11

General
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 5
Exponential Functions,
Equations and Inequalities
General Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 5: Exponential Functions, Equations and Inequalities

First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Cleofe L. Dagamac

Jane Mary Grace R. Ocon EdD

Editors: Marlon L. Jala PhD

Elvira I. Jabonillo PhD
Pureza V. Galagar
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Faustino N. Toradio PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

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Learning Competencies:
Represents real-life situations using exponential functions
(M11GM-Ie-3)
Distinguishes between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequality (M11GM-Ie-4)
Solves exponential equation and inequalities (M11GM-Ie-f-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

● represent real-life situations using exponential functions
● distinguish between exponential function, exponential equations and
exponential inequality
● solve exponential equations and inequalities

Lesson Representing Real- Life Situations Using

1 Exponential Functions

What is it

Definition: An exponential function with base b is a function of the form f ( x )=bx or

y=b where ( b> 0 ,b ≠ 1 ).
x

Some of the most common applications in real-life of exponential functions are

population growth, exponential decay, and compound interest.

Exponential Models and Population Growth

Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial amount,
t
then the quantity y after t units of time is given by y= y ( 2 ) T .
0

EXAMPLE 1. Let t= time in days. At t=0, there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose
that the bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the number
of bacteria as a function of t.

Time (in days) Number of bacteria

Initially at t = 0 20

At t = 100 20(2)

At t = 200 20 ( 2 )
2

At t = 300 20 ( 2 )
3

At t = 400 20 ( 2 )4

t
An exponential model for this situation is y=20 ( 2 ) 100 .
Exponential Functions and Half-life
If the half-life of a substance is T units, and y 0 is the amount of the substance
corresponding to t=0 , then the amount y of substance remaining after t units of time

is given by y= y 0 ()
1 Tt
2
.

EXAMPLE 2. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days

and there are 10g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30
days and give an exponential model for the amount of remaining substance.

Time (in days) Amount of remaining substance (in grams)

Initially at t-0 10 g

At t=10 5g

At t=20 2.5 g

At t=30 1.25g

().
t
1
An exponential model for this situation is y=10 10
2

Compound Interest
If a principal P is invested at an annual rate r compounded annually, then the
amount after t years is given by A=P ( 1+r )t .

EXAMPLE 3.
Mrs. De la Cruz invested P100, 000 in a company that offers 6% interest
compounded annually. How much will this investment be worth at the end year for the
next five years?

Time Amount in the Investment

At t= 0 P100,000.00 P100,000
At t= 1 P100,000( 1.06 ) P100,000( 1.06 ) P106,000.00
At t= 2 P100,000( 1.06 ) (1.06) P100,000 ( 1.06 )2 P112,360.00
At t= 3 P100,000(1.06)(1.06)(1.06) P100,000( 1.06 )3 P119,101.60
At t= 4 P100,000(1.06)(1.06)(1.06)(1.06) P100,000( 1.06 ) 4 P126,247.70
At t=5 P100,000(1.06)(1.06)(1.06)(1.06) P100,000( 1.06 ) 5
P133,822.56
(1.06)

An exponential model for this situation is y=100,000 ( 1.06 )t . The investment is worth
P133, 822. 56.

What’s More

1. A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60 years.
Give an exponential model for the barangay population.
2. A bank offers a 2% annual interest rate, compounded annually, for a certain
fund. Give an exponential model for a sum of P10,000 invested under this
scheme?
 3. The half-life of a radio-active substance is 1200 years. If the initial amount of
the substance is 300 grams, give an exponential model for the amount of
substance remaining after t years.

Lesson Distinguishing Between Exponential Function,

2 Exponential Equation, and Exponential
Inequality

What is it

Definition: An exponential expression is an expression of the form a ∙ b x−c + d where

( b> 0 ,b ≠ 1 ) .
The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities and functions are shown below.

Exponential Exponential Exponential

Equation Inequality
Function

An equation involving An inequality involving A function of the form

Definition exponential exponential f ( x )=bx ( b>0 , b ≠ 1 ).
expressions. expressions.

2 X −X 2 1 f ( x )=( 1.8 )x
Example 7 = 2X
5 −5
X +1
≤0
343 Or y= (1.8 )x

An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the
equation or inequality. An exponential function expresses a relationship between two
variables (such as x and y), and can be represented by a table of values or graph.

EXAMPLES: Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential

equation, an exponential inequality, or none of these.

1. f ( x )=5 x 2 → ¿ 4. 7<14 x +3 → Exponential inequality

()
x
1
2. 2 ≥ → Exponential inequality 5. 7 4 x = y → Exponential function
2

3. 4 ( 10 x−2 ) =500→ Exponential equation 6. y=0.5x → Exponential function

What’s More
Exercise
Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation, an
exponential inequality, or none of these.
1. 49 x =7 2
2. 3< 9x
3. 32 x =81x
4. 3 ( 15 x ) =45
5. 3 ≥ 9x−1
6. y=1.25 x
7. f ( x )=6 x 2−5

()
−x
3
8. f ( x )=
4

Lesson Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities

3

What is it

Solving Exponential Equations

Property of Equality
If two powers with the same base are equal, then their exponents must be
equal.
For b > 0 and b ≠ 1, if bx = by, then x = y.

Examples:
1. Solve 2x = 83.
Solution:
2x = 83
x 3 3
2 = (2 ) transform 8 into exponential form 23 in order for both sides of the
equation to have same bases
2x = 29 expression with the same base are equal (Property of Equality)
x=9

2. Solve for the value of x in 4𝑥+1 = 64.

Solution:
4𝑥+1 = 64
4𝑥+1 = 43 Express 64 as 43, in order for both sides of the equation to have
same bases.
𝑥+1=3
𝑥+1−1=3–1 Use Addition Property of Equality in order to solve for the value
of x
𝑥=2 Combine like terms.

Solving Exponential Inequalities

Property of Inequality
If b >1, then the exponential function y = bx is increasing for all x. this means that
bx < by if and only if x < y.

If 0<b <1, then the exponential function y = bx is decreasing for all x. this means that
bx > by if and only if x < y.

Examples: Solve for the values of x in the following exponential inequalities.

1. 252 ≥ 5x + 1

Solution:
(25)2 ≥ 5x + 1
(52)2 ≥ 5x + 1 Rewrite 25 as 52 for both sides of the inequality to have same
bases
(2)(2) ≥ x + 1 Power rule for exponents
4≥x+1 Subtract 1 from each side
x≤3

Hence, the solution to the exponential inequality 25 2 ≥ 5x+1 is the set of all real
numbers less than or equal to 3. In symbols, x ≤ 3 or (−∞, 3].

2. 5𝑥 > 125𝑥+8

Solution:
5𝑥 > (5)3(𝑥+8) Express 125 as 53, for both sides of the inequality to have
same bases.
𝑥 > 3𝑥 + 24 Power rule for exponents
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 24 > 3𝑥 + 24 − 𝑥 − 24 Use Addition Property of Equality in order to solve for the
value of x.
−24 > 2𝑥 Combine like terms.
𝑥 < −12 Use Multiplication Property of Equality by multiplying
both sides of the equation by ½.

Thus, the solution to the exponential inequality 5 𝑥 > 125𝑥+8 is the set of all real
numbers less than -12. In symbols, that is, 𝑥 < −12 or (−∞, −12).

What’s More
A. Solve the following exponential equations

1. 92x – 1 = 36x

2. 26-3x = 8x + 1

B. Solve the following exponential inequalities.

1. 3x < 81

2. ¿

Assessment
Direction: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Michael invested P5 000 into an account that has a 5.5% annual interest
rate. What equation best describes this investment after t years?
A. A = 5000 (.055) t B. A = 5000 (1.055) t
t
C. A = 5000(1.55) D. A = 5000 (.945) t

2. A photocopier is purchased for P52 000 and depreciates in value by 15% per
year. Which equation best describes the value of the photocopier in t years?
A. y = 52 000(0.15) x B. y = 52 000(0.85) x
x
C. y = 52 000(1.15) D. y = 52 000(1.85) x

3. 52 x −5x +1 ≤ 0 is an example of what inequality?

A. exponential inequality B. logarithmic inequality
C. rational inequality D. linear inequality

4. In solving for the value of the unknown variable in 125 x-1 = 25x+3, what is the best
thing to do first?
A. Divide 125 by 25.
B. Multiply 25 by x +3
 C. Write x -1 as the exponent for both 125 and 25.
D. Express 125 as 53 and 25 as 52.

5. What is the first step in solving for x in the exponential inequality 5 x > 125x+8?
A. Divide 125 by 5. B. Express 125 as 53
C. Divide both sides by 5 D. Multiply x by 5

6. Solve the equation 98-x = 27x-3

A. x = 5 B. x = -5 C. x = 1/5 D. x = -1/5

7. Solve for p in 4p+2 = 64

A. p = -16/9 B. p =1 C. p = 8 D. p =7/6

8. Which of the following is an example of an exponential function?

A. y=1.25 x B. 32 x =81x C. 3 ≥ 9x−1 D. ¿
9. Find the values of x that satisfy the following inequality: 4 x+2 > 82x .
A. x < 2 B. x > 1 C. x > 2 D. x < 1

1
10. Find all the values of x that satisfy the inequality 22x-6 ≤ .
4
A. x ≤ 2 B. x ≥ 2 C. x ≤ 4 D. x ≥ 4
 Answer Sheet
Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

General Mathematics Quarter 1 – Module 5

Lesson 1
What’s More
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Lesson 2
What’s More
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8.

Lesson 3
What’s More
A
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2.

B
1.
2.

Assessment
1.
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5.
6.
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8.
9.
10.
References
Azenith A. Gallano- Mercado 2020. General Mathematics. Cainta, Rizal:
Department of Education
 Dennis C. Ibarrola 2020. General Mathematics. Cainta, Rizal: Department of
Education
Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, et al 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School
General Mathematics. Diliman, Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education
Lynie Dimasuay,et al 2016. General Mathematics. South Triangle, Quezon City:
C & E Publishing Inc.
Orlando A. Orence 2016.General Mathematics. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc.
Ricardo B. Banigon Jr, et al 2016. General Mathematics. Cubao, Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation