“Key activity: final submission”

Ignacio Barranca George A01754488

Xavier Salas Zuani A01754404

Miguel León Rébora A01754120

Diego Andrade Cortés A01753822

Mauro Santiago Figueroa Marín A01754144

Matter and Sustainability

Grupo 40

Prepa Tec Sede Esmeralda

Friday 28 Abril 2023

Type of product: Detergents

Products:

A.- Newen (Biodegradable)

B.- Tide Liquid Laundry Detergent (Procter & Gamble)

C.- All Liquid Laundry Detergent (Unilever)

Detergents and Soaps:

Soaps and detergents are both cleaning agents that are used to remove dirt, grease, and

oils from surfaces and fabric. They work by breaking down the bonds between the dirt and

the surface or fabric and lifting the dirt away.

Soaps are made by combining fats or oils with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide.

The result is a salt of a fatty acid, which is the soap. Soaps have been used for centuries as a

cleaning agent and are still widely used today. They are gentle and effective, and are often

used for hand washing and bathing.

Detergents, on the other hand, are a more modern form of cleaning agent. They were

developed in response to the need for a cleaning agent that was more effective in hard water,

which interferes with the cleaning ability of soap. Detergents are made from a combination of

chemical compounds, including surfactants, which are substances that lower the surface

tension of water and help to remove dirt and oils. Detergents are more effective in hard water

than soaps and are often used for laundry and dishwashing.
 There are some key differences between soaps and detergents. Soaps are

biodegradable, meaning that they break down into natural substances in the environment.

Detergents, however, are not biodegradable and can have a negative impact on the

environment if they are not disposed of properly. Detergents are also more effective at

removing oils and grease, while soaps are more effective at removing dirt. Additionally,

detergents can cause skin irritation, while soaps are generally gentler on the skin.

In conclusion, both soaps and detergents are effective cleaning agents that are used for

different purposes. Soaps are gentler and more biodegradable, while detergents are more

effective at removing oils and grease and are better suited for use in hard water.

Historical background and the importance of detergents and soaps:

The use of soap and detergents dates back to ancient civilizations, where various

forms of soaps were made from animal fat and ashes. The Babylonians are believed to be the

first to use soap for cleaning purposes, around 2800 BC. The ancient Egyptians also used a

combination of animal fat and ashes for bathing and washing clothes. In Europe,

soap-making became more widespread during the Roman Empire, and was used for personal

hygiene as well as for cleaning woolen textiles in the production of cloth.

The industrial revolution of the 19th century marked a significant turning point in the

production of soap and detergents. New methods were developed for large-scale production,

and soap became more affordable and widely available. The invention of synthetic detergents

in the 20th century revolutionized the cleaning industry. Detergents are effective in removing
grease and oil, making them suitable for cleaning a wide range of surfaces, including clothes,

dishes, and floors.

Soaps and detergents are important because they make our daily lives easier by

allowing us to clean effectively and efficiently. They play a crucial role in personal hygiene,

as they help to remove dirt, oil, and bacteria from our skin, preventing the spread of disease.

Soaps and detergents also play a vital role in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in

households, hospitals, and other public spaces.

Examples of soaps include bar soap, liquid soap, and medicated soap. Detergents

include laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and all-purpose cleaners. Brands such as

Dove, Dial, and Lever are well-known manufacturers of soap, while Tide, Gain, and Ajax are

popular brands of laundry detergents.

The history of soap and detergents dates back to ancient times, and they have since

become an essential part of our daily lives. They play a crucial role in maintaining personal

hygiene and cleanliness, and continue to evolve with new and improved formulas and

technology.

How detergents and soaps are produced:

The production of detergents and soaps involves a chemical reaction called

saponification, which is the process of converting fat or oil into soap. This reaction occurs

when a basic solution, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), is
mixed with an acid, such as animal fat or vegetable oil. The reaction results in the formation

of soap and glycerol.

In the case of soap production, the reaction is carried out in large vats and involves

heating the mixture of fat and sodium hydroxide until the saponification reaction is complete.

The soap mixture is then cooled and allowed to harden, after which it is cut into bars and

packaged. Some soap makers add fragrances, colors, or other ingredients to enhance the

soap's appearance, lather, and moisturizing properties.

