EXPERIMENT 5 ive Assessment) (For Format t Objective : . rent (I) passing thy | pe Be he dependence of potent digerence (1) aerss a res0" 0 the entrent ) pasing through y | study the dependence of potential ( f “determine its resistance. Also ‘plot a graph between Vand b | CONCEPTS 7 it " { called quantity of electriciyy | flowing through a conductor is calles Gung or cueetrciy, | 1. Quantity of electricity : The amount of charge ilomb is the charge on 6. electrons, The quantity of electricity is measured in coulombs. | co' i elled elec cuent The cure 2. Electric current : The rate of flow of charge through a conductor cher of 1 coulomb flows through ¢ measured in amperes. One ampere (I A) is the current, when a hare OT ere conductor in 1 second. The instrument used for measuring curren! en from one point to. another nee 3. Potential difference : The amount of work done when a unit charge. Hore ON Tt ye Su mina : in an electric circuit is called potential difference. The unit eat i then p.d. between the points ig charge flows from one point to another point and the work done is 1 joule, is V volt. 4. Electromotive force or e.mcf, of a cell : The maximum potential difference which can exist between two | terminals of a cell, when no current is drawn from the cell is called its electromotive force. The unit of em. is volt and the instrument used for measuring e.m-f. or p.d-'s called voltmeter. 3 5. Resistance : The friction or obstruction offered to the passage of electric current by some electric conductor is called resistance, Fs, ‘The unit of resistance is ohm (0). A conductor is said to have a resistance of 1 ohm, if its ends are at a pd of 1 volt, when a current of 1 A flows through it 6. The resistance of an electric resistor depends upon : @ The nature of resistor. Gi) The length (more the length more the resistance). (iii) The area of cross-section (more the area of cross-section, less is the resistance). 7. The resistance of pure metals generally increases with the rise in temperature. 8. MaterialS like nichrome, constantan, manganin and eureka are commonly used for making resistors. 9. Ohm’s Law : The potential difference at the ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it provided physical conditions of the conductor (such as temperature, length, area of cross- section) remain the same. Thus, Ve I, where V = pd and I= current or V=RI, where R is constant quantity, commonly called resistance: v or ReT. ‘Thus, if we know current and the potential difference between the ends 10. When two or more resistances are connected in series, the individual resistances, If ‘R’ is the resultant resistance in series and r,, ofa conductor, we can <4 tance. then the resultant resistance is equal sal of ‘yyy ete., are the individual resistances, then Rentnty 11. When two or more resistances are'connected in parallel, then the eci sistance i ore resistanc din . iprocal of the resultant resistance is equal to the sy ¢222) the reciprocals of the individual resistances, a If ‘RY is the resultant resistance in parallel and r, Ty "y ele, are the individual resistances, then hes sete ayApparatus required 1. A dry cell with terminals (G-6 cell) 3. A single key (or one way key). 5. A voltmeter (0 ~ 1.5 V), 7. A resistor of approximately 2 resistance 2. 10 pieces of thick insulated copper wire with bare ends 4. An ammeter (0 ~ 1.5 A). 6. A theostat (10 Q). 8. A sand paper Symbolic circuit diagram Aenstereutdogtam VON Procedure : 13 1. Rub the bare ends of the connecting wires with sand paper, so that bright shining copper metal is seen. 2. Remove the plug from the one way key K. 3, Connect, the key, the rheostat, the ammeter and the resistor in series with the connecting wires tc the dry cell as shown in actual circuit diagram. 4. Connect a voltmeter in parallel to the resistor. 5. Make sure that +ive and -ive terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are connected. correctly. 6, Insert the plug key and check that arameter and voltmeter show deflection. 7. Now adjust the slider of the rheostat, such that the ammeter shows a current of 0.10 A. 8, Read the value of potential difference from the voltmeter. 9. Take out the plug key and record the values of current and potential difference in the table. 10. Reinsert the plug key. Adjust the slider of the rheostat, such that ammeter shows a current of 0.20A. Read the value of potential difference from voltmeter and record it. 11. Repeat the experiment 4 more times for the values of current 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A and 0.6 A and in each case read and record the potential difference. Observations and calculations + = Vv No. | Current in Amperes (Q) | RD. in Volts (V) | Resistance of Resistor A in ohms (R) =~ Mean resistance of resistoraxis and (2) on x-axis, Join all points by a "best fit ji Plot a graph between (V’) and (1) by: taking (V) on Staph is a straight line as shown in the diagram. Conctusions : For table 1. As the ratio of Vand 1 is a constant quantity R, therefore V «= I. This verifies Ohm's law, which states that p.d. al the ends of x conductor is directly proportional to the curry Aowing through it, provided all physical properties of the conductor remain same, _ 2. The resistance of the conductor is the ratio of potential difference and the curren). y For graph 1. As graph is straight Tine, therefore, V « I, This verifies the Ohm’s law a 2. The slope of the graph V1 is the magnitude of resistance, t : Precautions : HA ; 1. Clean the ends of connecting wires by sand paper. pa 2. Make tight connections, while connecting various elements of the circuit. § og 3. The plug key should be inserted only when you are ready to record the read- B on ings o2 Remove the plug key, when you have finished your readings. my Carel () apes —> Giph tan Vind ee points in the cireuit, If there is a zero error in ammeter or voltmeter, ask your laboratory assistant to correct it by adjusting the adjustment screw. Positive terminals of the voltmeter and the ammeter should be connected to the pos 7. Do not use a rheostat with more than 10 ohm resistance. Keep the value of current through the circuit as low as possible. Excessive current in the cireuit can alter the & magnitude of resistance of the resistor.