Reviewer in Purposive Communication

Module 1: Communication Principles, Processes and Ethics

Communication- transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with
the use of verbal and non-verbal cues.
- Vary from spoken and written words but also actions, mannerisms, and style- anything
attached to a message that gives meaning.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
- Starts with encoding and ends in decoding
- Encoder (sender of the message)- transmits his message to the receiver
- Decoder (also called receiver)- may provide feedback then communication takes place
- If there is a continuous exchange of messages between the sender and the receiver,
particularly in oral discourse, communication takes the form of a cycle, as shown below:

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Participants- refer to both the speaker and the listener.
2. Context- interrelated conditions of communication (Padilla et al., 2003) which affect
how people understand the message.
Types:
a. Physical Context- includes the setting where the communication takes place, the
time of the day, the environment condition (such as temperature, lighting and
noise level), distance between or among communicators, the seating
arrangement, and other concrete elements.
b. Social Context- nature of relationships existing between or among the
communicators
- sets the formality of the interaction.
 c. Psychological Context- communicators' moods and feelings
d. Cultural context- beliefs, values, and norms shared by a large group of people.
e. Historical Context- background provided by previous interactions between or
among communicators that affects the communication.

3. Message- speaker’s meanings, ideas, and feelings

- Can be verbal or non-verbal
4. Channels- transmit ideas and feelings to the listener.
2 Major Channels: - Visual Channel (light)- send and receive visible information such as
hand gestures, bodily movements, and facial expressions.
- Auditory Channel (sound)- receive information and interpret it through the tone,
volume, and pitch of the speaker’s voice.
5. Noise/Interference- disruptions which prevent messages from being interpreted.
3 Types of Noise: (1). External Noise- sights, sounds, and any other distractions in the
physical environment.
(2) Internal Noise- distractions within the communicator. Categorized to
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE (worrying and daydreaming) and PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE
(hearing loss or illness).
(3) Semantic Noise- unintentional misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic slurs,
profanity, and vulgar speech.
6. Feedback- reaction or response of the listener.
- verbal and non-verbal (murmuring, nodding, clapping, or giving a standing ovation).

Verbal Communication - uses spoken language to communicate a message or information.

- It involves the production of sounds, words, phrases, and sentences through speech.

Non-verbal Communication- conscious or subconscious transmission and reception of

messages using the body.
- E.g. body gestures, facial expressions, posture, and tone. influenced by one’s culture,
values, and attitude or feelings.
Categories of Non-verbal Communication
1. Kinesics- body language movements, facial expressions, and gestures.
2. Proxemics- distance and space used in a communication situation.
3. Haptics- communication through touch.
4. Chronemics- role of time in communication.
5. Appearance- physical look that conveys a message
6. Artifacts- objects used as tools to convey a message. E.g. pictures, maps, and other
objects which a person may use in communication.
7. Paralanguage- non-verbal cues of the voice such as volume, pitch, intonation, and tone.
PRINCIPLES PF COMMUNICATION
1. Trustworthiness
2. Active Listening
3. Non-judgemental
4. Value difference
5. No assumptions
6. Authenticity

COMMUNICATION ETHICS
- notion that an individual’s or group’s behavior are governed by their morals which in
turn affects communication.
Ethics- system of moral principles which means that you try to do what is correct
Ethical Communication- used to improve interpersonal relations or to bring moral changes to
society.
- fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making and the development of
relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels and
media.
- Enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility,
personal integrity and respect for self and others.
- Encompasses being honest in all communications.
Unethical Communication- used to undermine relationships or encourage social immorality
10 BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
1. Seek to “elicit the best” in communications and interactions with other group members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs
and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be “right” or “more ethical than you).
6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without
checking your understanding or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values and
conclusions assuming everyone shares them.
7. Manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others.
9. Avoid interrupting and having side conversations.
10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal “air
Time” if they want it.