Synthetic detergents, on the other hand, are produced through a process called

sulfonation, which involves reacting a hydrocarbon with sulfuric acid to produce a detergent

molecule. The detergent molecule is then combined with other ingredients, such as builders,

to enhance its cleaning properties. The final product is then packaged and sold as laundry

detergent, dishwashing detergent, or all-purpose cleaner.

It's worth noting that the production of detergents and soaps can have a negative

impact on the environment. Many detergents contain phosphates, which can cause water

pollution and harm aquatic life. To address this issue, many detergent manufacturers have

begun producing "green" or eco-friendly detergents that are made from biodegradable

ingredients and are free from phosphates and other harmful chemicals.

The production of detergents and soaps involves a chemical reaction, either

saponification or sulfonation, depending on whether the product is soap or a synthetic

detergent. This reaction results in the formation of the final product, which is then packaged

and sold for consumer use. The production of detergents and soaps has evolved over time,
with many manufacturers now producing eco-friendly products to minimize their impact on

the environment.

How do detergents and soaps work:

Detergents and soaps work by surrounding and lifting dirt and oil from surfaces,

allowing them to be washed away. This process is called emulsification. Soaps are alkaline

and have a pH between 9 and 10, while detergents are slightly acidic and have a pH between

6 and 7. When a soap or detergent is mixed with water, it forms a solution that can dissolve

grease and oil, breaking them down into smaller particles.

The mechanism by which detergents and soaps work is based on their molecular

structure. Soaps are composed of long chains of molecules called surfactants, which have

both hydrophobic (water-fearing) and hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The hydrophobic

end of the soap molecule is attracted to grease and oil, while the hydrophilic end is attracted

to water. When the soap solution is applied to a dirty surface, the soap molecules surround

and lift the dirt and oil, allowing them to be washed away with water.

Detergents work in a similar way to soaps, but they are formulated with synthetic

surfactants that are more effective at removing grease and oil. Detergents also typically

contain builders, which help to soften hard water and enhance the cleaning power of the

detergent.

In addition to their cleaning properties, detergents and soaps also help to prevent

re-deposition of dirt and oil onto surfaces during the rinsing process. This is because the soap
or detergent molecules surround the dirt and oil particles, preventing them from redepositing

onto the surface being cleaned.

To wrap things up, detergents and soaps work by emulsifying dirt and oil, breaking them

down into smaller particles that can be washed away with water. Their effectiveness is due to

the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of their surfactant molecules, which allow them

to surround and lift dirt and oil. The addition of builders to detergents enhances their cleaning

power and helps to prevent re-deposition of dirt and oil during the rinsing process.

Type of cleaning products our team will test and compare:

A: All Liquid Laundry Detergent is a household cleaning product used to clean

clothes during the washing process. It is formulated with a combination of surfactants,

enzymes, and other ingredients that work together to remove dirt, grease, and other types of

soil from clothes. All Liquid Laundry Detergent is available in various formulas and scents to

cater to different laundry needs and preferences. It is designed for use in both standard and

high-efficiency washing machines and is available in various sizes and packaging options.

All Liquid Laundry Detergent is marketed as a gentle and effective alternative to traditional

laundry detergents, suitable for use on all types of fabrics, including delicate items. It is also

formulated to be free of dyes, fragrances, and other potentially irritating ingredients, making

it a good choice for people with sensitive skin.

B: Tide Liquid Laundry Detergent is a household cleaning product used to remove

dirt and stains from clothes during the washing process. It is formulated with surfactants,

enzymes, and other ingredients that work together to break down and remove dirt, grease, and
other types of soil. Tide Liquid Laundry Detergent is available in various scents and formulas

to cater to different laundry needs and preferences. It is designed for use in both standard and

high-efficiency washing machines and is available in various sizes and packaging options.

Tide Liquid Laundry Detergent is a trusted and widely used laundry detergent that is known

for its effective cleaning performance and long-lasting fresh scent.

C: Newen Detergent is a household cleaning product used to wash clothes. It is a

plant-based laundry detergent that is formulated with environmentally friendly ingredients

and free of harmful chemicals such as phosphates, chlorine, and petroleum-based ingredients.

Newen Detergent is designed to effectively remove dirt, grease, and other types of soil from

clothes while being gentle on both fabrics and the environment. It is available in various

scents and packaging options, including concentrated and unconcentrated formulas. Newen

Detergent is marketed as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional laundry

detergents, making it a good choice for consumers who are conscious about reducing their

environmental impact. Additionally, it is also suitable for people with sensitive skin as it does

not contain any harsh chemicals or fragrances.

Most common raw materials and ingredients found in soaps and detergents:

Soaps and detergents are typically made from a combination of raw materials and

ingredients that provide the product with its cleaning properties and other characteristics,

such as lather, fragrance, and color. Some of the most common raw materials and ingredients

found in soaps and detergents include:

Fatty acids: Soaps are made from fats and oils, which are composed of fatty acids. The type

of fatty acid used will impact the properties of the soap, such as lather, moisturizing ability,

and hardness.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH): These are the base materials used

in the saponification reaction to produce soap.

Surfactants: Synthetic detergents are made from surfactants, which are molecules that have

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, allowing them to surround and lift dirt and oil.

Some common surfactants include alkylbenzenesulfonates, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates,

and alcohol ethoxylates.

Builders: Detergents often contain builders, which help to soften hard water and enhance the

cleaning power of the detergent. Some common builders include sodium carbonate, sodium

tripolyphosphate, and sodium citrate.

Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that help to break down complex organic compounds, such

as starches and proteins, into smaller, more manageable molecules. Enzymes are often added

to laundry detergents to improve cleaning performance.

The environmental impact of these raw materials and ingredients can vary depending

on their source, manufacturing processes, and disposal methods. For example, the production

of sodium hydroxide can result in the release of toxic chlorine gas, while the use of

phosphates in detergents can contribute to water pollution. In addition, some surfactants can

be toxic to aquatic life and can persist in the environment for long periods of time.
 To minimize the environmental impact of soaps and detergents, many manufacturers

have begun producing products made from biodegradable ingredients and are free from

phosphates and other harmful chemicals. Additionally, the use of environmentally friendly

disposal methods, such as wastewater treatment, can help to minimize the environmental

impact of these products.

In summary, soaps and detergents are made from a combination of raw materials and

ingredients, including fatty acids, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, surfactants,

builders, and enzymes. The environmental impact of these materials and ingredients can vary

depending on their source, manufacturing processes, and disposal methods, and many

manufacturers are now producing environmentally friendly products to minimize their impact

on the environment.

Difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable products:

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable products refer to the rate and manner in which

they break down and decompose in the environment.

Biodegradable products are made of organic materials that can be decomposed by

microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. This means that biodegradable products can be

broken down into natural substances, such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass, within a

relatively short period of time. Examples of biodegradable products include food waste,

paper, and plant-based plastics.

 On the other hand, non-biodegradable products are made of synthetic materials that

cannot be broken down by microorganisms. These products persist in the environment for a

long time and do not degrade, creating a significant environmental problem. Examples of

non-biodegradable products include conventional plastics, Styrofoam, aluminum cans, and

glass.

The distinction between biodegradable and non-biodegradable products is important

because it affects the way in which these products are managed and disposed of.

Biodegradable products can be composted or decomposed in landfills, reducing the amount

of waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. On the other hand, non-biodegradable products

must be disposed of in landfills or recycled, since they cannot be decomposed in the

environment.

Overall, it may be said that biodegradable products are made of organic materials that

can be broken down by microorganisms, while non-biodegradable products are made of

synthetic materials that persist in the environment for a long time and do not degrade. The

distinction between these two types of products is important because it affects the way in

which they are managed and disposed of, with biodegradable products being composted or

decomposed, and non-biodegradable products being recycled or disposed of in landfills.

Advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable and non-biodegradable:

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products have different advantages

and disadvantages, which can impact both the environment and personal welfare.
 Advantages of biodegradable cleaning products:

Environmentally friendly: Biodegradable cleaning products are made of organic materials

that can be broken down by microorganisms, reducing the amount of waste in landfills and

oceans. This helps to minimize the impact of cleaning products on the environment.

