public order " disturbed areas " (section 3,
AFSPA act)
• Need :
o
National integrity and sovereignty
o
Curb secessionist and insurgencies
o
Armed forces face asymmetric warfare

• Overarching powers
o
Arrest without warrant
o
Search enter premises
o
Ban possession of firearms
o
Absolute impunity
• Challenges
o
Selective use
o
Overarching definition of disturbed areas : in religious ethic strife - cannot
be challenged in a court of law
o
Alleged sexual harassment - Irom Shormila Manipur case
o
Mismanagement abuse of power
o
Impunity and absolute protection
o
SC - HR violation and every death probed into - Hedge commission
o
India sig to international covenant against torture
o
International covenant on civil and pol rights
• NEED
o
National security - disturbed areas
o
Rising radicalisation
o
Cross border terrorism
o
Augment state forces
• 2nd ARC : fine balance b/w national sec and human rights
• Jeevan Reddy : repealed + strengthen UAPA to curb militancy
o
Not more than 6 months
o
Independent gram in each district

Insurgency
27 March 2021
14:27
Framework
• Reasons
o
Cultural
o
Geography - hazard prone
o
Historical
o
IR - funding ; cross border
o
Polity gov
o
Economic dev - inequality, TNC , ITC , Agri - Jhum
• Consequences - SONALI FFRD
o
Political
• Sovereignty
• Organisational failure
• against legitimate constitutional govt
• Threat to Rule of law, justice , mobocracy
o
Economic
• Loss of life, Economic activity
• vicious cycle of inequality
• Fiscal spending diverted from development issue to defence
• Loss of taxes due to money laundering
o
Security challenges
• Internal security threats - snowball - 1984
• Organised crime nexus
• Civilian - military conflicts
• Lack of development furthering discontent and insurgency
o
Social
• Fear psychosis
• Social fissures
• Youth - demographic burden - drugs, illicit activities
• Reforms - PLI GCC TT
o
Policy
o
Legal / laws
o
Institutes - police/ judiciary / NIA / multi agency support / cybersecurity /
intelligence collection/ NHRC
o
Governance -development
o
Civil societies - trust, social capital, NGO, leaders - community, religious, elderly,
khap panchayats
o
Citizens- deradicalization / behavioural/ alert / community policing / perceptions
and attitudes
o
Treaties / Collaboration
o
Technology - NATGRID

# definition :
• Act of rebellion or an armed struggle ( RAS ) with a aim to overthrow the legitimate govt -
OL

#NE insurgency
• Reasons
o
Cultural:
• Sino Tibetan language families / mongoloid racial stock
• Cross border clan identities - greater Nagalim
 • Languages : Sino Tibetian language family
• Huge tribal population
• Inter-tribal rivalry : Kukis and chins
o
Historical:
• Britishers administered the entire are as frontier areas and north-eastern
hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration
before independence
o
Geographical
• Chicken necks
• Railways connectivity
• 99 percent of the Northeast’s boundary is international and only 1% is
domestic
o
Immigration
• Bangladesh : after the liberation war
o
Corruption among local politicians and elites
• widespread feeling of exploitation and alienation
• Exploitation and alienation
o
Cross border support
• Ethnic affinity
• Safe havens
• Boundary issues - undulating terrain
• Golden triangle nexus
• Free movement regime - Indo Myanmar
• Reasons for existence of armed ethnic groups
o
Cross border drugs - arms - terrorism nexus
o
Popular support base : domestic + international
• 2010 RAND study on insurgencies indicates that without external support
and available sanctuaries, no internal insurgency can thrive over a period
of 10 years.
o
Geographical terrain lightly armed, highly mobile insurgent cadres stand little
chance to offset the technological superiority
o
Reign of terror to garner support
• Issues in handling
o
Negligence of standard operating procedures
o
Leadership issues : IPS officers little ground experience
o
Naxals trained in guerrilla warfare
o
Inefficient development - anti development agenda used
o
Inefficient technologies - scorched earth, ground mines
o
Laundering
• Ramifications:
o
Political:
• a lack of consensus on a political solution as there exists various groups with
different demands eg greater Nagalim
• alleged international support from Myanmar and China
o
Social
• considerable influence among people disruption in daily social life
• Drug trafficking- human trafficking
• Extortion disrupting local economy and livelihoods
• In fighting tribes : loss of life and property
• continued confrontation, the region witnesses poor health and educational
outcomes.
 o
Economic
• Instability : less economic investment
• Hampers govt infra development
• Govt initiatives towards NE insurgency
o
70% reduction in incidents MHA , 80% reduction in civilian deaths in last 5 years
o
Bodo insurgency acme to end
o
Peace talks
• Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreements and some of them have
signed Memorandum of Settlements (MoS)
o
Law
• Banning of insurgent groups under UAPA
• NIA amendment act

Separate vertical in NIA
• Assam Accord
o
Scheme
• Scheme for Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation of militants in North East:

Immediate monetary grant

Scheme for surrendered arms

Skill vocational training
o
institutions
• MHA : Scheme for Modernization of State Police Forces (MPF)

Security related expenditure

Special central assistance

Special infra scheme
• AFSPA
• Grey hounds in Andhra , black panther and Bastariya rebellion forces
• NTRO - UAV's and drones

o
Media plan scheme
o
Infra and dev
• Backward area development
• Aspirational development
o
Governance
• Resettlement of Bru migrants in Tripura, due to apprehensions about their security
in Mizoram
• NRC
• ILP
• Schedule 6 autonomous councils
• Reimbursement of security related expenditure : 90% exp reimbursed to NE states
• Raising of India reserve battalions
• Development : ROSHINI ; Nayi Roshini Naya Savera, Van Bandhu Kalyan
, aspirational districts 35 LWE districts
• Road requirement plan 1 and II

o
Citizen
• Civic Action Programme :boost the image of armed force
• “Peace pays” campaign
• Dantewada : livelihood colleges
• Community radio stations
o
Technology
• BOLD QIT + CIBMS @ Indo Bangladesh border
o
Treaty
• International front
• Home minister level meeting with Bangladesh security and confidence
building measures
• Sectoral Level meeting between Indian and Myanmar
• Development Japan
• Operation sunrise : Myanmar

• Way forward :
o
Military based
• Draconian laws like AFSPA should be repealed: Jeevan Reddy
o
Voluntary peace negotiations and rehabilitation schemes
• Alternative conflict resolution
• Prevention of misuse of media to avoid division
• Forum for grievance, disagreement and discussion
o
Socio economic development
• Bonding Power of Sports: Bezbaruah Committee
• Interventions in education
• Discrimination against NE : Bezbaruah Committee
• New law - offence cognisable ad non bailable
• Fast rack courts and special police squads
• Suitable interventions in education
• Social media outreach + legal awareness
o
Better governance
• 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill amending Article 280 to strengthen
the Autonomous Councils under the sixth schedule
o
Alternate conflict resolution between warring social groups
o
International collab
• Strengthening of Regional Forums: Regional groupings like SAARC,
BIMSTEC, BCIM
o
2nd ARC
• Multidisciplinary oversight mechanism to oversee SCST act , FRA act
• PESA performance monitoring
• Special anti-extortion and anti-money laundering cell
#Assam NRC
• Issues :
o
Bengali Muslims felt at greater danger
o
Establishing of ancestors before 1971
o
Huge discrepancies within members of the same family
o
No policy on D listed voters refers to foreigners tribunal : whether detain
deport repatriated
o
Declaring foreigners w/o trial: against HR
• way forward :
o
Bilateral engagement with Bangladesh
o
Repatriation / resettlement policy

#Naga peace talks

• Roadblocks :
o
Changing federal structure for separate constitution and flag
o
Greater Nagalim envisaged by NSCN IM : Assam Manipur Arunachal and Myanmar
o
: Political instability has undermined the role of democracy in the state and has
fuelled apprehensions leading to separate agendas
• Way forward
o
due to many interpretations to “special arrangement” implied in the 2015
agreement, particularly on how the shared sovereignty will be exercised.
o
Resolve inter-tribal conflict
 o
Kuki Naga have signed pact to negotiate together

#Bodoland issue

• 5-6% of Assam's pop

• Reasons for demand
• Illegal Bangladeshi immigration
• Inclusion of illegal migrants in voters list
• Changing demography
• Loss of distinct lang + culture
• Growing Unease: Due to the political empowerment of the minority
communities in the BTAD
• Failure of The Bodo Territorial Council (BTC): Weak administrative
institutions
• Bodo peace accord

#J & K insurgency
• Reasons
• Pakistani involvement and its claims over the erstwhile state of J&K;
• Bleeding India through a thousand cuts
• Role of ISI
 • Kashmiri nationalism - making it a zero sum game
• Mujahideen influence and radicalisation of youth
• socio-political demands of the people of J&K from the Indian state
• alleged rigging of state elections in 1987. This has contributed to anti-government
sentiment
• Sense of alienation : only Muslim majority state; language / culture/ geography
• humanitarian abuse by army troops
• Internet shutdowns
• PDP leaders detained under preventive detentions
• Govt initiatives : moved from heavy handed approach -> nonviolent dialogue
• UDAAN scheme : youth exposure to corporate sector
• NISHTHA launched
• Mission HIMAYAT : generate sustainable livelihood opportunities in J&K
• Rehab and surrender policy
• Placement of special police officers
• Subsidised helicopters
• Scheme for financial assistance to families of displaced persons of PoK
• Why has militancy failed in Kashmir?
• Localised issue - only 6% of Indian population
• Failed to find resonance with Muslims population in rest of India
• concerns of other ethnic groups like the Kashmiri Pandits, have also failed to
find resonance with majority Indian
• Social media has opened new channels for Kashmiris to express their feelings of
discontent and dissent.
• World sees Kashmir as a border dispute between India and Pakistan and not an
ethnic terror conflict
• Development initiatives + employment opportunities
• Abrogation of 370
• Positive :
• Extended the reach of the Parliament and the Indian Constitution
• In consonance - temporary provisions
• RTI/ MNREGA/ IPC / PM-KISAN, Stand -Up India, PM Jan Dhan Yojana
• New Domicile rules allow people who despite living in the State for years
were denied resident status due to Article 35A
• Construction of transit accommodation for the repatriation of Kashmiri
Pandits
• Separate UT for Ladakh - regional aspirations
• Decrease in terrorism related deaths in the region
• Recruitment of terrorists in the region has fallen significantly
• Negative
• Manner of abrogation
• Threat to Kashmiri identity
• Development in geographically sensitive area
• Internet shutdowns/ preventive detentions / closing of schools
• growing trend of the youth joining militancy Cross border infiltration
attempts
• internationalisation of the Kashmir issue
• Increased cases of Chinese transgressions in the Ladakh region after the
bifurcation
• Way forward :
• Dialogue b/w state and non-state actors
 • Demilitarisation
• Devolution
• Development and economic reconstruction
• Counter terrorist ops with a human face
• Reduce presence of uniformed men in populace
• Employment of Territorial Army (Home and Hearth) units to fill
deployment gaps
• zero tolerance for human rights abuses
• Rehab of internally displaced persons, border migrants, pandits
• Revival of Kashmiriyat and Sufism to reduce adverse impact of fanatic
religious extremism
• Constructive role of the media towards the reconciliation, reconstruction
and development
# diff b/w J&K and NE insurgency - WORDS
• Origin:
• N: diff tribal identities;
• K : religion
• Reasons
• N : perceived alienation; migration; infighting within clans
• K : instigated across the border
• Demands
• N : ranges from insurgency for secession to autonomy to separate state
• K : overt demand for independence & tacit demand for merging with Pakistan
• Warfare :
• N: guerrilla attacks
• K : armed attacks and anti-India sentiments
• Model of sustenance :
• N: insurgents run parallel governments through extortion, kidnappings and
keeping people under constant fear; financed : drugs trafficking and extortions
• K: no parallel govt structures; role of external state actor in financing and armed
militancy is dominant

# Overground workers
• (OGWs) are people who help militants, or terrorists, with logistical support, cash, shelter,
and other infrastructure with which armed groups and insurgency movements can
operate
• Reasons for rise
• Disgruntled unemployed youth - easy radicalisation
• Mobilise mass support for implementing their work
• Well aware of local geography - provide hideouts and escape routes
• Sense of alienation
• Small scale attacks
• Corporate nexus
• Difficult to trace
• Information relay
• Difficult to get caught in the act - OGWs for recruitment/ ideological support/
funding
External state/ non state actors and terrorism
26 March 2021
01:30

#Radicalisation
• Radicalization is the process by which an individual or group comes to adopt increasingly
antagonistic views in opposition to a political, social, or religious status quo. (
increasingly antagonistic views in opposition to PRS status quo)
• Issues
o
1st step to violent extremism
o
used by the enemy countries or extremist organisations to instigate resentment
amongst the people: threat to sovereignty and integrity
o
Threat of internet facilitated indoctrination becomes imminent

# Terrorism : Planned organised systematic( POS ) use of violence as a means of coercion for
ideological political or religious purposes.(IPR purpose)

Global terrorism index : rank 8 most affected by terrorism

Types :
1. By external state
a. E.g.
i. Kashmir militancy : state policy of Pakistan + ISI
ii. Hinterland : by SIMI supported by ISI + state of Pak
b. Types of support : ideological + financial + military

2. By non-state : act of terrorism formed by individual or group which is not ass or financed
by any gov
a. Terrorists and the left and right i.e. rooted in political ideology
b. Criminal : aid in crime and criminal profit
c. Dissent terrorism : terrorist groups that have rebelled against their govt
d. Religious terrorism

# reasons for spread

• Technology : instantaneous + unpredictable + anonymous
o
Propaganda : Radicalisation/ honey combing
 o
Training : instructional materials / videos
o
Financing : Dark web financing / bitcoin / electronic funds
o
Planning : cross border reach
o
Cyber warfare
o
Extortion
• Sophisticated means of communication
• Rising intolerance
• Links between terrorism and organised crime to earn money: self-financed ISIS
• State policy to maintain hegemony e.g. Good Taliban by Pakistan in Afghanistan

# terror financing - RMSS - PLI

• Steps
o
FATF & Asia pacific group
o
Expanding NIA jurisdiction to include counterfeit currency
• Terror Funding and Fake currency cell
o
Strengthening UAPA to confiscate property bought through illegal currency
o
Training prog for state police
o
Fake Indian currency notes network : FICN coordination group under MHA for
intelligence
o
OTT regulations and IT act sec 66 : take down content propagating terrorism
o
Founding member of Global counter terrorism forum
• Terrorist travel initiative : screening of terrorists expertise and best practices
o
RATS SCO

#types
• Cyber terrorism
• Ethno nationalistic
o
Creation of separate state or elevation of status of separate group
• Nuclear :
o
Attack on nuclear facility : Kundakulum nuclear plant
o
Nuclear weapons
• Ideology oriented
o
right wing - establish a nationalist or fascist govt
o
left wing - Est a communist govt
• Narco
o
Attempt by narcotics traffickers to influence policies of the govt
• Bioterrorism :
o
Biological toxins used to hurt and frighten innocent citizens
o
anthrax by mail
#lone wolf attacks
• Individuals allegedly act by themselves without any tactical or financial support from an
established insurgent group or terrorist organisation
• Reasons for rise ?
o
Hard to predict/ pre-empt as threats are not picked up by intelligence
o
Self-financed
o
Unconventional methods of warfare: knife attacks
o
Self-radicalised/ personal agenda or grudge
o
current gun sales environment in the
#Air strikes
• it aggravates the situation. Air strikes in Syria and
Afghanistan leads to emergence of more extreme
groups
• Heavy toll on civilian life
• More dark spaces for terrorism to breed
• Loss of basic infra - youth easily radicalised
• Boon o weapon makers increase in lobbying efforts
• Weakening the chances of negotiation and peace

#Urban terrorism
• Increase :
o
Easy targets : high density buildings + mass transportation
o
Scope for Anonymity : extremely difficult to detect prevent
o
Availability of facilities
o
Easier radicalisation and nexus with organised crime
o
Critical infra + heavy damage : higher population
o
Protection from indiscriminate anti-terror operations : fear of vast collateral
damage
o
Easy spread of fear : social media

#change in approach to Pakistan based terror groups

• Issues :
o
Hard to isolate : large population
o
Nuclear state
o
Support of Islamic nations
• Organs of Pakistan state overshadowed by deep state

# terrorism vs insurgency
• While both are forms of political violence and have similar applications of asymmetric
warfare
o
Against existing public interest
o
Terror financing - supplies black money
o
Counter :Law enforcement - arresting - physical force
• Attempt to align themselves with public interest
o
Develop legitimacy and popular support amongst attendees
o
Inherent level of self-sustaining resources and manpower
o
Counter : defeat insurgent strategy, development

#Bioterrorism
 • Bioterrorism is a planned and deliberate use of pathogenic strains of microorganisms such
as bacteria, viruses, or their toxins to spread life-threatening diseases on a mass scale in
order to devastate the population of an area.
• Existing measures
o
Epidemic diseases act 1897
o
NDMA
• Half of existing force specifically trained to deal with CBRN threats
• Integrated disease surveillance project
o
Integrated disease surveillance project - IDSP
o
International
• Biological weapons convention
• INTERPOL bioterrorism unit
• Cartagena protocol on biosafety
• Need for bioterrorism law
o
India's high vulnerability
• Tropical
• Density poor health indicators
• Doctor population ratio/ resources crunch
o
Impact on society
• High mortality quick succession
• effect on family structures e.g. aids
• Fuel social stigma
• Poverty
• Unknown effects on future generations
o
Increased attacks due to technology
• Challenges
o
Difficult to monitor origin/ sources
o
Patient 0 may not be the source patient
• Mechanisms to counter
o
Deterrence by law
• Lapsed Public Health (Prevention, Control and
Management of epidemics, bio-terrorism and disasters) Bill-2017
o
Sharing of influenza data
o
Laboratory investigation to develop institution wise response plans
o
Medical management - vulnerable population/ quarantine / track control test
o
General public sensitization

# overground workers
• Strategies - J&K
o
Operation all out- J&K
o
J &K public safety act
o
Operation sad bhavan - goodwill
o
Mission Pehal: face to face interaction with army youth
o
Ustaad udaan
o
Himayat , PMKVY

# Genocide
Genocide is the intentional action to destroy an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in
whole or in part

# India's counter terrorism strategy

 • Pillars
o
Socio economic dev
o
Administration
o
Hard handed measures
o
International coop
• Intelligence gathering : NATGRID + multi agency center
• Training and operations - IB coordinator
• Investigations - NIA
• Prosecution : NIA : sessions court can be declared as special court by CG
# institutional framework
#NSG
• elite counter-terrorism unit under MHA
• Raised following Operation Blue Star, Akshardham Temple attack and the assassination of
Indira Gandhi
• Under constitutional framework deployed only by center at request from concerned states
• Neutralisation of specific terror threats through swift action
• Information center and documentation wing
• Deputational force : Trains personnel from army +state police + paramilitary to deal with
anti terrorist + bomb squad
• Zero error standards : model on lines of SAS UK and GS9 Germany
• International collab + joint training Germany us France Russia UK
#NIA
• Offences related to terrorist activities effecting S&I of India
• Investigate terror crimes India and Indian interests abroad
• Offence against atomic and nuclear facilities
• 2019: human trafficking/ hijacking/ counterfeit currency / manufacture and sale of
prohibited arms
o
Required to investigate interstate and transnational crimes
o
Jurisdiction outside India ~ FBI USA instrumental in capturing Mumbai attacks
mastermind
o
Nexus trafficking- smuggling - terror
• 131 : national security - union list but public order and law : state list
o
Functioning of investigation agencies usually depends on pol mandate

#UAPA amendment Act

72% rise in cases from 2015
• Original
• Defines unlawful activity
• Powers on govt

Declare terrorist

Ban all India association declared unlawful

Both Indian and foreign nationals

Investigation both state + Nia

Appeal to tribunal
• Amendment
• Designate individuals as terrorists
• NIA can seize property w/o approval of state DG
• Added international convention for suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism
• Contrary to innocent till proven guilty
• Low conviction rate : 2%
• Issue in appeal process : govt itself set up 3 member review committee
 • Issues
o
Vague and unclear definitions
o
Misuse for political gains
o
Excessive discretionary powers ny states
o
Challenge to F 14,19 : imprisoned before chargesheet filed
o
Against federal structure : police under state
o
Misused for political vendetta
o
No liability on state : for citizens wrongly charged
o
Preventive detention : no democratic country
o
Mostly enacted as knee jerk reactions
o
Disproportionate powers to investigative agencies
• Need
o
Significance
• Uproot terrorism
• Lone world attacks, overground workers
• Quicken justice delivery, officer rank of inspector can investigate and
complete within 90Days
• Reduces delay in attaching proceeds
o
Challenges
•
#failure of intelligence agencies
• Lack of coordination between Army, state police, paramilitary forces
• Hierarchical confusions arising because of presence of PMO, NSA, Ministry of
Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs all in loop creating slip ups
• No parliamentary or public debate

#Proposed NCTC
• Issues :
o
Federal
o
Not granting arrest powers to investigative agencies : operational issues
# combating terror financing
• UAPA - counterfeit currency
• Terror funding and fake currency cell - NIA
• Training state police personnel
• Fake Indian currency notes network , MHA
# convention on international terrorism
• proposed by India in 1996
• Need :
o
a legal framework which makes it binding on all signatories to deny funds and safe
havens to the terrorist groups
o
provide an universal definition of terrorism that all 193-members of the UNGA will
adopt into their own criminal law. Remove distinction between good/ bad terrorism
o
make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence worldwide
o
Increased data sharing between foreign funding, drug and arms trade network
and foreign tourist arrival (FTA) data
• countries who have been sponsors of terror are becoming victims of it shows the necessity
and significance of CCIT

# other international efforts

• UN General Assembly unanimously adopted in 2006 the Global Counter terrorism
Strategy (GCT).
 • RATS
• Terrorist travel initiative - global counter terrorism forum
o
Expertise sharing and good practices
• Christchurch call to action
o
Voluntary commitments from govt + online service providers to address
violent extremist content

# way forward / How to combat

o
Role of technology platforms
• Updating terms of use
• User reporting - extremist content
• Banning / freezing bank accounts
• Threat tracking
• Intelligence gathering
• Counter propaganda
• Effective transnational cooperation
o
Use of civil society
• Crisis protocol
• Overcome hate bigotry
• Rehabilitation of deradicalized youth
• Shared tech dev
o
Role of minority leaders
• Appeal against radicalisation
• Positive messages
o
Role of police
o
Role of government
• Socio economic development on priority
• Closing of all safe havens
• Crackdown on convicted terrorists while respecting human rights and international
conventions
o
Role of international bodies
• CCIT
• Best practices
• Global extradition treaty
• Universal definition

• Zero tolerance approach

# FATF benefits
• Understand and asses how terrorism is or may be financed
• Detect possible financing
• Develop framework to investigate
• Freese funds and assets
• Prevent abuse of non profit organisation for financing projects
• Control over cross border terrorism
• Information sharing between authorities
• Create financial intelligence unit to collect and analyse threats
Organised crime
26 March 2021
01:30

#what ?
• Organized crime is a continuing criminal enterprise( CCE ) that rationally works to profit
from illicit activities - CCE for RPI
• Continuing existence maintained through
o
High demand
o
Sophisticated structure
o
Corruption of public officials that act as protectors
o
Specialist and social support -> businesses that deal with these groups
o
Use of intimidation, threats or violence to protect it's operation
o
Power or profit goal

• Evolution:
o
Local -> national -> transnational
o
Traditional avenues : human trafficking/ drug trafficking/ arms trade -> new
avenues : wildlife trafficking / pharma trafficking/ blood diamonds
o
Symbiotic relationship criminal -politico nexus -> takes advantages of dysfunctional
state institutions and porous borders
o
Long term financial gains -> short term financial interests
o
Earlier : cross border smuggling More sophisticated processes :
darknet/ cybercrime/ extortion
o
Rejected terrorist associations -> frequently relates to terrorist outfits + Overground
workers + logistic support
• Manifestation:
o
Types : trafficking/ smuggling/ counterfeit currency / arms trade / prostitution
o
Effect :
• terrorism
• Criminal politico- corporate nexus

# drug abuse and drug trafficking

• Geo situated b/w golden triangle and golden crescent
• Also produces considerable amount of illicit opium
• Taliban
o
Afghanistan reported 37% inc in land use for illicit opium cultivation during 2020
 •

# Smuggling
• Consists of clandestine operations leading to unrecordable trade
• Reasons
o
Vast coastline 7500km + open borders Nepal and Bhutan + free movement regime-
Myanmar
o
Porous borders and undulating topography
o
Custom evasion

# arms trafficking
• Arms Trafficking is the transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of arms through
force, fraud or deception, with the aim of profit or proliferating violence. - FFD

# human trafficking
• Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of
people through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.
• Trafficking women and children - 3rd most prevalent org crime after drug and wildlife
• 40% cases involving children
• Forced / bonded labour - debt bondage
• Devadasi tradition
• Sexual exploitation
• The immoral traffic prevention act, 1956
• POSCO 2012
• Bonded labour system( abolition) act 1976
• Anti-trafficking nodal cell - MHA
• Agreements with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bahrain to curb trafficking
• POSCO
• Khoya paya portal
• A-23 FR
• Collab with border countries, INTERPOL

# terrorism vs org crime

• Rand corp report highlighted the South asian arc of instability where india is one of the
most vulnerable countries facing menace of terrorism and OC
•

• Symbiotic relation / Similarities

o
Similar profile of members
o
Recruiting from marginalised social groups , radicalised youth
o
Use of extreme violence : kidnappings, assassinations, and extortion.
o
operate on secrecy and confidentiality ; defy state and rule of law
o
Detailed planning and preparation, rigorous rules of membership + internal system
of punishment
o
highly adaptable, innovative, and resilient- abuse of latest technology
o
Support of non-state
o
Complementarity
o
Money laundering
o
Reduces authority of legitimate government
• Differences
• Motive
o
T : act out of idealistic goals aimed at reforming social reality / political goals
o
OC : aim of gaining personal criminal profit
• Visibility
o
T: declare political ideological goals openly + gain support from target
groups
o
OC : do not reveal goals publicly, don’t overtly exert political aspirations
• Relationship with the state
o
T : constant confrontation with existing establishment with attempt to
change the govt
o
OC : infiltration , bribery of state officials and selective antagonism towards
certain levels of govt
• Linkages of OC with terrorism
• Financing terrorism
o
Global war on terrorism constricted flow of financial support, in order to
circumvent international measures moved deeper in sphere of OC
 o
UNODC : the profit from criminal activity is increasingly used to finance
terrorist acts, and that the arms trade and money laundering, as forms
of organized crime, have become an integral part of terrorism.
o
e.g. financing Taliban through opium trade
• Narco terrorism
• Financing through money laundering
• Financing through counterfeit goods

• Factors contributing to linkages

o
Political - corporates nexus
o
Corporates fund the terror groups indirectly as it help them to expand their
business via arms trade, drug trade, oil production
o
Poor performance of global police forces like Interpol
o
Loopholes regulations : hawala transactions
o
Lack of control over cyberspace

# steps taken to tackle OC

• Institutional
o
Anti-trafficking nodal cell, MHA, focal point for various decisions and actions
• Statutory measures
o
Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act) and Prevention
of Illicit Trafficking of Narcotics Drug and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988
• Rehabilitation
o
Ujjawala and Swadhar greh - victims of sex trafficking

# Probs in controlling OC
• Inadequate legal structures as it targets individuals instead of groups
• Higher echelons of leadership of OC insulated from law enforcement
• Slow pace of trials
• Lack of resources and training
• Criminal-political-bureaucratic nexus

# UN convention against transnational OC

# Way forward
• Institutional
o
National level body to collect, collate, analyse data
o
Organised crime wings in city police organisations
o
Organised crime cells at district levels for investigation
• International coop
 o
Speedy extradition
o
Mutual legal assistance treaties
• Public awareness and capacity building
• Effective Implementation of MCOCA and gangster act

Money laundering
09 July 2021
21:27

• What ?
o
the process by which large amount of illegally obtained money is given the
appearance of having originated from the legitimate source. It allows the
criminals to maintain control over their proceeds
• Why ?
• To make dirty money from criminal activities, embezzlement or corruption
legitimate
• How?

• PLI
• Placement
• Criminally derived funds introduced in financial system
• Breaks large amount into less conspicuous smaller amounts
• Layering
• Complex financial transactions carried out to camouflage illegal
sources
• Change its form and difficult to track
• Several bank to bank transfers
• Hawala - other names
• Changing currency
• Varying amounts
 • Buying high value assets
• Disguising as transfer payments
• Integration
• re-introduced into the financial system as legitimate money.
• Structuring deposits
• Shells
• Bulk cash smuggling
• Techniques?
• Hawala
• Hawala is a system of transferring money and property in a
parallel arrangement avoiding the traditional banking system.
• banned in India.
• FEMA 2000+ PMLA 2002
• Why ?
• Low commission rates
• Reliable + efficient based on trust
• No physical movement of cash - better exchange rates
• No documentation
• Unaccounted income

• Third party cheques : negotiable in many countries

• Casinos : cash intensive nature
• Structuring
• Transactions below reporting thresholds
• Credit cards
• By paying cash
• Cybercrimes and cryptocurrency
• 2019: 4.26 Bn USD stolen from exchanges
• Money laundering services - mix cryptos from various users and
create a mixed fund - bitcloak , darklaunder
 •

• Pseudo anonymous nature

• Dark net
• Illegal wildlife trade
• Placement : legitimate pet stores + private zoos
• Open securities market - hedge funds
• Insurance sector

• Impact
o
Social
• Increased drug addiction, rampant corruption
• Politico- criminal nexus
• Loss of morality + ethical standards
• Increased unemployment as legitimate businesses fail to compete
• Undermines welfarism - social evil of poverty continues
• Induces criminal activities
o
Economic
• IMF - 2-5% of global GDP
• tax evasion results in loss of government revenue, thus affecting the
potential of the government to spend on development schemes.
• Organised crime can damage credibility of financial institutions
• Policy distortion
• Higher cost of doing business
• Exchange rate vol
• Fall in asset prices
• Markets - profit booking, insider trading
• High insurance premiums
o
Political
• Effects govt capability to spend on dev schemes
• Difficult to quantify negative economic dev
o
Security
• Funding extremism , insurgency, terrorism
• Drug, arms , human trafficking
• Steps
o
NIA : counterfeit currency
 o
PMLA Cross border money laundering enables CG to return confiscated
property under UN convention against corruption
• Amendment 2019
• Proceeds of crime widened

Includes properties/ assets though criminal activity
• Money laundering as a standalone crime
• Deletion of provisions which required the prerequisite of an
FIR or chargesheet
• cognisable and non-bailable.
• amendment makes concealment of proceeds of crime,
possession, acquisition, use, projecting as untainted money,
or claiming as untainted property as independent and
complete offences under the Act.
• Removes upper limit on fines
o
Economic offenders act
o
Benami transactions ( prohibition) act, 1988
o
The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling
Activities Act,1974 (COFEPOSA)
o
Financial intelligence unit - economic intelligence council - headed by fin min
o
enforcement directorate
• Under FEMA
o
International
• FATF
• OECD - BEPS
• OECD - automatic exchange of financial principles
• UN convention against illicit traffic
• UN convention against organised crime
• UN global program against money laundering
• Egmont group
• Wolfsburg AML guidelines- transparency international
• Challenges
o
Fast pace of change in technology
o
Predicate-offence-oriented law
o
Lack of awareness about the seriousness of Money Laundering in common
people - use of hawala
o
Widespread act of smuggling:
o
Failure of Banks to effectively implement KYC norms
o
Multiplicity of agencies dealing with money laundering, cyber-crimes,
terrorist crimes, economic offences etc. Such agencies lack convergence
o
Many Tax Haven countries
o
The provision of financial confidentiality in other countries

• Way forward
o
Implement procedures for Anti Money Laundering provisions, PMLA 2002
• Policy for acceptance of clients
• Procedure for identifying crimes
• Reporting suspicious transactions
o
Role of bankers - regulation , accreditation body
o
Convergence of information - credit registry
o
Regulation of crypto exchanges
o
Blockchain as a solution
 o
International - BEPS , MLA
o
- FATF recommendation
• Criminalise on the basis of the Vienna Convention and the
Palermo Convention.
• Ensure that financial institution secrecy laws do not inhibit
implementation of these measures.
• Prohibit financial institution from keeping anonymous accounts
• Monitor wire transfers
• Execute extradition requests
• Conclusion :
o
Money laundering is the termite that eats away the timber of economy

Role of media and social networking

26 March 2021
01:29
# social media
• Social media can be defined any IT based platform that enables individual or agency to
communicate interactively and exchange user generated content

#role of media
• positive :
o
Media as an instrument of expression
o
Media as the Fourth Estate
o
Educating people through media:
o
Mass Media can also help in bringing change
• Opinion building
• Social reforms
• Humanitarian campaigns - bandwagon effect
o
Media promoting distribution of goods
o
Role of Media in Nation Building
• Sensitize aware , national issues
• Transfer knowledge, skills
o
Shape the perceptions of government, influence opinions, promote democracy
• Social media is here to stay. Given the reach, frequency, interactivity, usability,
immediacy, and permanence of social media, it becomes imperative to check its use for
malicious activity & ensure it serves the purpose of equitable access to correct information.

#national security and media

• sensationalisation
• Yellow journalism
• Parochial views : inbuilt social media
• Insensitive treatment to national security issues : Mumbai 26/11 attack
• Media trials
• Fear of news : content deluge
• Glorified crime and violence
• Privacy
• National security
o
Restrain broadcasts of secessionism, extremist groups
• Broadcast of superstition and occultism
 • Sting operations
o
Last resort
o
Shouldn’t use sex and sleaze to carry out stings
• Effecting economy and development : seafood and poultry effected during pandemic

#existing regulations
• A 19 : freedom of speech and expression with reasonable restrictions
• A 105 + A 194: parliamentary privilege
• Contempt of court act
• Section 66 IT act
• Press council of India : power to receive complaints of violation of the journalistic ethics, or
professional misconduct by an editor or journalist.
• Defence of India act , 1962
o
Restricting freedom of press
o
empowered the Central Government to issue rules with regard to prohibition of
publication or communication which would undermine or threaten civil
defence/military
operations,
• Civil defence act 1968
• Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code)
Rules 2021

#internet and terrorism

• Christchurch terror attack
• Propagandising and recruitment- ISIS
o
Deep fakes
o
Doctored videos
• Money laundering
• Bitcoin dark net - financing
• Anonymity
• Opportunity
o
Christchurch call for action
o
Responsible journalism
o
Skilling in cyber field
o
UK - PREVENT and Norway's EXIT - models

# Fake news menace

# fake news
 o
Distorted facts , half-truths , having potential to polarise public opinion, incite
violence and extremism

• Acc. ITU 80% smartphone users in India derive their news from social media platforms
• Clickbait : Brexit- false news of 350mn loss to EU encouraged Brexit vote
• Fake news methods to curb
o
Legis
• Sec 505 IPC : statement / rumour / report causing fear and alarm
• Sec 66 IT act
• DM Act 2005 : fake news about impending disaster
o
Govt
• My gov corona news desk
• PIB fact checking unit
o
Social media and news media
• Facebook - employing Ai
• Times now - citizen involvement
o
ECI
• FB deleted 1000 pages targeting India, many directly linked to pol parties
• Issues examples
o
Facebook used to incite violence against Rohingya
o
WhatsApp forwards led to lynching of man rumoured to be a kidnapper
o
Muzaffarnagar riots
o
WhatsApp used to orchestrate violence at Jamia milia over CAA protest
o
False claims
o
Voter behaviour
o
Undermine legitimacy
• Way forward
o
Culture of self-regulation
o
News ombudsman
o
Responsible citizenry
• Kerala fake news classes
# IT rules 2021
• Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules
2021. for social media + OTT
• New Guidelines for social media intermediaries
o
Based on users
• Social media intermediaries
• Significant social media intermediaries
o
Due diligence to be followed
• In case not followed safe harbour provisions will not apply - Section 79 IT
act: i.e. immunity from legal prosecution
• Additional due diligence for significant social media intermediaries

Appoint chief compliance officer , nodal contact person , resident
grievance officer

Compliance report
• Monthly + details on action taken

Enabling identity of 1st originator
• Only if it causes threat to sovereignty and integrity of India,
security of state, friendly relations or public order

Removal of unlawful info
• By order of court or notified by appropriate govt agency
 o
Mandatory GRM
• Appoint Grievance officer
• Acknowledge complaint within 24 hours and resolve within 15 days
o
Ensuring online safety and dignity of users
• remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints of
contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals
in full or partial nudity or in sexual act
• can be filed either by the individual or by any other person on
his/her behalf.
• Guidelines for OTT + digital media :
o
Self-classification
o
Parental lock
o
Display rating

• Sc 2018 : govt may frame necessary guidelines to eliminate child porn, rape imageries and
videos

# use of social media initiatives for law enforcement

o
Gauge mood of citizens
 o
Build accountable intelligence
o
Agility and flexibility of info sharing procedures
o
Sensitise citizens
• Negative impact

o
Influence propaganda and deception
o
Use for criminal purposes
o
War - using new ICT
o
Privacy and cyber bullying
o
Accountability issues
o
Jurisdictional challenges
o
Anonymity
o
Violent and vulgar content
• Steps taken
o
NETRA : network traffic analysis - DRDO - IB RAW
o
Social media labs - detect suspicious activity
o
CCTNS

cyber security
26 March 2021
01:30

# framework
• Significance
o
Stakeholder approach
o
Govt
o
Pvt players
o
Corporate
o
Citizens
o
Regulators
• Threat - MP EBC WT ( MP -> EBC -> WATER)
 o
Misinformation
o
Polarisation
o
Espionage
o
Bullying
o
Crime
o
Warfare
o
Terrorism
• Conclusion
o
Fast moving tech, adaptable

# what ?
• IT Act 2000 : Cyber security is the protection against illegal use of Information
technology for disruption or unauthorised access of digital infrastructure
• Status in India
o
EY's global info safety report
• India ranks 2nd in terms of targeted attacks
o
700 Mn internet users - 2020
o
15bn loss / year - EIU
o
NCRB 2019 : 63% jump in cybercrime cases over 2018
• Fraud (60%) > sexual exploitation > disrepute
• 73% org considered cyber novices

# cyberspace
• India's Cyber Security Policy 2013 defines cyberspace as a complex environment
comprising interaction between people, software and services, supported by worldwide
distribution ICT devices and networks.

#cyber threats
1. Cyber espionage
a. Use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information
b. E.g. .Pegasus
2. cyber bullying
a. An aggressive intentional act carried out by a group individual using electronic forms
of contact and internet repeatedly over time against a victim who cannot easily
defend himself
b. 3 criteria - intent to harm, imbalance of power, repetition of act
c. Inc:
o
sending, posting sharing personal or private info
d. Issues
o
Lower self-esteem, increases suicidal tendencies
o
Variation of emotional responses
o
Social stigma
o
Withdrawal - anti social behaviour
e. Government initiative against
o
Guidelines by NCERT - 3 booklets - schools, teachers, students
o
Cybercrime reporting portal
o
Delhi police - police will visit schools for awareness, computer experts to
conduct workshops
f. Way forward
 o
Cyber bullying neither mentioned in IT act 2000 nor in POSCO act 2012;
some sections of IPC can be used - make explicit crime
o
UNICEF ' child online protection in India report ' : cyberbullying
- transnational crime - international efforts
g. E.g. BLUE whale challenge
3. Cyber crimes
a. Cyber defamation
i. E.g. political warfare
b. Corporate smear
c. Digital forgery
d. Gambling
i. E.g. Online poker
e. Illegal articles
f. Identity theft
i. Cambridge Analytica data
4. Software crimes
a. Hacking
i. Juice jacking
b. Spamming
c. Malware
i. WannaCry
d. Denial of service
5. Hardware attack
a. Trojan
6. Cyber financial crimes
a. Money laundering
i. Cryptocurrency
b. Financial fraud
i. Phishing
ii. Banking fraud in space
7. Cyber warfare
a. Using computer technology to disrupt activities of a state or organisation esp.
deliberate attacking of info systems for strategic or military purposes
E.g. Kundakulum nuclear attack
8. Cyber terrorism
a. Terrorism definition + IT
b. Planning terror attacks
c. Recruiting
d. Hacking critical infra
• Radicalisation
# need for cyber space
 •

o
Maintain critical public services - railways defence , communications , banking

# Challenges in defending cyberspace

o
Absence of geographical barriers - low cost of mounting a threat; decentralised threat
o
Anonymity - difficult to locate the attacker who can even mislead the attack came from
somewhere else
o
Need for international cooperation
o
Rapidly evolving technology needs investment, manpower and an ecosystem to keep
track of
Global developments, developing countermeasures
o
Non-existence of fool proof security architecture
o
Human element in cybersecurity : target users themselves make mistakes and fall prey eg
Stuxnet
needed the physical introduction of infected USB devices into Iran's nuclear facilities
• Digital illiteracy
• Substandard devices & import dependence
• Cyber sec professionals

#cybersecurity issues
• Inadequate budgetary allocation
o
Prop to set up national cyber coordination center with a separate budget of Rs
1000cr
o
Understaffed Cert In
• Way forward
o
Tools to protect
o
Digital signatures
o
Encryption
o
Distributed ledgers
o
Security audit
o
Cyber forensics
o
Concept of air gapping - separating critical infra
o
Decentralised servers
o
Standards e.g. Talinn manual of USA
o
Research in quantum communication , blockchain to avoid hacking
o
Databank of cybercrimes and criminals
 o
Cyber command with armed forces + DRDO
o
Perception management and social networks should be handled carefully as the
“instant availability of information” provides a potential tool for psychological and
no-contact warfare
o
PPP model for cybersecurity
o
Telecom sector mostly gov by pvt. players except MTNL/ BSNL
o
Banking : 30% transaction online- large value through pvt. banks
o
Stock exchanges - NSE / BSE pvt. players
o
Energy and utilities dominated by pvt.
o
Education in cyberspace - national knowledge network + Moocs
o
Digital start-ups in cybersecurity handholding
o
Digital data protections laws to be passed
o
Chief information security officer

• Conclusion : given the future of technology under IR 4.0 India requires a strong cybersecurity
framework based on 4 D principles : Deter detect destroy and document so that it can sub
verse all attempts towards any cyber challenges

# legal framework
• National cyber security policy 2013 - backdrop of Edward Snowden case
o
Features
o
generating trust in IT transactions
o
NCIIPC is to be the nodal agency to protect critical infrastructure, while
another 24×7 agency, CERT-In, is to coordinate all emergency response and
crisis management
o
Creating workforce of 5,00,000 professionals in the field.
o
Fiscal benefits for businessman who accepts standard IT practices
 o
Indigenous technological solutions need to be developed
o
Use of open standards for cyber sec
o
All organisations should designate a CISO and allot a security budget
o
Encourage use of public key infrastructure (PIK) for various
government services
o
Analysis:
• mainly covers defensive and responsive measures; no offensive capability
• avoids addressing privacy vs security, censorship vs freedom of speech
• NCSP is silent on dealing with threats emanating from new technologies
• Coordination of cyber sec remains under CERT- IN; a civilian agency under
Meity
• Fails to address overreach of state in cyberspace - mass surveillance
• IT ACT 2000
o
Defines cybercrimes, cyber terrorism, hacking of a computer , cheating
using computer resources, tampering with documents
o
Criticisms
• issues relating to confidential information and data of corporates and their
adequate protection have not been adequately addressed
• Max damaged that can be claimed - 5cr ; corporates miniscule
• Issue of spam not dealt with - US NZ AUS - anti spam legislations
• National digital communication policy 2018
o
100bn USD investment + 4 Mn jobs by 2022 in IT
o
3 missions
• Connect India
• Propel India
• Secure India

# Institutional Framework
• National cybersecurity coordination center
o
Conduct security and electronic surveillance. It aims to screen
communications metadata coming into country to detect realtime cyber threats
and work in close coordination with various law-enforcement agencies for
intelligence gathering
• CERT In
o
national nodal agency with the objective of securing Indian cyber space.- mandate
under IR amendment act 2008
• Collection, analysis and decimation of information on cyber incidents.
• Forecasts and alerts
• Emergency measure incidents.
• Coordination of cyber incidents response activities.
• Issue guidelines, advisories and vulnerability notes and whitepapers relating
to information security practices
o
IT act : noncompliance of reporting data breach
o
Challenges :
• does not impose any obligation on government entities to report cyber
incidents unless they come under any of the expressions service providers,
data centres, intermediaries or body corporate
• National critical information infrastructure protection
o
Identifying + Protecting all critical info infra
• Indian cyber crime coordination center and cyber warrior police force
o
Under cyber and info security division of MHA
 • Cyber Swachchta Kendra
o
Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre
o
Part of digital India
o
Tools
• M Kavach
• USB Pratirodh
• Other measures
o
Digital army program
• A dedicated cloud to digitise and automate processes, procedures and
services for Indian army
o
Empanelment of security auditing organisations to support and audit
implementation of Information security best practices
o
Formulation of crisis management plan for countering cyber attacks
o
Tech Sagar platform - opportunity to collab connect and innovate among industry
and academy

• Global measures
o
WEF - global center for Cybersec
o
Paris call for action
o
Budapest convention on cybercrime

# coordinated social engineering attack

• broad range of malicious activities accomplished through human interactions, psychological
manipulation to gain access to organisation's information network.
• 4 stages : information gathering -> developing relationship -> exploitation -> execution

Challenges to communication networks

09 July 2021
13:49
# hybrid warfare : theory of military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare and
cyberwarfare with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy, lawfare and foreign
electoral intervention.
Tech
26 March 2021
01:33

# space tech in border management

• Timely info
• Satellite imagery - infiltration - troop movements
• Intelligence inputs ad surveillance
• Coordination between agencies
• Pre-emptive strike
• Steps taken
 o
Space tech cell under MHA, border management division
o
Navigation : NAVIC/ IRNSS
communication : GSAT 7, INSAT 4F
o
CARTOSAT
# emerging tech and futures of warfare
• Space warfare
o
Ind SpaceX
o
Defence space agency
o
ASAT
• Nuclear
o
Special waiver NSG
o
3 stage nuclear process
o
In place nuclear triad
o
Nuclear command authority
• Dual use goods
o
Wassenaar agreement
• Nanotech in war fare
o
New lighter war material
o
Soldiers invisibility - adaptive camouflage
o
Nanotech enabled quantum communication- highly secured unbreakable info
sharing

• Critical infrastructure cybersecurity

o
Needs to be strengthened
• AI and machine learning in defence
o
Threat perception analysis
o
Early warning GIS
o
Military satellites
o
Unmanned air vehicles
o
Rescue operations
o
Internet of intelligent battle things
• Blockchain
o
Military logistics - fast efficient tracking
o
Info on tampering
• MEA New emerging strategic tech div - NEST

# weapons of mass destruction

• Biological weapons conv + chemical weapons covered
• NPT
• Outer space treaty + PTBT
• MTCR

# defence procurement policy need

• Balance quality , cost , short time frame
• Quick and transparent decision making
• Make in India
• Streamlining and simplifying process
• Defines role of Pvt

Security forces
27 March 2021
15:22

# framework
• Role of intelligence agencies ITT WCCC
o
Information gathering
o
Threat perception
o
Tracking movements
o
warn from potential attacks
o
Complement security forces in informational support
o
Covert action and information exchange with international agencies to deal with
cross border threats
o
Counterintelligence
# Cabinet committee on security
• Apex body for executive action
• Responsible for Political oversight and decision making on national security ensuring the
democratic principle of civilian and political control of the apparatus.
• Both national security council and CCS have common membership -> coordination

# strategic policy group

• National defence review for consideration of NSC
• In principle mech for inter- ministerial coordination

# defence planning committee

• recommend policy measures to improve India’s defence capability and preparedness, and
national security in general