Language- system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each
other
- systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized
signs, sounds, gestures or marks having understood meanings
Communication- process of exchanging verbal and/or non-verbal information between two or
more people who can be either the speaker or the receiver of the message
- the symbolic interaction between two or more people that influences each other’s
behaviour
FIVE MAJOR PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
- To express feelings
- To inform
- To imagine
- To influence
- To meet social expectations
Communication Process components:
Speaker/sender
– the source of information or message
Message
– information or ideas the speaker conveyed
Encoding
– converting the message into words or actions or other forms that the audience
understand
Channel
– the medium or the means of communication
Decoding
– the way that the receiver interprets the message from the speaker
Receiver
– it is referred to as the recipient of the message
Feedback
– the response of the receiver
Context
– the situation or environment in which communication takes place
Barriers
– the factors which may affect the communication process (ex. Culture, individual
differences language use, noise, past experiences, status)
Communication Ethics
 Uphold integrity.
 Respect diversity of perspective and privacy.
 Observe freedom of expression effectively.
 Promote access to communication.
 Be open-minded.
 Develop your sense of accountability.
Smart Shaming (Anti-Intellectualism)- act of hostility towards the pursuit of knowledge.
- argues that exercising the intellect is perceived by others to be something threatening.
 - -Common characteristics of anti-intellectualists include disbelief in scientific and logical
facts, actively shaming intellectuals, and fear-mongering, among others.
Anti-Catcalling and Street Harassment Act into Law
 “Safe Streets, Workplaces, and Public Spaces Act of 2017”- an act that seeks to penalize
catcalling and other street-based harassment
- seeks to penalize unwanted comments, gestures, and actions forced on a person in a
public place without their consent and directed at them because of their actual or
perceived sex, gender, gender expression, or sexual orientation and identity.
- actions considered as sexual harassment include unwanted cursing, wolf-whistling, cat-
calling, leering, sexist, homophobic or transphobic slurs, persistent requests for
someone’s name, number or destination after clear refusal, persistent telling of sexual
jokes, use of sexual names, comments, and demands, flashing, public masturbation,
groping, and stalking, among others.
Gaslighting
- form of manipulation that often occurs in abusive relationships.
- Covert type of emotional abuse where the bully or abuser misleads the target, creating
a false narrative and making them question their judgments and reality
Body dysmorphic disorder
- Mental health disorder in which you can’t stop thinking about one or more perceived
defects or flaws in your appearance — a flaw that appears minor or can’t be seen by
others.
Types of Communication (Madrunio & Martin, 2018)
1. According to COMMUNICATION MODE
- Visual Communication
- Written Communication
- Verbal Communication
- Non-verbal Communication
-involves the use of the following to convey or emphasize a message of information
a. Kinesics
b. Proxemics
c. Chronemics
d. Haptics
e. Olfactics
f. Artifactual
g. Physical Appearance
h. Paralanguage
2. According to PURPOSE AND STYLE
Formal Communication
- employs formal language delivered orally or in written form
- to inform, to entertain and to persuade are the main objectives of this type of
communication
- EXAMPLES: Lectures, public talks/ speeches, research and project proposals, reports,
business letters, etc.
Informal Communication
- Does not employ formal language
- the purpose is to simply socialize and enhance relationships
- EXAMPLES: may be oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or
written as in the case of e-mail messages, personal notes, letters or text messages
3. According to CONTEXT (or people interacting with one another)
- Intrapersonal Communication
 “intra-” means within or inside
 labeled as “self or inner talk, inner monologue or inner dialogue, self-
verbalization, self-statement
 ”engaging in inner speech such as fantasizing or daydreaming is not bad as long
as you are able to distinguish it from reality”
- Interpersonal Communication
 ”inter-” means between, among and together
 May occur in dyads, triads or small groups (group communication)
 “ A communication situation is interpersonal if it is meant to establish or deepen
one’s relationship with others. However, if the objective is to achieve,
accomplish or resolve something at the end of the conversation, it becomes
transactional”
- Extended Communication
 involves the use of electronic media
 include telephone, audio or phone conferencing, video-conferencing, Skype calls and
other technological means
 with the use of electronic media, messages are transmitted quickly
- Intercultural Communication
 communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious,
ethnic, gender, social and professional backgrounds
- Organizational Communication
 Role of communication in organizational context
 An organization is composed of individuals who work for the company.
 A set of rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so
that interaction patterns are established.
2 types of Organizational Structure
Formal Structure- communication to take place via designated channels of message
flow between positions in the organization
FORMAL COMMUNICATION FLOW
Upward communication (subordinate-to-superior communication)
Downward communication (or superior-to-subordinate communication)
 Horizontal communication (peer-to-peer communication)
Diagonal communication (communication across units and different hierarchical
levels)