Safe for use: Biodegradable cleaning products are typically made from natural ingredients,

such as plant-based surfactants and essential oils, making them safer for use around people,

pets, and the environment.

Effective: Biodegradable cleaning products can be just as effective as non-biodegradable

products, making them a good choice for those who want to reduce their environmental

impact without sacrificing cleaning performance.

Disadvantages of biodegradable cleaning products:

More expensive: Biodegradable cleaning products can be more expensive than

non-biodegradable products, as the ingredients and manufacturing processes can be more

costly.

Limited availability: Biodegradable cleaning products may not be readily available in all

locations, and some specialty products may only be sold online.

Advantages of non-biodegradable cleaning products:

Inexpensive: Non-biodegradable cleaning products are typically less expensive than

biodegradable products, making them a more affordable option for many people.

Wide availability: Non-biodegradable cleaning products are widely available in stores and

online, making them easy to purchase.

Disadvantages of non-biodegradable cleaning products:

Harmful to the environment: Non-biodegradable cleaning products are made of synthetic

materials that persist in the environment for a long time and do not degrade, contributing to

the build-up of waste in landfills and oceans.

Potentially harmful to personal health: Some non-biodegradable cleaning products contain

toxic chemicals that can be harmful to people, pets, and the environment if used improperly.

Considering all of this, biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products have

different advantages and disadvantages, which can impact both the environment and personal

welfare. Choosing biodegradable cleaning products can help to reduce the environmental

impact of cleaning, while also promoting personal health and safety. On the other hand,

non-biodegradable cleaning products are less expensive and widely available, but they can

contribute to environmental degradation and may be harmful to personal health. Ultimately,

the choice between biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products should be based

on individual needs, preferences, and priorities.

 Experimental Design:

Test 1: Cleaning Performance Based on Detergent Concentration

Objective: To evaluate the cleaning performance of three different cleaning products based

on different detergent concentrations.

Scientific question: What is the relationship between the concentration of detergent and the

cleaning performance of cleaning products?

Variables:

● Independent variable: Concentration of detergent (low, medium, high)

● Dependent variable: Cleaning performance (measured by the degree of stain removal)

● Control variables: Temperature, pH, and duration of cleaning

Hypothesis: If the concentration of detergent increases, then the cleaning performance will

improve because a higher concentration of detergent will lead to more effective cleaning.

Materials and substances:

● Three different cleaning products (Product A, Product B, and Product C)

● Stains (such as coffee, red wine, and oil)

● Low, medium, and high concentrations of detergent (prepared by diluting the cleaning

product with water)

● Measuring cups and spoons

● White cloth or paper for testing

Safety and Environmental conditions:

● Cleaning products should be used as per the instructions mentioned on their labels.

● Wear gloves and eye protection while handling cleaning products.

● The used cleaning solutions should be disposed of as per the instructions mentioned

on the label.

Experimental procedure:

1.- Prepare three different concentrations of detergent by diluting each cleaning product (A,

B, and C) with water.

2.- Apply the same amount of three different stains (coffee, red wine, and oil) on three

separate white cloth or paper pieces.

3.- Clean each stain using a separate piece of cloth or paper with one of the three different

detergent concentrations (low, medium, high) and the same cleaning product (A, B, or C).

4.- Repeat the procedure three times, using different cloth or paper pieces, to get three sets of

results for each combination of cleaning product and detergent concentration.

5.- Measure the degree of stain removal and compare the results to determine the cleaning

performance.
Test 2: Cleaning Performance Based on Temperature

Objective: To evaluate the cleaning performance of three different cleaning products based

on different temperatures.

Scientific question: What is the relationship between the temperature and the cleaning

performance of cleaning products?

Variables:

● Independent variable: Temperature (cold, room temperature, and hot)

● Dependent variable: Cleaning performance (measured by the degree of stain removal)

● Control variables: Concentration of detergent, pH, and duration of cleaning

Hypothesis: If the temperature of the cleaning solution increases, then the cleaning

performance will improve because higher temperatures increase the solubility and efficacy of

cleaning agents.

Materials and substances:

● Three different cleaning products (Product A, Product B, and Product C)

● Stains (such as coffee, red wine, and oil)

● Measuring cups and spoons

● White cloth or paper for testing

● Hot water bath or a heat source to prepare hot cleaning solutions

Safety and Environmental conditions:

 ● Cleaning products should be used as per the instructions mentioned on their labels.

● Wear gloves and eye protection while handling cleaning products.

● The used cleaning solutions should be disposed of as per the instructions mentioned

on the label.

Experimental procedure:

1.- Prepare three different temperatures of cleaning solutions (cold, room temperature, and

hot) using the same concentration of detergent for each cleaning product (A, B, and C).

2.- Apply the same amount of three different stains (coffee, red wine, and oil)

Multicultural Approach

1.- What experiences do I have related to the use of non-biodegradable and

biodegradable products?

A: By our experiences we can affirm that the use of non-biodegradable and biodegradable

products can have different impacts on the environment. Non-biodegradable products, such

as plastic bags, take hundreds of years to break down and can harm wildlife and ecosystems.

On the other hand, biodegradable products, such as paper bags or biodegradable cleaning

products, break down more quickly and are less harmful to the environment. It is important to

consider the long-term effects of the products we use and to choose biodegradable options

whenever possible to minimize our impact on the environment.

2.- How can I relate this project with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)?

A: We can relate this project to the SDG’s 3, 6, 12, 13, 14 and 15, all of these SDG’s seek to

fight against climate change by changing society into a more sustainable and environmentally

friendly place.

3.- What understanding and skills do I need to have or develop to propose a solution to the

problem of this project? Why is it important to find a solution?

A: The skills we need to developed are the understanding of how we damage the environment

in our daily life activities and what consequences this can bring to the future generations, it is

important to find a solution to this problem because climate change is already affecting our

planet in a critical way, by continuing this path us and the species we interact with will suffer

a lot in the future.

 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

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sharing

Ecologic Detergent Tide All Liquid

Hot Test It was effective with all of It was more effective with oil It was effective with
them. and it was not effective with coffee and wine.
coffee.

Cold Test It all went wrong because None of the spots were able We were only able to
the spots were to go away, except for the oil. remove the oil, the
impregnated in the rest
clothes.

1.- We were able to identify a few tendencies, for example we identified that all 3 detergents

worked better when using them in a hot environment, because when temperature increases,

the surface tension decreases and the reduction in surface tension of water increases its

wettability, therefore it can easily wash out the dirt from the clothes and in a cold

environment it was harder, because the spots got impregnated into the clothes.

2.- We followed the instructions to make the experiment perfectly, therefore We didn’t make

any experimental errors.

3.- To conclude we were able to evaluate the cleaning performance of three different

cleaning products based on hot and cold temperatures and by concluding the experiment we

were able to confirm our hypothesis, which was that If the temperature of the cleaning
solution increases, then the cleaning performance will improve because higher temperatures

increase the solubility and efficacy of cleaning agents and we identified that ecological

detergents can work equally well or even better than non-biodegradable products, this is a

really good thing that will potentially help the environment.

MULTICULTURAL APPROACH

Which steps are we taking as a team to ensure we achieve the project goals?

A: We follow all the experimental procedures and take care of how we do the experiment so

we don't mess up any process.

How could we improve our performance? What changes could we make?

A: Even though we followed the instructions perfectly there's always a way to improve and in

this case the cleaness of our experiment. It wasn't the most attractive or spotless; it did

accomplish the intended goal.

 INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION

Xavier: Through the development of my project I learned and reinforced several skills. The

scientific method is formed by various processes; first of all you have to make an observation

or a question, in the case of our project, we asked ourselves what kind of detergent was better

and under what circumstances. Our hypothesis was that the cleaning performance of the

detergent would improve because higher temperatures increase the solubility and efficacy of

cleaning agents. After gathering information and experimenting with the detergents, we could

make our conclusion and finish the project. Using the scientific method in our project helped

us realize the project and made it easier for ourselves to conclude with it.

Diego: When I completed this project I learnt that even though some products claim to be

efficient and eco friendly, not all of them are as efficient as the rest of the products in the

market are. I used the scientific method, to comprehend why the results of the experiment

were as they turned out to be. And I realized that I constantly use the scientific method in my

day to day life, and it helped conclude our experiment.

