Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer

Assignment 1: Solution

Q. 1 A steady state gas-liquid mixture flows inside an adiabatic vertical tube of diameter 10
mm. Average void fraction inside the tube is 0.3. In a cross-section liquid and gas
velocities are 2 m/s and 5 m/s, respectively. Calculate liquid volumetric flow rate.
A. 1.571 X10-4 m3/s B. 1.0996X10-4 m3/s
-4 3
C. 2.749 X10 m /s D. 4.7124 X10-5 m3/s
𝜋 𝜋
Sol. Area of vertical tube, 𝐴 = 𝑑 2 = × 0.012 = 7.854 × 10−5 𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑓
Void fraction, 𝛼 = 𝐴  1 − 𝛼 = 𝐴  𝐴𝑓 = 0.7 × 𝐴
Therefore, area occupied by liquid phase, 𝐴𝑓 = 5.4978 × 10−5 𝑚2
Volumetric flow rate of liquid phase, 𝑄𝑓 = 𝐴𝑓 𝑢𝑓 = 5.4978 × 10−5 × 2
= 1.0996 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠

Q. 2 𝜌𝑓
In a pipeline carrying gas and liquid with = 2 , ratio between gas and liquid
𝜌𝑔
velocities is 0.5. If average quality of the flow is 0.3, Calculate void fraction.
A. 0.6316 B. 0.3
C. 0.903 D. 0.7
𝜌 𝑢𝑔
Sol. Given, 𝜌 𝑓 = 2, 𝑢 = 0.5 and 𝑥 = 0.3
𝑔 𝑓
𝑢𝑔 𝑥 𝜌 1−𝛼 0.3 1−𝛼
We know that, 𝑢 = 1−𝑥 𝜌 𝑓  0.5 = 1−0.3 × 2 ×
𝑓 𝑔 𝛼 𝛼
 Void fraction, 𝛼 = 0.6316

Q. 3 Give the correct order of the flow regimes as observed in upward vertical evaporation
flow.
1. Bubbly flow
2. Droplet flow
3. Annular flow
4. Slug flow
5. Single phase liquid
6. Single phase vapour
A. 1-4-3-5-2-6 B. 1-5-4-3-2-6
C. 5-1-2-4-3-6 D. 5-1-4-3-2-6

Sol. Refer the following figure to get the correct order of flow regimes in upward vertical
evaporation flow:
Q. 4 In adiabatic gas-liquid vertical up-flow following flow patterns one can observe by
decreasing liquid superficial velocities:
A. Bubbly-Annular-Slug B. Bubbly-Slug-Churn
C. Churn-Slug-Bubbly D. Slug-Churn-Bubbly

Sol. Move along the arrow to observe different flow patterns on decreasing liquid superficial
velocities.

Q. 5 An operator working in a petroleum industry supervises a gas-liquid vertical column

having liquid and gas viscosities as 95.6X10-6 Ns/m2 and 19X10-6 Ns/m2. Using
McAdams correlation he found out homogeneous viscosity as 2.96X10-5 Ns/m2. What is
the average quality of the pipeline, he is handling.
A. 0.862 B. 0.447
C. 0.553 D. 0.138
Sol. 1 𝑥 1−𝑥 1 𝑥 1−𝑥
According to McAdams formulation, 𝜇 = 𝜇 +  2.96×10 −5 = 19×10 −6 + 95.6×10 −6
𝑕 𝑔 𝜇𝑓
 Average quality of the pipeline, 𝑥 = 0.553

Q. 6 If the specific volumes of the gas-liquid pair being observed by the operator in the
previous question are 1.351X10-3 m3/kg and 0.02753 m3/kg. Calculate gravitational
pressure gradient inside his pipe.
A. 718.318 Pa/m B. 391.119 Pa/m
C. 591.852 Pa/m D. 619.79 Pa/m

Sol. 𝑑𝑃 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Gravitational pressure gradient inside a pipe is given by, = 𝜌𝑕 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑓 +𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔
As the tube is vertical.  𝜃 = 90°
𝑣𝑓 = 1.351 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑔 = 0.02753 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑃 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 9.81×sin 90°
 = = = 619.79 𝑃𝑎/𝑚
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑣𝑓 +𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔 1.351×10 −3 +0.553×(0.02753 −1.351×10 −3 )

Q. 7 Which adiabatic vertical pipe flow can cause flooding.

A. 𝑗𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑗𝑓 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 B. 𝑗𝑔 = 10 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑗𝑓 = −30 𝑚/𝑠
C. 𝑗𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑗𝑓 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 D. 𝑗𝑔 = −10 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑗𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

Sol. Drift flux, 𝑗𝑔𝑓 = −𝛼𝑗𝑓 + (1 − 𝛼)𝑗𝑔

At, 𝛼 = 0 → 𝑗𝑔𝑓 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 & , 𝛼 = 1 → 𝑗𝑔𝑓 = −1 × −30 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
When this drift flux is plotted against 𝛼, its variation overshoots the critical point of
flooding limit.

Q. 8 Substance A at a given pressure poses 1000 kg/m3 and 1.0 kg/m3 liquid and gas
densities, respectively. Interfacial tension between gaseous and liquid phases of
substance A is 0.02 N/m. For conversion of liquid to vapour, substance A requires 2250
kJ/kg energy from outside at saturation condition. Consider C1 = 3, to calculate the
critical heat flux for departure from nucleate boiling.
A. 798674.642 W/m2 B. 94500.916 W/m2
2
C. 25256309.78 W/m D. 100000 W/m2

Sol. Critical heat flux for departure from nucleate boiling is given by,
1 1
𝜍𝑔(𝜌𝑓 − 𝜌𝑔 ) 4 0.02 × 9.81 × (1000 − 1) 4
𝑞𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑖𝑓𝑔 𝜌𝑔 = 3 × 2250 × 103 × 1
𝜌𝑓2 10002
𝑞𝑐 = 798674.642 𝑊/𝑚2

Q. 9 In case of separated adiabatic two phase flow, evaluate void fraction for quality of 65.2
% at 46.941 bar. Use Martinelli-Nelson model.
A. 0.91 B. 0.96
C. 0.93 D. Requires additional information
Sol.

Q. 10 For adiabatic separated flow having both liquid and gas as turbulent, ratio of their
𝑑𝑃
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
individual portion pressure drop, 𝑑𝑃 is 10.56. Calculate the ratio of friction
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑔𝑎𝑠
∅𝑔
correction factor, .
∅𝑓
A. 3.2496 B. 10.56
C. 0.0947 D. 0.3077

Sol. 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 2𝑓 𝑓 𝐺 2 (1−𝑥)2 𝑣𝑓
We know that, − =− ∅2𝑓 = ∅2𝑓 (1)
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑡𝑝 𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐷
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 2𝑓𝑔 𝐺 2 𝑥 2 𝑣𝑔
and − =− ∅2𝑔 = ∅2𝑔 (2)
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑡𝑝 𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐷
Dividing the equation (1) by (2) we get,
𝑑𝑃
∅2 ∅2𝑔 ∅𝑔
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓
1= 𝑑𝑃  ∅2 = 10.56  = 3.2496
∅2 𝑓 ∅𝑓
𝑑𝑧 𝐹,𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑔