U.S.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research

Cooling and Heating

Load Calculation
Manual
Cooling and Heating
Load Calculation
Manual

Prepared by the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Under contract No. H-2303 for the

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research

Project Director:
Dr. William Rudoy
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Principal Investigator:
Joseph F. Cuba
Director of ASH RAE Research
and Technical Activities
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations ex-
pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Housing and
Urban Development nor the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
 FOREWORD

Everyone involved in calculating heating loads will

appreciate this manual because it details procedures for
more accurate estimations. The more accurate and refined
the procedures, the more certain it is that energy will
be conserved. But energy-saving is not the only good;
safety is equally essential. The introduction to
Chapter 1 speaks emphatically to the safety issue, and
I urge you to read it before proceeding to use the manual
with confidence and success.

{)--7~
Donna E. Shalala
Assistant Secretary
for Policy Development
and Research
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1
Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Chapter 3 External Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Roof, Walls, Fenestration
Chapter 4 Internal Load Factors 4.1
Lighting, People, Equipment
Chapter 5 Ventilation and Infiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
- Chapter 6 Psychrometric Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Chapter 7 Residential Load Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 .1
Appendix Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al.I
AppendixA3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3.l
AppendixA4 A4.1
Appendix AS A5.l
AppendixA6 A6.l
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1.1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B2.l
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The development of this Load Calculation Manual is the result of many years of
effort, primarily by the members of TC 4.1 Load Calculations and Data Committee of
ASHRAE.
Jack Davis and Al Vener originated the idea for the Manual and their dedication
brought the Manual to publication.
The present and past TC 4.1 Committee Chairmen, Ben Liebtag and Bob Roberson,
guided the Manual project to completion.
The formal review by TC4.l was aided by Walt Bishop, Bill Holladay, Jim Grinnan,
John Lamb and Dean Finn Carlson, with additional help from Dick Firsching, Don
Gatley and Jim Carpenter.
Deeply appreciated are the understanding and encouragement of the Program
Managers, J. F. Cuba of ASHRAE and K. Craedle of HUD.
The efforts of Carl MacPhee and Steve Comstock of ASH RAE, who converted the
rough manuscript to printed form, are also appreciated.
Particular credit for completion of this Manual must go to the following Project
staff members:
Dr. B.I. Leidy, Associate Project Director
Dr. J.E. Peterson, Associate Project Director
Kim Romanko
Lee Wilson
Jim Gaynor
Gary Solomon
Annette Grechen
Lastly, so many others contributed helpful suggestions, comments and criticisms
that it is impossible to show a complete list. However, their assistance is acknowledged
and appreciated.
In spite of all our efforts, omissions and errors are certain to occur; these, of course,
are attributed to the authors alone. If a Manual user discovers an error or has a
suggestion, we ask that he bring it to the attention of TC 4.1 Load Calculations and
Data Committee of ASHRAE.
[Link]
Project Director
 LIST OF FIGURES
Reference 1. ASHRAE Handbook-1977 l!'undamentals
Reference 2. ASHRAE Handbook-1976 Systems
Reference 3. Generated by University of Pittsburgh Project Team

Fig. Page
No. No. Title Reference
·· - ·- -··· ·--
1.1 1.2 Schematic of Load Transfer Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Figure 1,
p. 25.2
1.2A 1.4 Load Profile Ref. 3
1.2B 1.4 Temperature Profile Ref. 3
3 .1 3.32 Indoor Shading Properties of Drapery Fabrics Ref. 1, Figure 17, p. 26.32
3.2 3.33 Classification of Drapery Fabrics Ref. 1, Figure 18, p. 26.33
3.3 3 .34 Terminology for Domed Skylights Ref. 1, Figure 21, p. 26.37
3.4 3.34 Estimated Atmospheric Clearness Numbers in the Ref. 1, Figure 3, p. 26.9
U.S. for Nonindustrial Localities
3 .5 3 .40 Exterior Shading Ref. 3.
4.1 4 .4 Heat Removal For Vented Light Fixtures Ref. 4.1.
5.1 5. 1 Pressure Difference Due to Stack Effect Ref. 3, Developed From Equation 2,
Ref. 1, p. 21.2
5.2 5.1 Velocity Head vs. Wind Velocity Ref. 3, Developed From Equation 1,
Ref. 1, p. 21.1
5.3 5 .2 Curtain Wall Infiltration for One Room or One Floor Ile£. 3, Adapted From References 2, 3, 4
in Chapter 5 of this manual
5 .4 5.2 Overall Leakage Rates for Seven Pressurized Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 3 in
Curtain Wall Buildings, etc. Chapter 5 of this manual
5.5 5 .4 Thermal Draft Factor vs. Thermal Draft Ref. 3.
Coefficient
5 .6 5.4 Infiltration Through Curtain Wall for Entire Ref. 3, Developed From Equation in
Building Due to Stack Effect and Zero Pressurization Ref. 3 in Chapter 5 of this manual
5.7 5.5 Infiltration Through Curtain Wall for Entire Ref. 3.
Building due to Stack Effect, Cd = 0.80 and a
Pressurization of 0.10 Inches of Water
5 .8 5.5 Infiltration Through Curtain Wall for Entire Ref. 3, Developed from Equation in
Building Due to Wind and Zero Pressurization Ref. 4 in Chapter 5 of this manual
5.9 5.6 Curtain Wall Infiltration Correction Factor due to Ref. 4 in Chapter 5 of this manual
Various Wind Directions
5 , 10 5.6 Graph for Obtaining Curtain Wall Infiltration for Ref. 4 in Chapter 5 of this manual
Entire Building due to Combined Wind and Stack
Effect with Zero Pressurization
5.11 5.7 Window and Residential Type Door Infiltration Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Table 2,
Characteristics p. 21.5 and Ref. 6 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
5 .12 5.7 Infiltration for Storm-Prime Combination Windows Ref. 3, Developed From Equation 7,
Ref. 1, p. 21.6
5. 13 5.8 Infiltration Through Closed Swinging Door Cracks Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1,
Figure 10, p. 21.9
5. 14 5 .8 Swinging Door Infiltration Characteristics with Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Figure 9,
Traffic p. 21.9 and Ref. 8 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
5.15 5.8 Traffic Rate Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Figure 9,
p. 21.9 and Ref. 8 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
5. 16 5.9 Infiltration Through Seals of Revolving Doors Which Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Figure 11,
are Not Revolving p. 21.10 and Ref. 9 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
5. 17 5 .9 Infiltration for Motor Operated Revolving Door Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Figure 11,
p. 21.10 and Ref. 9 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
5. 18 5.9 Infiltration for Manually Operated Revolving Door Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Figure 11,
p. 21.10 and Ref. 9 in Chapter 5 of this
manual
6 .1 6.3 Duct Heat Gain or Loss System Design Manual Part 1 1968
Carrier Corporation

V
 Fig. Page
No. No. Title Reference

7.1 7.2 Building Surfaces Next to Outside and to Uncondi- Ref. 3.

tioned Spaces
7.2 7.4 Lines of Constant Amplitude of the Ground Ref. 3, Adapted from Ret 1,
Temperature Figure 2, p. 24.5
7.3 7<'8 First Floor Plan for Residence of Example 7.4 Ref. 3.
7.4 7.8 Ground Floor Plan for Residence of Example 7.4 Ref. 3.
7.5 7.9 Elevation for Residence of Example 7.4 Ref. 3.
A3.1 A3.l Heat Transfer Through a Typical Roof Ref. 3.
A3.2 A3.2 Approximate Steady-State Temperature Distribution Ref. 3
and Thermal Circuit for Conduction Heat Flow
Through a Series of Flat Wall Layers, Each of Uni-
form Composition
A3.3 A3.3 Approximate Steady-State Temperature Distribution Ref. 3
and Thermal Circuit for Combined Convection and
Conduction Heat Flow Through a Series of Flat Wall
Layers, Each of Uniform Composition
A3.4 A3.3 Surface Conductance and Surface Resistance as Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Affected by Air Movement, Including Radiation Figure 1, p. 22.2
A3.5 A3.6 Series-Parallel Path Wall Construction and Thermal Ref. 3.
Circuit When Layer 4 is 2 in. X 4 in. Pine Studs on 16
in. Centers with Insulation Between Studs
A4.1 A4.1 The Effect of Thermal Storage on the Cooling Ref. 1, p. 25.25
Load Due to Lights
A5.1 A5.2 Winter Stack Effect Showing Theoretical Pressure Ref. 1, Figure 3, p. 21.3
Difference vs Height
A5.2 A5.2 Winter Stack Effect Showing Actual Pressure Dif- Ref. 1, Figure 3, p. 21.3
ference vs Height for a 12 Story Building
A5.3 A5.3 Diagram Showing Linear Distribution of !:J.p, and Ref. 3.
Non-Linear Distribution of Q for Winter Conditions
A5.4 A5.4 Wind Velocity Distribution for Building in Open Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 4 in Chapter
Areas 5 of this manual
A6.1 A6.1 Abridged ASHRAE N01mal Psychrometric Chart Ref. 1, Figure 1, p. 5.6
(29.921 in. Hg)
A6.2 A6.2 Schematic ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Figure 1, p. 5.6
A6.3 A6.3 Basic Air Conditioning Processes Ref. 3, Adapted from Environmental
Control Principles, An Educational Sup-
plement to ASHRAE Handbook of Fun-
damentals (1972), Figure II-2, p. II-2
A6.4 A6.5 Schematic Pure Sensible Heating Coil and Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Psychrometric Process Figures 2 and 3, p. 5.7
A6.5 A6.5 Schematic and Psychroml)tric Performance of a Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Figures 4; and 5, pp. 5.7, 5.8
A6.6 A6.6 Nomograph for Example A6.2 Ref. 3, Adapted from ASHRAE Psychro-
metric Chart No. 1, 32 to 120 F, 29.921
in. Hg
A6.7 A6.7 RSHR Line and Associated Heat Components Ref. 3, Adapted from Carrier System
Design Manual, Part I, Load Estimating,
Figure 34, p. I-117
A6.8 A6.7 Schematic Solution for Example A6.3 Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Figure 11, p. 5.10
A6.9 A6.8 Schematic of Adiabatic Mixing Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Figures 6 and 7, p. 5.8
A6.10 A6.10 Spray Processes Ref. 3.
A6.11 A6.10 Typical Spray Chamber Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1,
Figure 8, p. 5.8
A6.12 A6.10 Saturation Efficiency, 11,.t; Eq. (A6.22) Ref. 3.
A6.13 A6.10 Schematic Solution for Example A6.5 Ref. 3.
A6.14 A6.12 Schematic Solution for Example A6.6 Ref. 3.

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
Reference 1. ASHRAE Handbook-1977 Fundamentals
Reference 2. ASHRAE Handbook-1976 Systems
Reference 3. Generated by University of Pittsburgh Project Team

Table Page
No. No. Title Reference

1.1 1.3 Typical Diversity Factors for Large Buildings Ref. 3, Adapted from Carrier System
Design Manual, Part I, Load Estimating
1.2 1.6 Procedure for Calculating Space Design Cooling Ref. 3
Load - Summary of Load Sources and Equations
1.3 1.7 Summary of Loads, Equations and Reference for Ref. 3
Calculating Design Heating Loads
1.4 1.8 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Survey - Ref. 3
Check List
1. 9 Load Calculation Form (Blank) Ref. 3
1. 10, 1.11 Residential Loali Calculation Forms (Blank) Ref. 3
[Link] 2.3 Climatic Conditions for the United States Ref. 1, Table 1, pp. 23.3-23.15.
[Link] 2.16 Climatic Conditions for Canada Ref. 1, Table 2, pp. 23.16, 23.17.
[Link] 2.18 Climatic Conditions for Other Countries Ref. 1, Table 3, pp. 23.18-23.22.
2.2 2.23 Cooling Design Dry Bulb and Mean Coincident Ref. 3
Wet Bulb
2.3 2.23 Indoor Design Humidity Ratio (Lb/Lb) at Design Ref. 3
Dry Bulb of 78 deg F and Relative Humidity as
Listed
[Link] 3.4 Thermal Properties of Typical Building and In- Ref. 1, Table 3A, pp. 22.13-22.17
sulating Materials - (Design Values) "
[Link] 3.7 Thermal Conductivity (k) of Industrial Insulation Ref. 1, Table 3B, pp. 22.17-22.18
(Design Values) (For Mean Temperatures Indicated)
3.2A-K 3.8 Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 4,
of Roofs, Walls and Floors pp. 22.18-22.22
3.3 3.12 Surface Conductances and Resistances for Air Ref. 1, Table 1, p. 22.11
3.4 3.12 Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Spaces Ref. 1, Table 2, pp. 22.12, 22.13
3.5 3.14 Effective Resistance of Ventilated Attics - (Summer Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 6, p. 22.23
Conditions)
3.6 3.14 Coefficients of Transmission (U) for Slab Doors Ref, 1, Table 9, p. 22.25
3.7 3.18 Roof Construction Code Ref. 1, Table 4, p. 25.6
3.8 3.19 Cooling Load Temperature Differences for Cal- Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 5, p. 25.7
culating Cooling Load from Flat Roofs
3.9 3.20 Wall Construction Group Description Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 6, p. 25.8
3.10 3.21 Cooling Load Temperature Differences for Cal- Ref. 1, Table 7, p. 25.9
culating Cooling Load From Sunlit Walls
3.11 3.22 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 8, p. 25.10
Used in Calculations of Coefficients for Roof and Wall
3.12 3.23 CLTD Correction for Latitude and Month Applied Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, pp. 25.5, 25.6
to Walls and Roofs, North Latitudes
3.13 3.24 CLTD Corrections for Inside and Outside Design Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, pp. 25.5, 25.6
Conditions, deg F
3.14A 3.24 U-Values for Windows, Skylights Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 13, Parts
A and B, p. 26.10
3.14B 3.24 Adjustment Factors for Various Window and Ref. 1, Table 13, Part C, p. 26.10
Sliding Door Types
3.15 3.25 U-Factors for Summer Conditions Ref. 1, Table 14, p. 26.14
3.16 3.25 Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission for Trans- Ref. 1, Table 32, p. 26.29
parent Acrylic and Polycarbonate Sheeting of
Vertical Windows
3.17 3.25 Solar Optical Properties and Shading Coefficient of Ref. 1, Table 33, p. 26.30
Transparent Plastic Sheeting
3.18 3.31 Shading Coefficients for Glass Without or With Ref. 1, Adapted from Tables 28, 34 and
Interior Shading by Venetian Blinds or Roller Shades 35, pp. 26.27, 26.30, 25.31
3.19 3.31 Shading Coefficients for Double Glazing with Ref. 1, Table 36, p. 26.31
Between Glass Shading
3.20 3.32 Shading Coefficients for Single and Insulating Glass Ref. 1, Table 38, p. 26.32
with Draperies

vii
Table Page
No. No. Title Reference

3 .21 3.33 Shading Coefficients for Louvered Sun Screens Ref. 1, Adapted from Table 40, p. 26.36
3.22 3.34 Shading Coefficients for Domed Skylights Ref. 1, Table 41, p. 26.37
3.23 3.34 Cooling Load Temperature Difference for Conduction Ref. 1, Table 9, p. 25.11
Through Glass and Conduction Through Doors
3.24 3 .34 Solar Reflectances of Various Foreground Surfaces Ref. 1, Table 12, p. 26.9
3.25 3.35 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor, Btu/(hr • ft;), Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 10,
for Sunlit Glass, North Latitudes p. 25.12
3 .26 3 .37 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for Externally Ref. 3.
Shaded Glass, Btu (hr • ft;)
3 .27 3.38 Cooling Load Factors for Glas:,; Without Interior Ref. 3, Adapted (rom Ref. 1, Table 11,
Shading, North Latitudes p. 25.13
3 .28 3 .39 Cooling Load Factors for Glass with Interior Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 12,
Shading, North Latitudes p. 25.13
3 .29 3.41 Shadow Lengths and Shadow Widths for Building Ref. 3.
Exterior Projections
4 .1 4.1 Average Values of F, for Fluorescent Lights Ref. 3.
4. 2 4.1 "a" Classification for Lights Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, Table 13,
p. 25.15 and Ref. 1 in Chapter 4 of this
manual
4 .3 4.3 "b" Classification for Lights Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 14,
p. 25.15 and Ref. 1 in Chapter 4 of this
manual
4 .4 4.3 Cooling Load Factors When Lights Are On Ref. 1., Table 15, p. 25.16
4 .5 4.5 Rates of Heat Gain From Occupants of Conditioned Ref. 1, Table 16, p. 25.17
Spaces
4 .6 4 .6 Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors for People Ref. 1, Table 17, p. 25.17
4.7 4 .6 Coefficients for Appliances and Certain Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, p. 25.20
Laboratory Equipment
4 .8 4.7 Recommended Rate of Heat Gain from Commercial Ref. 1, Table 18, pp. 25.18, 25.19
Cooking Appliances Located in the Air Conditioned
Area
4 .9 4 .9 Rate of Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Equipment Ref. 1, Table 19, p. 25.19
4 .10 4.9 Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factor for Hooded Ref. 1, Table 20, p. 25.21
Appliances
4.11 4.9 Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factor for Unhooded Ref. 1, Table 21, p. 25.21
Appliances, Motors, etc.
4 . 12 4.10 Heat Gain From Typical Electric Motors Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, pp. 25.20,
25.21
4 .13 4.10 Typical Overload Limit, FL, for Electric Motors Ref. 1, Table 23, p. 25.21
5.1 5.11 Decrease From Peak Design Outdoor DB Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 3,
Temperature p. 25.4
5 .2 5.12 Maximum Allowable Contaminant Concentrations Ref. 1, Table 5, p. 21.13
for Ventilation Air
5 .3 5.12 Ventilation Requirements for Occupants Ref. 1, Table 6, pp. 21.14-21.17
5.4 5 . 16 Curtain Wall Classification Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 2, 3 and 4 in
Chapter 5 of this manual
5.5 5.16 Wind Pressure Coefficients for Curtain Wall Ref. 3, Adapted From Refs. 4 in
Buildings Chapter 5 of this manual
5 .6 5.16 Window Classification Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, p. 21.5 and
Ref. 6 in Chapter 5 of this manual
5.7 5.16 Residential Type Door Classification Ref. 3, Adapted From Ref. 1, p. 21.8 and
Ref. 6 in Chapter 5 of this manual
6.1 6.4 Air Temperature Rise Through Fans Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 2, Eqs. (l)
and (2), p. 3.5
6.2 6 .4 Water Temperature Increase Due to Pumping Ref. 3
7 .10, 7 .11 Residential Load Calculation Forms (Filled in) Ref. 3
7 .1 7 . 16 Average Winter Temperature and Yearly Degree Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 2, Table 1,
Days for Cities in the United States and Canada pp. 43.2-43.7
(Base 65 deg F)
7.2 7 . 19 Summary of Procedures for Residential Heating Ref. 3
and Cooling Load Calculations
7.3 7.20 Design Conditions Ref. 3
7 .4 7.20 Adjusted U-Values for Some Insulated Walls and Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Tables 3.A
Roofs with Wood Framing Members (Winter and 3.B, pp. 22.13-22.19
Conditions)

viii
 Table Page
No. No. Title Reference

7.5 7.21 Approximate Thickness of Insulation for Thermal Ref. 3

Resistances, inches
7.6 7.21 Design Cooling Load Factors Through Glass Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 36,
p. 25.40
7.7 7.21 Shade Line Factors Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 37,
p. 25.41
7.8 7.22 Design Equivalent Temperature Differences Ref. 1, Table 35, p. 25.40
7.9A 7.22 Heat Loss of Concrete Floors at or Near Grade Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 3,
Level per Foot of Exposed Edge (Less than 3 ft p. 24.5
below grade)
7.9B 7.22 Floor Heat Loss to be Used When Warm Air Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 4,
Perimeter Heating Ducts are Embedded in Slabs p. 24.5
7.10A 7.22 Heat Loss for Below-Grade Walls with Insulation on Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 1, p. 24.4
Inside Smface (for walls extending more than 3 ft
below grade)
[Link] 7.22 Heat Loss Through Basement Floors (for floors Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 2,
more than 3 ft below grade) p. 24.4
7.11A 7.23 Classification of Building Construction Based on Ref. 3, Adapted from Refs. 7.1-7.9,
Workmanship Chapter 7
7.11B 7.23 Design Infiltration Rate, Winter (Heating) Ref. 3
7. llC 7.23 Design Infiltration Rate, Summer (Cooling) Ref. 3
7.12 7.23 Infiltration per Square Foot of Floor area Ref. 3
7.13 7.23 Duct Heat Gain and Loss Allowance Ref. 3
Al.2 Load Calculation Form (Filled in) Ref. 3 · I.

Al.I Al.8 Cooling Load Check Figures Ref. 3, Adapted from "The abc's of Air I

Conditioning," pp. 18, 19, Carrier I

Corporation 1966, 1972.
Al.2 Al.9 Glass and the Cooling Load Ref. 3, Adapted from "The abc's of Air
Conditioning," pp. 20, 21; Carrier
Corporation 1966, 1972.
A3.l A3.4 Determination of U-Values, Resulting From Ad- Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 5A,
dition of Thermal Insulation to Any Given Building p. 22.23
Section
A3.2 A3.4 Conversion Table for Wall U-Values for Various Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 10,
Wind Speeds p. 22.25
A3.3 A3.5 Emittances for a Few Surfaces Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 3,
p. 2.9
A3.4 A3.7 Indoor Radiation and Convection Coefficient, and Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 15,
Resistance for Various Glass Surface Emittances p. 25.14
A3.5 A3.7 Absorptance of Materials to Solar Radiation Ref. 3, Adapted from Ref. 1, Table 3,
p. 2.9 and Thermal Radiation Properties
Survey, Honeywell Research Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1966, pp. 245-248

ix
 DEFINITIONS
absorptance: the capacity of a material to absorb radiant energy. conduction, thermal: the process of heat transfer through a material
Absorptance is the ratio of the radiant flux absorbed by a body to that medium in which kinetic energy is transmitted by particles of the
incident to it. material from particle to particle without gross displacement of the
air, dry: air without contained water vapor; air only. particles.
air, outside: external air; atmosphere exterior to conditioned space; conductivity, thermal: the time rate of heat flow through unit area and
ambient (surrounding) air. unit thickness of a homogeneous material under steady conditions when
air, recirculated: return air passed through the conditioner before a unit temperature gradient is maintained in the direction perpendicular
being again supplied to the conditioned space. to area. Materials are considered homogeneous when the value of the
thermal conductivity is not affected by variation in thickness or in size of
air, reheating of: in an air-conditioning system the final step in sample within the range normally used in construction.
treatment, in the event the temperature is too low.
conservation of energy: the principle which assumes that energy can
air, return: air returned from conditioned space. be neither created nor destroyed.
air, saturated: moist air in which the partial pressure of the water
vapor is equal to the vapor pressure of water at the existing temperature. convection: transfer of heat by movement of fluid.
This occurs when dry air and saturated water vapor coexist at the same convection, forced: convection resulting from forced circulation of a
dry-bulb temperature. fluid, as by a fan, jet or pump.
air, standard: air with a specific volume of 13.33 ft3 / lb. convection, natural: circulation of gas or liquid (usually air or water)
air changes: a method of expressing the amount of air leakage into or due to differences in density resulting from temperature changes.
out of a building or room in terms of the number of building volumes or cooling, direct method of: a system in which the evaporator is in direct
room volumes exchanged. contact with the material or space refrigerated or is located in air
air circulation: natural or imparted motion of air circulating passages communicating with such spaces.
air conditioning: the process of treating air so as to control cooling, evaporative: involves the adiabatic exchange of heat between
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution air and a water spray or wetted surface. The water assumes the wet-bulb
to meet the requirements of the conditioned space. temperature of the air, which remains constant during its traverse of the
exchanger.
barometer: instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
cooling, indirect method of: a system in which a liquid, such as brine
blower: a fan used to force air under pressure. or water, cooled by the refrigerant, is circulated to the material or space
boiler: a closed vessel in which a liquid is heated or vaporized. refrigerated or is used to cool air so circulated.
boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid cooling, surface: a method of cooling air or other gas by passing over
equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid-vapor interface. cold surfaces.
British thermal unit (Btu): the Btu is defined as 778.177 foot-pounds if cooling coil: an arrangement of pipe or tubing which transfers heat
it is related to the IT calorie in such a way that I IT calorie per (kg) (C from air to a refrigerant or brine.
deg)= I Btu per (lb) (F deg), with I lb= 453.5924 g. Approximately, it is cooling effect, sensible, air cooler: the difference between the total
the heat required to raise the temperature of a pound of water from 59 F effect and the dehumidifying effect.
to 60 F.
cooling effect, total: the difference between total enthalpy of the dry
bypass: a pipe or duct, usually controlled by valve or damper, for air and water vapor mixture entering a unit per hr and the total en-
conveying a fluid around an element of a system. thalpy of the dry air and water vapor (and water) mixture leaving the
bypass factor (BF): the fraction of air moving through a conditioning unit per hr, expressed in Btu per hr.
apparatus which is considered to pass through completely unaltered. ( I - cooling element: heat transfer surface containing refrigerating fluid in
BF) is frequently called the contact factor and is considered to be that location where refrigerating effect is desired.
portion of the air leaving the apparatus at the apparatus dewpoint.
cooling load: the rate at which heat must be extracted from a space to
capacity, air-conditioner, useful latent (dehumidifying): the available maintain a desired room condition.
refrigerating capacity of an air conditioner for removing latent heat
from the space to be conditioned. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD): an equivalent
temperature difference used for calculating the instantaneous external
capacity, air-conditioner, useful sensible: the available refrigerating cooling loads across a wall or roof (CLTD = q/ UA). When used for
capacity of an air conditioner for removing sensible heat from the space glass, the CLTD calculates only the conduction cooling load; that is q =
to be conditioned. ·
rather than q,01al•
ql"l~ltl11r1i11n
capacity, air-conditioner, useful total: the available refrigerating
capacity ~fan air conditioner for removing sensible and latent heat from cooling medium: any substance whose temperature is such that it is
the space to be conditioned. used, with or without a change of state, to lower the temperature of other
bodies or substances.
change of state: change from one phase, such as solid, liquid, or gas to
another. cooling range: in a water cooling device, the difference between the
average temperature of the water entering the device and the average
chilling (cooling): the lowering of the temperature of a substance by
the removal of heat in the te~perature range above freezing. temperature of the water leaving it.
cooling water: water used for condensation of refrigerant· condenser
coil: a cooling or heating element made of pipe or tubing. water.
c·o_ndensate: the liquid formed ·by condensation of a vapor. In steam· cooling of air: reduction in air temperature due to the abstraction of
heating, water condensed from steam; in air conditioning, water heat as a result of contact with a medium held at a temperature lower
extracted from air, as by condensation on the cooling coil of a than that of the air. Cooling may be accompanied by moisture addition
refrigeration machine. (evaporation), by moisture extraction (dehumidification), or by no
cond_ensation: the process of changing a vapor into liquid by the change whatever of moisture content.
extract10n of heat. Condensation of steam or water vapor is effected in curtain wall: exterior wall construction of a building which does not
either steam condensers or dehumidifying coils and the resulting water is contribute to the structural support.
called condensate. cycle: a complete course of operation of working fluid back to a
conductance, thermal: the time rate of heat flow through a body starting point, measured in thermodynamic terms (functions). Also used
(frequently per unit area) from one of its bounding surfaces to the other in general for any repeated process on any system.
for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady damper: a device used to vary the volume of air passing through an air
oo~ti=. . outlet, inlet, or duct.
 declination of sun: the angle above or below the equatorial plane. It is (vibration energy) and that part of the latent heat that is represented by
plus if north of the plane, and minus if below. Celestial objects are the increase in energy d1;1ring evapora~o.n.
located by declination. enthalpy: thermodynamic property of a substance defined as the sum
degree day: a unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used of its internal energy plus the quantity Pv/ J, where P = pressure of the
in estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating load ofa substance, v = its volume, and J = the mechanical equivalent of heat.
building in winter. For any one day, when the mean temperature is less Formerly called total heat and heat content.
than 65 F, there exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit enthalpy, specific: enthalpy per unit mass of a substance.
degrees difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the
day and 65 F. enthalpy deviation: difference between the enthalpy of an air-water
mixture and the enthalpy of an air-water mixture at saturation, at the
dehumidification: the condensation of water vapor from air by same wet bulb temperature - measured in Btu per pound of dry air.
cooling below the dewpoint or removal of water vapor from air by
chemical or physical methods. entropy: the ratio of the heat added to a substance to the absolute
temperature at which it is added.
dehumidifier: (I) an air cooler or washer used for lowering the
moisture content of the air passing through it; (2) an absorption or entropy, specific: entropy per unit mass of a substance.
adsorption device for removing moisture from air. evaporation: change of state from liquid to vapor.
dehumidifier, surface: an air-conditioning unit, designed primarily evapo-rative equilibrium (of a wet-bulb instrument): the condition
for cooling and dehumidifying air through the action of passing the air attained when the wetted wick has reached a stable and constant
over wet cooling coils. temperature (when the instrument is exposed to air at velocities over 900
dehumidifying effect: the heat removed in reducing the moisture fpm, this temperature may be considered to approach the true wet-bulb
content of air, passing through a dehumidifier, from its entering to its temperature.)
leaving condition. exfiltration: air flow outward through a wall, leak, membrane, etc.
dehumidifying effect, air cooler: the product of the weight of moisture Fahrenheit: a thermometric scale in which 32 deg denotes freezing and
condensed in the cooler by the constant I 060. 212 deg the boiling point of water under normal pressure at sea level
density: the ratio of the mass of a specimen of a substance to the (14.696 psi).
volume of the specimen. The mass of a unit volume of a substance. When fan: an air-moving device comprising a wheel or blade, and housing or
weight can be used without confusion, as synonymous with mass, orifice plate.
density is the weight per unit volume. fan, attic: an exhaust fan to discharge air near the top of a building
[Link] day: day for which load calculations are made. while cooler air is forced (drawn) in at a lower level.
dewpoint, apparatus: that temperature which would result if the film coefficient: the time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady
psychometric process occurring in a dehumidifier, humidifier or conditions between a surface and a fluid for unit temperature difference
surface-cooler were carried to the saturation condition of the leaving air between the surface and the fluid.
while maintaining the same ratio of sensible to total heat load in the filter: a device to remove solid material from a fluid.
process.
floor area, gross: the sum of the areas of the several floors of the
dewpoint rise: increase in moisture content (specific humidity) of air building including basements, mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers
expressed in terms of rise in dewpoint temperature. and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the exterior faces of
dewpoint, room: the temperature at which condensation of water exterior walls as from the centerline of walls separating buildings.
vapor in the room (space) begins for a given state of humidity and • Covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar
pressure as the vapor temperature is reduced; the temperature spaces shall be excluded.
corresponding to saturation (I 00% relative humidity) for a given • The gross floor area does not include such features as pipe trenches,
absolute humidity at constant pressure. exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, etc.
dimensions, overall: the projected dimensions of a device, usually on fluid: gas, vapor, or liquid.
horizontal and vertical planes, that can be used to determine whether the
device will fit in an assigned space or can be moved through a designated fluid, heat transfer: any gas, vapor, or liquid used to absorb heat from
passageway. a source at a high temperature and reject it to a lower temperature
substance.
draft: a current of air, when referring to the pressure difference which
causes a current of air or gases to flow through a flue, chimney, heater, fog: suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from the
or space; or to a localized effect caused by one or more factors of high air gaseous to the liquid state, or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed
velocity, low ambient temperature, or direction of air flow, whereby state, such as by splashing, foaming, and atomizing.
more heat is withdrawn from a person's skin than is normally forced circulation ·air cooler: a cooler which includes a fan or a blower
dissipated. · for positive air circulation.
duct: a passageway made of sheet metal or other suitable material, not free area: the total minimum area of the openings in an air inlet or
necessarily leaktight, used for conveying air or other gas at low outlet through which air can pass.
pressures. freezing point: temperature at which a given liquid substance will
duct air leakage: air which leaks out of supply air ducts. solidify or freeze upon removal of heat. Freezing point for water is 32 F.
duct heat gain or loss: heat transfer from or to the air flowing inside furnace: that part of a boiler or warm air heating plant in which
supply or return ducts. combustion takes place. Also a complete heating unit for transferring
duct system: a series of ducts, elbows and connectors to convey air heat from fuel being burned to the air supplied to a heating system.
from one location to another. heat: the form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature
duct, warm air: in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning: pipes or difference.
ducts for conveying warm air into or out of a space or room. heat gain: rate at which heat is added to or generated within a space.
effective area: the net area of an outlet or inlet device through which heat, latent: change of enthalpy during a change of state, usually
air can pass; it is equal to the free area of the device times the coefficient expressed in Btu per lb. With pure substances, latent heat is absorbed or
of discharge. rejected at constant pressure.
effective surface temperature (te, ): the assumed uniform surface heat, sensible: heat which is associated with a change in temperature;
temperature which would produce the same leaving air conditions as the specific heat exchange of temperature; in contrast to a heat interchange
non-uniform surface temperature that actually occurs on an air in which a change of state (latent heat) occurs.
conditioning apparatus in operation. (See apparatus dewpoint). heat, specific: the ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the
emittance: the capacity of a material to emit radiant energy. temperature of a given mass of any substance one deg to the quantity
Emittance is the ratio of the total radiant flux emitted by a body to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a standard
emitted by an ideal black body at the same temperature. substance (usually water at 59 F) one deg.
energy: the capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms, which heat capacity: the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature
may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), of a given mass one degree. Numerically, the mass multiplied by the
mechanical (work), electrical and chemical; in customary units, specific heat.
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu). heat conductor: a material capable of readily conducting heat. The
energy, internal: the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies opposite of an insulator or insulation.
contained in a substance due to the states of motion and separation of its heat exchanger:a device specifically designed to transfer heat between
several molecules, atoms and electrons. It includes sensible heat two physically separated fluids.
 heat transfer, transient: the rate of heat flow in a system varies with overall coefficient of heat transfer: see transmittance, thermal.
time i.e., the temperature at any point changes.
heat transmission: any time-rate of heat flow; usually refers to plenum chamber: an air compartment connected to one or more
conduction, convection and radiation combined. distributing ducts.
pounds of dry-air: the basis for all psychrometric calculations;
heat transmission, steady-state: the rate of heat flow in a system is remains constant during most psychrometric processes. The amount of
constant i.e., the temperature at any point does not change.
water vapor associated with each pound of dry air is variable for general
heat transmission coefficient: any one of a number of coefficients used processes.
in the calculation of heat transmission by conduction, convection, and
radiation, through various materials and structures. (See thermal con- preheating: in air conditioning, to heat the air in advance of other
ductance, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal resistivity, processes.
thermal transmiltance, etc.) pressure: the normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or gas,
humidifier: a device to add moisture to air. per unit of area, on the wall of its container.
humidify: to add water vapor to the atmosphere; to add water vapor pressure; atmospheric: the pressure due to the weight of the
or moisture to any material. atmosphere. It is the pressure indicated by a barometer. Standard
humidifying effect: the latent heat of vaporization of water at the Atmospheric Pressure or Standard Atmosphere is the pressure of76 cm
average evaporating temperature times the number of pounds of water of mercury having a density of 13.5951 grams per cu cm, under standard
evaporated per hour, in Btu per hr. gravity of 980.665 cm per (sec) (sec). It is equivalent to 14.696 psi or
29.921 in. of mercury at 32 F.
humidity: water vapor within a given space.
pressure, gage: pressure above atmospheric.
humidity, absolute: the weight of water vapor per unit volume.
pressure, saturation: the saturation pressure for a pure substance for
humidity, percentage: the ratio of the specific humidity of humid air any given temperature is that pressure at which vapor and liquid. or
to that of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure, usually vapor and solid, can coexist in stable equilibrium.
expressed as a percentage (degree of saturation; saturation ratio).
pressure, static: (I) the pressure with respect to a stationary surface
humidity ratio: see humidity, specific. · tangent to the mass flow velocity vector; (2) the pressure with respect to a
humidity, relative: the ratio of the mo! fraction of water vapor present surface at rest in relation to the surrounding fluid.
in the air, to the mol fraction of water vapor present in saturated air at pressure, total: in the theory of the flow of fluids, the sum oft he static
the same temperature, and barometric pressure; approximately. it pressure and the velocity pressure at the point of measurement. Also
equals the ratio of the partial pressure or density of the water vapor in called dynamic pressure.
the air, to the saturation pressure or density, respectively, of water vapor
at the same temperature. pressure, vapor: the pressure exerted by a vapor. If a vapor is kept in
confinement over its liquid so that the vapor can accumulate above the
humidity, specific: the ratio of the mass of the water vapor to the mass liquid, the temperature being held constant, the vapor pressure ap-
of dry air contained in the sample. proaches a fixed limit called the maximum, or saturated. vapor pressure.
HV AC: heating, ventilating and air conditioning. dependent only on the temperature and the liquid. The term l'OfJOr
ice point; temperature at which water freezes under norma I pressure is sometimes used as synonymous with saturated l'af)or
atmospheric pressure (14.696 psig), 32 F; 0 C. pressure.
inch of water: a unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a pressure, velocity: in moving fluid, the pressure capable of causing an
column of liquid water I in. high at a temperature of 4 C or 39.2 F. equivalent velocity, ifapplied to move the same fluid through an orifice
infiltration: air flowing inward as through a wall. crack. etc. such that all pressure energy expended is converted into kinetic energy.
insulation, fill: granulated, shredded, or powdered material. prepared pressure drop: static pressure loss in fluid pressure. as from one end of
from vegetable, animal, or mineral origin. It can come in bulk or batt duct to the other, due to friction, etc.
form. properties, thermodynamic: basic qualities used in defining the
insulation (thermal): a material having a relatively high resistance to condition of a substance, such as temperature. pressure. volume.
heat flow, and used principally to retard the flow of heat. enthalpy. entropy.
internal load: any load due to sources contained in the space such as psychrometer: an instrument for ascertaining the humidity or
machinery waste heat, lighting, or people. hygrometric state of the atmosphere.
irradiation: quantity of radiant energy incident on a surface per unit psychrometric chart: a graphical representation of the thermo-
time and unit area. dynamic properties of moist air.
isobaric: an adjective used to indicate a change taking place at psychometry: the branch of physics relating to the measurement or
constant pressure. determination of atmospheric conditions. particularly regarding the
isothermal: an adjective used to indicate a change taking place at moisture mixed with the air.
constant temperature. radiation, thermal: the transmission of heat through space by wave
load: the amount of heat per unit time imposed on a system. or the motion; the passage of heat from one object to another without warming
required rate of heat removal. the space between.
load, external source: any load due to sources external to the space range (cooling range): in a water cooling device. the difference
such as conduction through walls or radiation through glass. between the average temperature of the water entering the device. and
load factor: ratio of actual mean load to a maximum load or the average temperature of the water leaving it.
maximum production capacity in a given period. reflectance: the ratio _of the light reflected by a surface to the light
louver: an assembly of sloping vanes intended to permit air to pass falling upon it.
through and to inhibit transfer of water droplets. refrigernnt: the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system.
manometer: an instrument for measuring pressures: essentially a U- which absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure of the fluid
tube partially filled with a liquid. usually water. mercury. or a light oil. and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure of the
so constructed that the amount of displacement of the liquid indicates fluip. usually involving changes of phase of the fluid.
the pressure being exerted on the instrument. resistance, thermal: the reciprocal of thermal conductance.
melting point: for a given pressure. the temperature at which the solid resistivity, thermal: the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium.
return air: air returned from conditioned space.
millimetre of mercury: a unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted
by a column of mercury 1 mm high at a temperature of O C.
saturation: the condition for coexistence in stable equilibrium of a
vapor and liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the same substance.
on-center (o.c.): average distance between the centers of two adjacent Example: Steam over the water from which it is being generated.
members in any type of repetitive network such as the distance between
the centers of two studs in the internal framework of a wall or roof.
saturation efficiency: a measure of the effectiveness of a spray
chamber - sometimes called contact or performance factor. (Not to be
outlet, ceiling: a round, square, rectangular, or linear air diffuser confused with degree of saturation.) It can be considered to represent
located in the ceiling, which provides a horizontal distribution pattern of that portion of the air passing through the spray chamber which
primary and secondary air over the occupied zone and induces low contacts the spray water surface; that is, a complement of a bypass
velocity secondary air motion through the occupied zone. factor. This "contacted" air is considered to leave the spray chamber at
outside air opening: any opening used as an entry for air from the effective temperature of the spray water; that is. the temperature at
outdoors. complete saturation of the air.
 saturation temperature: for a fluid, the boiling point corresponding to a wet-bulb psychrometer constructed and used according to specifica-
a given pressure; evaporation temperature; condensation temperature. tions.
sensible heat ratio: the ratio of sensible cooling effect to total cooling temperature difference, mean: mean of differences between tempera-
effect of an air cooler. tures of a fluid receiving and a fluid yielding heat.
shading coefficient (SC): is the ratio of the solar heat gain through a thermometer: an instrument for measuring temperature.
glazing system under a specific set of conditions to the solar heat gain ton of refrigeration: a useful refrigerating effect equal to 12,000 Btu
through a single light of double strength sheet glass under the same set of per hr; 200 Btu per min.
conditions. tower, water-cooling: an enclosed device for evaporatively cooling
solar constant: the solar radiation intensity incident on a surface water by contact with air.
normal to the sun's rays outside the earth's atmosphere at a distance transmission: in thermodynamics, a general term for heat travel;
from the sun equal to the mean distance between the earth and the sun. properly, heat transferred per unit of time.
Its value is 428.8 Btuh/ft 2 (1353 W · m- 2). transmittance: the capacity of a material to transmit radiant energy.
spray,type air-cooler: a forced circulation air cooler wherein the coil Transmittance is the ratio of the radia'.lt flux transmitted through a body
surface capacity is augmented by a liquid spray during period of to that incident to it.
operation. transmittance, thermal ( U factor): the time rate of heat flow per unit
stack effect: the tendency of air or gas in a duct or other vertical area under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side ofa barrier
passage to rise when heated due to its lower density compared with that to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the
of the surrounding air or gas. In buildings, the tendency toward two fluids.
displacement (caused by the difference in temperature) of internal vapor: a gas, particularly one near to equilibrium with the liquid
heated air by unheated outside air due to the difference in density of phase of the substance and which does not follow the gas laws. Usually
outside and inside air. used instead of gas for a refrigerant, and in general, for any gas below the
stack height: the height of a gravity convector between the bottom of critical temperature.
the heating unit and top of the outlet opening. vapor, saturated: vapor in equilibrium with its liquid; that is, when the
sun effect: solar energy transmitted into space through windows and numbers, per unit time, of molecules passing in two directions through
building materials. the surface dividing the two phases are equal.
surface, heating: the exterior surface of a heating unit. Extended vapor, superheated: vapor at a temperature which is higher than the
heating swface (or extended surface): Heating surface consisting of fins. saturation temperature (i.e. boiling point) at the existing pressure.
pins. or ribs which receive heat by conduction from the prime surface. vapor, water: used commonly in air conditioning parlance to refer to
Prime surface: Heating surface having the heating medium on one side steam in the atmosphere.
and air (or extended surface) on the other. vapor barrier: a moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces
system: a heating or refrigerating scheme or machine. usually enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where it
confined to those parts in contact with heating or refrigerating medium. may condense due to lower temperature.
system, year-round air-conditioning: one which ventilates. heats and velocity: a vector quantity which denotes at once the time rate and the
humidifies in winter and cools and dehumidifies in summer the spaces direction of a linear motion.
under consideration, and provides the desired degree of air motion and velocity, outlet: the average discharge velocity of primary air being
clean! iness. discharged from the outlet, normally measured in the plane of the
system efficiency, overall: the ratio of the useful energy (at the point of opening. '
use) to the thermal energy input for a designated time period, expressed velocity, room: the average sustained residual air velocity level in the
in percent. occupied zone of the conditioned space, e.g., 65, 50, 35 fpm.
temperature, dewpoint: The temperature at which the condensation ventilation: the process of supplying or removing air, by natural or
of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of humidity and mechanical means, to or from any space. Such air may or may not have
pressure as the temperature of the vapor is reduced. The temperature been conditioned. Often refers to outside air supplied to space.
corresponding to saturation (I 00 percent relative humidity) for a given volume, specific: the volume of a substance per unit mass; the
absolute humidity at a constant pressure. reciprocal of density.
temperature, dry-bulb: the temperature of a gas or mixture of gases wall area, gross: the vertical projection of the exterior wall area
indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction for radiation. bounding interior space which is conditioned by an energy-using system;
temperature, room: temperature of any room, as for example (I) a includes opaque wall, window and door areas.
room in which a refrigerator is being operated or tested; (2) a room being zone. comfort: (average): the range of effective temperatures over
conditioned for the comfort of occupants. Used colloquially to mean which the majority (50 percent or more) of adults feel comfortable;
ordinary temperature one is accustomed to find in dwellings. (extreme): the range of effective temperatures over which one or more
temperature, wet-bulb: thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is the adults feel comfortable.
temperature at which liquid or solid water, by evaporating into air, can zone: a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and or
bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. Wet- cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can
bulb temperature (without qualification) is the temperature indicated by be maintained throughout by a single controlling device.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

This Manual is for the use of both the experienced pi;acticing Any suggestions or corrections in the Manual text should be
engineer and the person new to the field of the calculation of brought to the attention of ASHRAE TC 4.1 - Load
heating and cooling loads. Calculations and Data.
The primary objective is to provide a convenient, consistent,
and accurate method of calculating these loads and to enable the 1.1 PURPOSE OF LOAD CALCULATIONS
designer to select systems that meet the requirements for effi-
cient energy utili,.ation and are also responsive to environ- Load calculations can be used to accomplish one or more of
mental needs. Wherever possible, the references and recom- the following objectives:
mendations of ASHRAE Standard 90 and HUD Minimum • Provide information for_ equipment selection and HY AC
Property Standards have been included in the Manual. system design
Although ASH RAE continually has improved the accuracy • Provide data for evaluation of the optimum possibilities for
of the load calculations procedure, many engineers and load reduction
designers have found a need for a more detailed explanation of • Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system
the procedure to go along with that increased technical design. operation and control
accuracy. The procedure as described in the 1977 edition of the
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals shows a substantive These objectives can be obtained not only by making accurate
change from that in the 1972 edition; therefore, this Manual is to load calculations but also by understanding the basis for the
supplement. but not replace, the ASHRAE Handbook, other loads. Therefore. a brief description of cooling and heating
handbooks. and other ASHRAE publications. loads is included.
The cooling load obtained by the procedure described herein
will generally agree within 5 percent of the results of the Transfer 1.2 PRINCIPLES OF COOLING LOADS
Function Method outlined in the 1977 ASHRAE Handbook of (REFER TO FIG. 1.1)
Fundamentals.
One note of caution: the ability to estimate loads more In air conditioning design there are three distinct but related
heat fiow rates. each of which varies with time:
accurately due to changes in the calculation procedure provides
a lessened margin of error. Therefore, it becomes increasingly I. Heat Gain or Loss
important to survey and check more carefully the load sources. 2. Cooling Load or Heating Load
each item in the load. and the effects of system type on the load. 3. Heat Extraction or Heat Addition Rate
This tightening up on the hidden safety factors occurs for a
number of reasons. There is greater emphasis, by standards and Heat Gain. or perhaps more correctly, instantaneous rate of
codes. on sizing equipment closer to the expected loads. as heat gain, is the rate at which heat enters or is generated within a
determined by outside design weather conditions at the 2½% space at a given instant of time. There are two ways that heat
summer value and the 97½% winter value. Also, the suggested gain is classified. They are the manner in which heat enters the
indoor design temperatures are now usually 78 F for cooling space and the type of heat gain.
and 72 F for heating. Installed lighting levels are being reduced The manner in which a load source enters a space is indicated
and the calculations are using lighting loads closer to the actual as follows:
loads. All of these factors require that the designer introduce any
I. Solar radiation through transparent surfaces such as
margin of safet) hJ a positive action, rather than rely on an
assumed hidden margin.
windows
2. Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs
The first part of the Manual contains the bulk of technical
3. Heat conduction through interior partitions, ceilings and
data. tables and graphs required for making calculations. It
fioors
contains relatively little descriptive material.
4. Heat generated within the space by occupants, lights,
The Appendix provides more detailed information. as well as
appliances. equipment and processes
supplementary technical data. In particular the titles of Chap-
5. Loads as a result of ventilation and infiltration of outdoor
ters 3 through 6 are repeated in the Appendix. Appearing only in
air
the first part are Chapters 2 and 7 and any other material which
6. Other miscellaneous heat gains
needs no further elaboration. Examples of the use of the
material in the first part arc inserted as closely as possible to the The types of heat gain are sensible and latent. Proper selection
appropriate table or graph. The examples are numbered of cooling and humidifying equipment is made by determining
sequentially within each chapter. For instance, Example 4.3 is whether the heat gain is sensible or latent. Sensible heat gain is
the third problem in Chapter 4. These examples illustrate the the direct addition of heat to an enclosure, apart from any
typical uses of the tables. including any variations in the use of change in the moisture content. by any or all of the mechanisms
the tables for corrections or adjustments. of conduction. convection and radiation. When moisture is

1.1
1.2 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
CLTD and CLF Method
.
l;TDMe~~1

..... Instantaneous
Heat
Gain
--
Convection Component

'~
Instantaneous
Cooling
Load t
Heat
• ~ Extraction·
by
Heat
eq,;pmeot "'Aejected
'
Radiation Component
Convection.
(With Time Delay)

l
Furnishings,
- Structure,
Variable
.....,_
Heat Storage
± Swing of
i Space Temperature :
':\111111111111111111111111111111 ◄1111111111111111111111111

Fig. I.I Schematic of Load Transfer

added to the space, for example, by vapor emitted by the on the instantaneous heat gain, the rest of the system may be
occupants. there is an energy quantity associated with that oversized as well.
moisture which must be accounted for. Heat extraction rate is the rate at which heat is removed from
If a constant humidity ratio is to be maintained in the .en- the conditioned space. Normal control systems operating in
closure, then water vapor must be condensed out in the cooling conjunction with the intermittent operation of the cooling
apparatus at a rate equal to its rate of addition in the space. The equipment will cause a "swing" in room temperature. Therefore,
amount of energy required to do this is essentially equal to the the room air temperature is constant only at those rare times
product of the rate of condensation per hour and the latent heat when the heat extraction rate equals the cooling load.
of condensation. This product is called the latent heat gain. Consequently, the computation of the heat extraction rate gives
As a further example, the infiltration of outdoor air with a a more realistic value of energy removal at the cooling
high dry-bulb temperature and a high humidity ratio, and the equipment than does just the instantaneous value of the cooling
corresponding escape of room air at a lower dry-bulb load provided the control system is simulated properly. The
temperature and a lower humidity ratio, would increase both the determination of the heat extraction rate must include the
sensible heat gain and the latent heat gain of the space. characteristics of the cooling equipment and the operating
The proper design of an air conditioning system requires the schedule of the equipment, in addition to the various sources of
determination of the sensible heat gain in the space, the latent cooling load.
heat gain in the space, and a value for the total load, sensible plus If the equipment is operated somewhat longer before and
latent, of the outdoor air used for ventilation. after the peak load periods, and/ or the temperature in the space
The sensible cooling load is defined as the rate at which heat is allowed to rise a few degrees at the peak periods during the
must be removed from the space to maintain the room air cooling operation (floating temperature), a reduction in the
temperature at a constant value. The summation of all design equipment capacity may be made. A smaller system,
instantaneous sensible _heat gains at a specific time does not operating for longer periods at times of peak loads will produce
necessarily equal the sensible cooling load for the space at that a lower first cost to the customer with commensurate lower
time. The latent load., however, is essentially an instantaneous demand charges and lower operating costs. Generally, equip-
cooling load. That part of the sensible, heat gain which occurs by ment sized to more nearly meet the cooling requirements results
radiation is partially absorbed by the surfaces and contents of in a more efficient, better operating system particularly when it
the space and is not felt by tht, room air until some time later. is at a partially loaded condition.
The radiant energy must first be absorbed by the surfaces that
enclose the space, such as walls and floor, and by furniture and Usually a fraction of the sensible heat gain does not appear as
other objects. As soon as these surfaces and objects become a cooling load, but instead is shifted to the surroundings. This
warmer than the air, some heat will be transferred to the air in fraction, F,, depends upon the thermal conductance between the
the room by convection. The heat storage capacity of the room air and the surroundings. It may also be considered as an
building components and items,· such as walls, floors and adjustment factor which results when the load components are
furniture, governs the rate at which their surface temperatures superimposed.
increase for a given radiant input. Thus, the interior heat storage The adjustment factor, F,, is calculated by the following
capacity governs the relationship between the radiant portion of equation:
the sensible heat gain and how it contributes to the cooling load. F, = I - 0.02 Kr
The thermal storage effect can be important in determining the
cooling equipment capacity. where Ki, the unit length conductance between the room air and
The actual total cooling load is, generally, less than the peak surroundings in Btu/(hr · ft 2 • F), is given by:
total instantaneous heat gain, thus requiring smaller equipment
than would be indicated by the heat gain. lfthe design is based Ki= L(U"A" + UmAow + U,A,)
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1.3

where is rarely equal to the sum of the peak loads of each zon_e.
L,= length of the exterior walls of the room, ft. Therefore, if the system selection allows the air flow to each zone
U = U-value of the room enclosure element (subscript w to vary, then the total volume of air necessary for the system will
for window, ow for outside wall, and c for corridor), only be that amount necessary to handle the maximum
Btu/ (hr· ft 2 • F). coincident lo_ad on the system. This may require additional load
A = area of the specific element, ft2. calculations to determine the maximum coincident load. The
If the cooling load component has already been obtained by total load on the unit is that imposed by the maximum
the technique used in this Manual, multiply that result by the coincident load plus ventilation, mixing losses, and perhaps
calculated F,. factor. reheat. Tfiese additional loads will need to be calculated
separately.

Diversity of Cooling Loads Peak Load - Time of Day and Month of Year
Diversity of cooling load results from not using part of the The first approximation to be made, after dividing the
load on a design day. Therefore, diversity factors are factors of conditioned areas into zones, is to estimate the time of the peak
usage and are applied to the refrigeration capacity of large air load for each zone and for the entire conditioned area for each
conditioning systems. These factors vary with location, type, zone. Most residential single family and multifamily
and size of application, and are based entirely on the judgment applications and similar low internal load applications are more
and experience of the engineer. sensitive to the loads on the building envelope. Therefore, they
Generally, diversity factors can be applied to loads from generally will peak when the solar effect through the glass and
people and lights; there is neither 100% occupancy nor total the load through the roof are at their highest, usually in the late
lighting at the time of such other peak loads as peak solar and afternoon. For other types of applications where lights, people
transmission loads. The reductions in cooling loads from and other internal loads are more dominant, the hour of the
nonuse are real and should be accounted for. peak load generally will depend on the relative magnitude and
Table 1.1 lists some typical diversity factors for large peak hours of the following loads.
buildings. In addition to the factors for people and lights, a
factor should also be applied to the machinery load in industrial
buildings. For instance, electric motors may operate at a
REFERENCE
continuous overload, or may operate continuously at less than LOAD FOR PEAK TIME
the rated capacity, or may operate intermittently. It is advisable
to measure the power input whenever possible; this will provide I. Solar load through glass. I. Check Table 3.25 for the
peak hour for the orientation
a diversity factor. It is also possible to determine a diversity of the major glass area.
factor for a large existing building by reviewing the maximum
2. Lighting load. 2. Check Table 4.4 for appro-
electrical demand and monthly energy consumption obtained
priate lighting schedule and
from the utility bills. profile
3. Ventilation load, if imposed 3. Peaks at 1500 hr (3:00 PM)
on this system. solar time. (Assuming a con-
stant ventilation rate).
Table 1.1 Typical Diversity Factors
For Large Buildings 4. Roof load, if present. 4. Check Table 3.8 for appro-
(Apply to Refrigeration Capacity) priate type of roof and peak
time.
Type of Diversity Factor
Application People Lights
Office 0.75 to 0.90 0.70 to 0.85
Apartment, Hotel 0.40 to 0.60 0.30 to 0.50 Most conditioned areas with more than one glass exposure
Department Store 0.80 to 0.90 0.90 to 1.0 and with normal daytime occupancies will peak between 1300
Industrial* 0.85 to 0.95 0.80 to 0.90 and 1800 hours solar time. Exceptions generally are due to glass
exposures on the northeast to southeast orientations or due to
occupancy schedules such as those for restaurants or theaters.
Equation: The load calculation forms are designed to permit calculations
Cooling Load (for people and lights), Btu/hr to be made conveniently for three different times. This should be
= (Heat Gain, Btu/hr) sufficient to bracket the peak load.
X (Cooling Load Factor) X (Diversity Factor, above table) The month in which the peak load occurs will depend upon
*A diversity factor should also be applied to the machinery load. the changes in solar loads each month and the changes in design
weather conditions. Possible seasonal variation of internal
loads, such as people, are also important.
The solar load, indicated in Table 3.25, is lowest in the
Supply Air Calculatiom, summer months for the southeast through southwest exposures
Calculations for the design supply air quantities, the design and greatest in the summer months for the west through north to
refrigeration load and the reheat capacity, if any, are dependent east exposures.
upon the type of system used. In common use are variable air The design outside dry bulb temperature, as shown in Table
volume systems, induction systems, double duct systems or fan 2.2, drops off from the summer months. If the combination of
coil systems. However, some generalizations can be made that solar load on the southern quadrant orientations and a seasonal
may assist in the use of the cooling load calculations for increase in internal loads is greater than the effects of lower
equipment design and selection. The design supply air quantities design outdoor conditions, then the peak load may occur in
required are based on the 'peak load requirements for each space. September, October or even during the Christmas season in
The peak load on an air conditioning unit serving several zones December. For example, for Birmingham, Alabama, a
1.4 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

comparison between July and October shows the solar load on

the south glass is three times greater in October. The east and
west glass solar loads remain almost constant. The solar load on B Constant Temp.
the north glass is cut in half, but it is small in magnitude. The
outside design dry bulb temperature drops from 94 to 84 F. A Limited Capacity
Consequently, it is easy to visualize a building with its largest
glass area facing south having its maximum cooling load
occurring in October for example.
Fig. 1.2 shows the profile of a cooling load for an office with a
west exposure. The solid curve, Fig. 1.2A, is the cooling load
with a constant space temperature maintained over a 24-hour
operation. If the maximum cooling capacity available is
· represented by A, and if the capacity is controlled to maintain a
constant temperature at partial loads below capacity, "A", when 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
the actual cooling load exceeds the available cooling capacity, Tlme(Hrs.)
the temperature will swing as shown in the dashed curve. The
Fig. I .2A Load Profile
cooling load with temperature swing is shown by the dashed
curve (Fig. 1.2A). If no temperature swing can be allowed, then
the air conditioning equipment must have the greater capacity
indicated by point "B" on Fig. 1.2A. The additional energy
required for that one condition can be approximated by the area
Temperature Swing •••i
Max. Capacity ••••• "-:.,.
between the two curves of Fig. 1.2A.
When a system is designed to allow a temperature swing, the !! .,__________..._• -!ti'·__. .,. ._. __. . ..____--t ~

~ Setpoint
maximum swing occurs only at the peak on design days. Under
E
normal operating conditions, the temperature remains constant {!
or close to constant. Engineers are not unanimous on the
maximum acceptable temperature swing, but 3 deg Fis viewed
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
as a practical value for most comfort applications. Tlme(Hrs.)

Obtaining Cooling Load Components From Fig. 1.28 Temperature Profile

Load Sources
The sensible cooling load component resulting from a specific
Occupied Periods
sensible load source is calculated for a given time by use of a
conversion factor from tables of "Cooling Load Temperature Since the load due to ventilation with outside air may be
Differences" (CL TD) or "Cooling Load Factors" (CLF). The significant and the normally higher inside design temperature
cooling loads for external roofs, external walls, and conduction may occur at the same time as the winter design conditions, the
through external glass (fenestration) are calculated in a one step heating load is calculated with the ventilation load included for
process using CL TD factors. This one step process replaces the occupied periods. An indication of the load during occupied
former Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETO) periods is the estimate oft he internal heat gain available to offset
Method of calculating the heat gain and then converting it to a the heating load. The approximate balance point for an entire
cooling load. The cooling load from any other sensible heat building, when the internal gains offset a portion of the heat
source, such as the glass solar load or lights, for example, is losses, can be calculated by the following equation:
calculated by multiplying the instantaneous heat gain by a CLF
factor. Thus, both the CL TD and CLF procedures include the t = t; - (Heat Gains, Btu/ hr) divided by
effect of the time lag between the sensible heat gain and the ((UXA)+ 1.08 X SCFM of OA)
cooling load due to temporary storage of the radiation
component in interior furnishings and structure. (Fig. 1.1, where·
CL TD and CLF Method.) t= outside db temperature at balance point
/; = inside db temperature
SCFM = standard CFM of outside air (OA)