Informal Structure- comes from unofficial channels of message flow

- known as “grapevine”
- messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION FLOW/ GRAPEVINE
- flows outside official channels, showing little regard for organizational structure
a. single-strand chain

b. gossip chain
 c. probability chain

d. cluster chain

LANGUAGE REGISTER
- Level of formality in Language use
- Dependent as to who the audience, what the topic is all about, the purpose of the
conversation, the location when the dialogue occurred (SyGaco, 2018)
5 Language Register Styles
1. Static Register- rare and never changes
- as the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble, Alma Mater, laws and many others
2. Formal Register
- used in formal situations like in public speeches and announcements
 3. Consultative Register
- Professional discussion between someone superior and the other is a subordinate
- ex. Doctor and patients conversation, lawyer and client, teacher and student, counselor
and client, etc.
4. Casual Register
- Informal language like slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms since these conversations
deal with friends and peers
5. Intimate Register
- Uses private discussions among family members, husband and wife, boyfriend and
girlfriend relationship (Montano-Hamon, 2015)

MULTIMODAL TEXTS
- “the development and/or production of spoken, written or in print or digital forms”.
- Can be digital, from slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web pages,
and social media, to animation, film and video games.
- Can be paper – such as books, comics, posters
- Can be live – a performance or an event.
- Can be transmedia – where the story is told using ‘multiple delivery channels’
through a combination of media platforms
-Transmedia is contested term and Henry Jenkins is worth reading for more
background.
-is more than just multiple media platforms.
- the logical relations between these media extensions which seek to add something to
the story as it moves from one medium to another, not just adaptation or retelling.
-enables the further development of the story world through each new medium; for
Example offering back story, a prelude, additional episodes, or further insight into
characters and plot elements. (Jenkins, 2011)
-Skilled multimodal composition requires new literacy design skills and knowledge to
enable students to make informed choices within and across the available
communication modes to effectively construct meaning.

Multimodal
- Strategic use of two or more communication modes to make meaning
- A text may be defined as multimodal when it combines two or more semiotic systems
 5 Semiotic Systems

COMMUNICATION AID
- Helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people around them.
- Referred to as Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
- AAC/ Augmentative and Alternative Communication - a huge range of techniques
which support or replace spoken communication. These include gesture, signing,
symbols, word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output
Communication Aids (VOCAs)”.
2 Main types of AAC system
- Unaided Communication- does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture,
vocalization, signing are typically used.
- Aided Communication- uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech
methods, with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with words and
with alternative hardware options available to provide access
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
- Blueprints for how information will be exchanged.
Types of Communication Strategies
- Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories: written
and oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and
chat. Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-
face conversation.
- Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body
language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of
 your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the
message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is
hearing another.
- Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and
illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide
documentation. Human resources are required to post certain visuals throughout the
Workplace to comply with safety laws.
Online Communication Tools:
1. Forums- have several names: forums, bulletin boards, discussion boards,
discussion groups, etc
- A place for users to post questions or comments. Other users then reply to these posts
to create an online discussion. The discussion posts are stored and sorted
chronologically to form threads.
2. Chats- real-time online text conversations
- Conducted in 3 ways
- 1. Web-based- accessed through a normal browser, such as the chat feature in Gmail.
The screen, or a portion of the screen, will refresh regularly. This has the potential to be
very accessible, since the output is HTML. Most older online chats were Java-based and
most newer ones are AJAX-based.
- 2. Instant Messenger- Users communicate using a downloadable messaging program,
such as MSN Messenger or AOL Instant Messenger. Most of the latest-generation
instant messaging clients can be made relatively accessible.
- 3. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)- not so much a chat as a protocol (or set of rules) for
internet chat. Users usually use a client (external program) to connect to an IRC server,
so the accessibility of IRC depends, to a great extent, on the accessibility of the client.
IRC tends to be used by a more technical audience.
3. Whiteboard- allowing users to draw, write and collaborate using an interface that
simulates a physical whiteboard. Whiteboards are by nature full of accessibility barriers,
many of which will be very difficult, or even impossible, to overcome.
4. Voice Over IP (Voice over IP, or VoIP)
- describe a voice conversation that takes place over an internet connection instead of a
traditional phone line.
- Many large organizations use VoIP in place of a conventional phone line, often without
the user recognizing the difference. VoIP calls can also be made over a computer,
usually with a USB headset or handsets.

- As digital natives who now have the power to reach other people from faraway places,
You are now challenged to know more about others when you communicate with them.
Individuals from different backgrounds and cultures have distinct differences in
communicating With others. Though English is, most of the time, used as a language of
international, cross- Cultural communication there are still notable disparities in the
communication styles across Cultures. One of which is the difference in communicating
nonverbally in high-context and low- Context cultures context cultures are highly
dependent on nonverbal communication and the
Context in which the communication is taking place. In contrast, low-context cultures
are characterized heavily by verbal communication and the communication tends to be
more direct in style.