Miguel: After completing this project I realized that dividing the experiment into different

stages and applying the scientific method really helped the project to get to a whole different

level . By doing this I was able to really comprehend why the experiment got to that result. I

learned that unconsciously I use the scientific method in my daily life, it helped me get a

deeper knowledge because following the steps makes the probability of committing a mistake

decrease a lot. To ensure safety and proper waste of disposal you need to make sure to have

an organized work environment and follow the instructions. I can use the knowledge i got
from this experiment by sharing which cleaner is more efficient and in which temperature

works best.

Nacho: I learned that the scientific method is useful to test experiments to get the hypothesis,

variables and results of the experiment. We can use the scientific method in our daily life to

solve problems without direct or simple answers. To ensure safety and proper waste disposal

in an experiment you should follow the safety terms included in the products you use to

dispose in a proper way. The way I can apply what I learn about this experiment is how

eco-friendly products can be as good as normal products, so we should use these products to

help our home.

Figueroa: After concluding this experiment, we were able to identify that making a scientific

method in order to make an experiment is very important, due to the fact that it helps to solve

the problems that we can face in the process, it helps you to ensure your safety and it helps

us gain more knowledge from the experiment. Although it is also useful in our daily life to

solve problems that we face daily. We also were able to identify that eco-friendly products are

as good as non eco-friendly products, although eco-friendly products can still be improved.

Multicultural approach:

Nacho:

● How would a change in attitude/actions would impact this environmental issue?

A: A good change in attitude could help our planet to decrease climate change but if we make

bad change in attitude we would damage our environment.

● What was the most significant takeaway of this project from a global perspective?
A: To see how well does eco-friendly products perform compared them normal products, so

we can realize that eco-friendly products are as good as other so we should use them to help

our environment.

● What future can I participate in to promote actions for solving global environmental

problems?

A: To start using less polluted products and to convince people to do the same to help our

environment.

Xavier:

● How would a change in attitude/actions would impact this environmental issue?

○ Just changing our usual habits, like turning off the light or not using a lot of

water while taking a bath, and always making them, would help the

environment improve

● What was the most significant takeaway of this project from a global perspective?

○ Using eco-friendly products and helping the environment.

● What future can I participate in to promote actions for solving global environmental

problems?

○ Keep making this type of projects to promote the use of ecological products

and sustainable ways of life.

Miguel:

How would a change in attitude/actions would impact this environmental issue?

A Change in Actions would have an impact if we start to care about our planet and start ro

recycle all the plastic we use. If our actions continue the same way then our planet is only

going to get worse.

What was the most significant takeaway of this project from a global perspective?

The most significant takeaway is to realize that the eco-friendly products work and how they

help the environment by getting rid of all the chemicals the other products have.

What future can I participate in to promote actions for solving the global environmenysl?

I can participate by using more eco-friendly products and also promoting them, this could

really have a positive change in our planet.

Diego A:

How would a change in attitude/actions would impact this environmental issue?

A: If people can change the way of thinking about more environmental eco- friendly

products, that would mean that the people would be able to use these products more often and

reduce the impact on the world.

● What was the most significant takeaway of this project from a global perspective?

A: We were able to use eco-friendly products and also non-eco friendly, that we’ve used for

years.

● What future can I participate in to promote actions for solving global environmental

problems?

A: I can take part by always choosing products that always are more eco-friendly than the

rest.
Figueroa:

● How would a change in attitude/actions would impact this environmental issue?

A: If people change their attitude and their actions into a more eco-friendly way it would

have a great and better impact on the environment, so we should change and start recycling,

stop wasting water, start using more eco-friendly products, etc.

● What was the most significant takeaway of this project from a global perspective?

A: The most significant takeaway from this project was that we were able to identify how

eco-friendly products are as useful as the non eco-friendly ones we’ve been using for years.

● What future can I participate in to promote actions for solving global environmental

problems?

A: I think that I should participate in campaigns that promote sustainable actions, that way we

can all help to solve the environmental problems we have around the world.

Video:

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