# issues in India's national security structure

• No national sec / defence vision
• No regular meetings
o
NSC , CCS have exactly same membership
• NSA No legal power/ accountability to parliament
• Lack of coordination
• Politicisation of action of armed forces
# paramilitary forces
• Contribution:
o
Disaster: During the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, Indo-Tibetan Border Police was the
first to respond to the catastrophe.
o
Organised crime: The paramilitary forces like the BSF, Sashastra Seema Bal, ITBP
deployed at borders check smuggling of drugs, fake currencies and human trafficking
along with border security
o
Law and order: The CRPF personnel provides their services when law and order
situation goes beyond the control during riots or large scale violence
o
Naxalism: The paramilitary forces are also deployed in fighting insurgencies and
violent activities like Naxalism
o
Critical infra: CISF
o
Maritime security : coast guard
• Issues :
o
Shortage of manpower
• High attrition 450% in 2016-17
o
absence of a dedicated grievance redressal system. Ex: Recent BSF Jawan video
• Outdated conventions : shayak/ buddy system
 o
Diverted to other govt tasks e.g. election duty , VIP security
o
Top most positions are occupied by IPS officers which leads to a low morale that
translates into low efficiency
o
They are devoid of justice. Armed forces tribunal does not cover them. Even Article
33 deters them to approach civilian judiciary.
o
does not accord them the status of a martyr.
o
Disparity in wages and allowances in comparison with the army.
o
Hostile postings
• Govt initiatives
o
Increased hardship allowances will be given to CAPF jawans in Naxal areas.
Posting of choice after serving in the Naxal affected areas.
o
curb depression among jawans, yoga, meditation and recreation facilities are
provided
• Recommendations
o
Ending IPS hegemony
o
Force modernisation
o
Raising additional battalion groups
o
Theatre commands
o
Geographical allowance

# integrated theatre command

•
# CoDS

• Head of dept of military affairs

• Authority to provide directive to other chiefs
• Permanent chairman of chief of staff committee
o
Administer tri service org of cyber and space
o
Member of defence acquisition council
o
Military advised to nuclear command auth
o
Implement 5 yr defence capital acquisition plan

# women in combat role

#police
• HR strength :
o
BPRD 2017 report, there are 150 police per lakh population ; global 300; Un
recommended 222
• Mismatch in rank and skill set
o
law commission 2012: 86% constabulary rank with wide ranging responsibilities
o
2nd arc : entry level qualification + training do not qualify them for their role
• Poor service condition
• Separate law and order from investigation
o
46% conviction rate : investigation requires special training
• exclusive
o
10% women
• Lack of accountability
• Custodial deaths and torture
 o
National campaign against torture : 3/4 deaths in custody due to torture
o
No Human rights training 12%
o
Doesn't follow command responsibility principle
o
only 15% conviction - NCRB
o
Weak functioning NHRC
o
Lack of witness protection
• Newer threats
• Shortage of weaponry in state forces: CAG order ~ 70% shortage
• Way forward :
o
community policing - Mohalla committee - Maharashtra ; Meira Paibi assam "
o
Improving public police relations
• Viewed as corrupt inefficient partisan unresponsive
o
SMART policing
o
Ethical training
• DK Basu guidelines for custodial jurisprudence

Medical examination of accused mandatory

Effective role of DM

Ensure right to counsel
• Ratify UN convention against torture
o
Legislative
• Enactment of organised crime act : uniform law at center
• Single police act for the country : A 252 : if two or more states consent
; model police bill 2015
• Declaration of federal crimes ; state police/CBI can be given concurrent juris
• Commissionerate system for large areas
o
Administrative
• Prakash Singh vs UOI

Sep of investigation and law and order

Police complaints authority- external accountability

Independent internal affairs/ professional responsibility - internal
accountability
• Specialised wing for social and cyber crimes
• Malimath committee : set up national security commission + state sec
commission : broad guidelines
• Robust witness protection regime - Law commission 273
o
Niti Aayog
• Enacting model police act 2015
• Greater participation of women
• Separate national security division

# defence ecosystem
• SIPRI : 2nd largest importer ; 100 bn dollars spent
• Challenges in regulation
o
No long term integrative protective plan
o
Ambiguities in current policies
• Related to exports and offsets
o
Predominance of public sector
o
Domestic manufacturing repressed
• Tariffs on inputs
 o
Cheap exports from outside
o
Lack of technology transfer
o
Procedural delays
• Steps taken
o
Draft defence procurement procedure
o
Indigenisation of content
o
FDI limits increased
o
Export agreements with Philippines, Vietnam LDC
o
Appointment of CDS for rationalisation
o
Defence procurement corridors
o
Corporatisation of ordnance factory board

# IBG
• Threat terrain task
• All encompassing
• Offensive and defensive
• Quickly integrate and disintegrate
• Cold start doctrine

# security architecture
• National sec council sec - NSA
• IB , RAW
• NTRO : national technical research org - NSA
• Directorate of revenue intelligence
• NATGRID

# defence manufacturing
• Status
o
2.9% GDP
o
2nd largest importer
o
0.2% share in import
o
Dependence Russia : 70%
• Steps
o
200+ positive indigenisation list
o
74% FDI automatic
o
Defence acquisition procedure
o
Separate capital procurement budget from 2021 for indigenous/ foreign
o
Encouraging entrepreneurship - IDEX platform
o
Defence corridors
o
AI based interventions EYESIRS
o
Leasing category- monetisation
o
Target 35000cr exports by 2025
o
Ordnance factory boards replaced by new defence PSU
• Way forward
o
Defence capital acquisition authority
o
Permanent fund 15th fc - modernisation fund for defence and internal security
• Transfers from CFI
• Disinvestment proceeds of defence PSU
• Monetisation of defence surplus lands
• Proceeds of receipt from defence land
 o
PPP
o
Defence industry academia linkages
o
National security strategy
o
Accountability in procedures
• Issues in defence procurement infra
o
Inordinate procedural delays
• Submarine p75I in pipeline since 2 decades
o
Coordination issues
• Army, MOD, CCS
o
Lack of consistency
• Changes in policy , specs
o
Corruption and middlemen
o
Political will
o
Lack of long term strategic vision

# defence modernisation
• Need
o
Inadequate equipment
o
Huge import dependence
o
Regional power
o
Protection of army
o
RnD
o
Border threats
o
Additional responsibilities- disaster, humanitarian aid
• Steps taken
o
Draft defence production and export policy 2020
• 2x defence production in 5 years
o
Defence acquisition procedure 2020
o
SRIJAN portal
• Items for indigenisation
o
Encouraging entrepreneurship - iDEX
o
Defence testing infra scheme
• Military organisation
o
CODS
o
integrated battle groups
o
New dept of military affairs
o
Theatre commands with tri service capabilities
o
Integrated air defence weapon system - US approved sale

o
Bd Shetkar committee & Kargil review committee
o
Need
• Changing nature of warfare : hybrid + cyber + space
 • Resource efficiency
• Better procurement
• Quick decision making
• Reforms in military capabilities e.g. China
o
Challenges
• Geographical expanse
• Inter service friction
• Limited cross theatre domain knowledge
• Operational hurdles
• Finance