1.3 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES If the balance point of the space is desired, then only the load
due to infiltration air is used when the ventilation air is
FOR CALCULATING HEATING LOAD conditioned by the H VAC system before it enters the space.
The peak heating requirements may occur either at night The effect of solar heat gains may be added to the internal heat
during unoccupied hours or in the morning pickup period gains to evaluate operation on a cold but sunny day.
following a shutdown. Therefore, a number of calculations are
helpful in making a proper equipment selection and system 1.4 TYPES OF CALCULATIONS
design.
Separate heating and cooling load calculations are normally
required since each system is designed and operated under
Unoccupied Period
different parameters. Besides classifying the loads by function,
The most common heating load calculation is made for they are classified by type, sensible or latent. This is necessary
steady-state conditions at night or on the weekend with the for the proper selection of equipment.
building unoccupied and using the design winter temperatures. Calculations for partial and peak loads may be necessary for
No credit is normally taken for internal gains or for solar heat each conditioned room or area, as well as each group of areas
gains. The design heat loss calculation is therefore the sum of all (zones), and possibly for each group of zones. The number and
transmission losses plus the additional load due to infiltration. type of calculations are determined by the type of HY AC system
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1.5

installed and the manner in which cooling and heating capacity other heat sources occurring within the conditioned
is shifted from area to area. More complete information is space but not included in any category above.
available in the latest edition of the Systems Volume of the
ASH RAE Handbook. Infiltration and Ventilation Loads - Cooling
While accurate results are the ultimate objective, it is often
necessary and desirable to estimate loads using incomplete or Outside air in the form of infiltration and ventilation provides
preliminary data. A simplified form of the calculations proce- a special type of load which is imposed on the conditioned space
dure, using conservative load values, is useful. Check figures, or the system. Ventilation is supplied to meet air purity and odor
such as square feet of floor area per ton of air conditioning, can standards, while infiltration arises from controlled or uncon-
be helpful in some cases. Reference tables of check figures are trolled leakage around doors and windows or through walls.
listed in Tables A 1.1 and A 1.2. They should be used with
discretion since they were developed some years ago and need
updating. However, in lieu of other data, they do provide some
guidelines until a set of local check figures can be developed
based on the reader's experience. Heating Load
The design heating load calculation is usually based on a
1.5 INFORMATION DESIRED (OUTPUT)
constant winter design temperature. These design temperatures
The result of the calculations is the total cooling or heating normally occur at night, and no credit to the heating load is
load for a space, a zone, or a group of zones. This load must be generally made for the heat given off by internal sources such as
sufficiently accurate to allow for confidence in the selection of people, lights, and appliances. The heating ioad estimate must
heating or cooling equipment and supply air. Table 1.2 and the take into account heat loss through the building structure and
Load Calculation Form show the individual outputs needed to heat required to offset the cold outdoor air which may infiltrate
determine the total cooling load output. These subloads are and/ or may be introduced for ventilation. Solar heat gain
categorized as: during the day is not usually credited to a reduction in heat load
because the heating equipment must have adequate capacity to
I. External Loads (due to external factors)
meet the most adverse conditions normally expected, which
2. Internal loads
generally occur at night.
3. Infiltration and Ventilation Loads
The storage of heat is a useful consideration in the selection of
capacity for cooling equipment. Credit for storage in reducing
External Loads - Cooling the heating load for the purpose of equipment selection must be
The sensible heat loads from the outdoors are: used with care. Such credit for storage will allow reduction in
heating capacity requirements when a temperature swing is
I. The combined effect of the outdoor air temperature and permitted for continuous operation only. Temperature swing
the incident solar radiation that causes heat flow through allows the space temperature to drop a few degrees during
the roof and external walls. periods of design load.
2. The temperature of adjoining spaces that causes heat The practice of "turning down the heat" and allowing large
conduction into or out of the conditioned space through drops in space temperature when a building is not occupied does
interior partitions, ceilings, floors, and windows. not allow a reduction in heating capacity because of its non-
3. Solar heat gain by direct or indirect solar radiation continuous nature. Although this practice may lead to energy
through windows or other fenestration materials. savings based on total average heat requirements, it leads to an
increase in heating equipment capacity to provide the pickup
Internal Loads - Cooling needed when heating operation is resumed. It may be desirable
The internal loads developed within the conditioned space to provide additional capacity when intermittent operation is
usually include some or all of the following sources: planned, because of the additional load that pickup imposes.
Table 1.3 and the Load Calculation Form show the individual
I. Lights -- The electricity which is supplied produces heat outputs needed to determine the total heating load output.
along with the generation of light. Some energy is
convected to the air in the conditioned space and some is
radiated to surrounding surfaces to be convected to the
space air at a later time. All of this load is sensible heat. 1.6 INFORMATION REQUIRED (INPUT)
2. People -- The human body generates heat through the Before a cooling or heating load can be properly estimated, a
process of metabolism and releases it by radiation from the complete survey must be made of the physical data. The more
skin or clothing and by convection and evaporation from exact the information that can be obtained about space
the skin, clothing and the breathing process. That portion characteristics, heat load sources, location of equipment and
of the load due to evaporation of moisture is latent and the services, weather data, etc., the more accurate will be the load
rest is sensible. estimate. Table 1.4 gives a survey check list.
3. Internal Equipment:
a) Electrical, gas, or steam appliances for such things as
cooking, drying or humidifying release heat into the
space. This could result in both a latent and sensible Hequired Input - External Loads - Cooling
load. For calculation of the outdoor loads, the input information
b) Electrical machines, such as calculators, typewriters,
should include:
duplicators, and electric motors, may represent a
significant part of the internal loads in commercial I. Orientation and dimensions of building components.
applications. All of these loads generate sensible heat. 2. Construction materials for roof, walls, ceiling, interior
c) Miscellaneous sources of sensible heat and moisture partitions, floors and fenestration.
gain directly within the space are, for example, 3. Size and use of space to be conditioned.
escaping steam, air circulation fans, ductwork, and 4. Surrounding conditions outdoors and in adjoining spaces.
1.6 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 1.2 Procedure for Calculating Space Design Cooling Load-Summary of Load Sources and Equations
Load Source Equation Reference, Table, Description
External -- - -
Design Heat 'I_r~n_srn_ission Coefficients-Tables 3. l-3.5, A3. land A3.2
Areas calculated from Architectural Plans
- Cooling Load Temperature Difference Base Conditions for Roofs-Table 3. 8
and Notes
Roof q=ux1xcbD Note 2-Correction for Color of Exterior Surface
Note 2-Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily Range- Table 3.13
Note 2-Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature-Table 3. 13
Note 2-Application for Latitude and Month-Table 3.12
Design Heat Transmission Coeff,dents-=Tables 3.1-3.4, A3:t and A3.2
- Area Calculated from Architectural Plans
Wall Construction Group Description-Table 3:9
- Cooling Load Temperature Difference at Base Conditions for Wall Group-
Table 3.10 and Notes
Note 2-Correction for Color of Exterior Surface
Walls q = ux Ax clTD Note 2-Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily Range- Table 3.13
Note 2-Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature-Table 3, 13
Note 2-Application for Latitude and Month-Table 3. 12
Glass - Type of Glass and Interior Shading. if Used-Tables 3.14-3. 16 and A3.4
Area-Glass Area Calculated from Plans
- Cooling Load Temperature Difference for Conduction Load Through Glass-

Conduction q = ux Jx c&TD
Table 3.23
Correction for Outside Dry Bulb Temperature and Daily Range-Table 3. 13
Correction for Inside Dry Bulb Temperature-Table 3.13
-- Area-Net Glass Area Calculated from Plans
Shading Coefficients for Combination of Type of Glass and Type of Shading-
Tables 3.17-3.22
- Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for Specific Orientation of Surface,
Latitude and Month-Table 3.25 for no external shading
Externally shaded
Location less than 24 deg N Lat.-Table 3.26
Location at or more than 24 deg N Lat.-Table 3.25, N orientation

Solar q =AX SC X SI-lc:iF X dF

- Cooling Load Factor with No Interior Shading-Table 3.27
Cooitng Load Factor if Interior Shading is Used-Table 3.28
For glass areas shaded externally-use north orientation with either
Table 3.27 or 3.28
Partitions, Design Heat Transmission Coefficients-Tables 3.1-3.5 and A3. I
Ceilings, Area Calculated from Architectural Plans
Floors q = bx i x TD! Design Temperature Difference
Internal Input Rating from Electrical Plans or Lighting Fixture Data-Chapter 4 and Table 4.1
Lights Coefficients "a" and classification "b" for Type of Fixture, Installation, Air Sup-
q = INJUT X--9£ ply and Return and Room Furnishings and Construction-Tables 4.2 and 4.3
Cooling Load Factor Based on Total Hours of Operation and Time-Table 4.4
Note I Correction for Schedule of Operation of Lights and Cooling System, CLF = 1.0
when cooling system is operated only when lights are on, or when lights are on 24
hr/day. --

People Number of People in Space-From survey or Table 5.3

Sensible qs = l X Sens. l.G. X Cl.F

Sensible Heat Gain from Occupants-Table 4.5
Cooling Load Factor (or People-Based on Duration of Occupancy and Time
from Entry-Table 4.6
NoteT -Correction for Space Temperature and/ or Density of Occupants, CLF = 1.0 if
there is variable space temperature and/ or high people density.
Latent q,
J_
= No X [at. Fi.G.j -- Latent Heat Gain from Occupants-Table 4.5
Appliances
I -- Recommended Rate of Heat Gain-Sensible Heat-Tables 4.8 and 4.9
For Use with Hood-Table 4.10
Sensible qs = [Link] uAIN X ctF For Use without Hood-Table 4.11

Latent q, = HEAT UAIN

- Recommended Rate of Heat Gain-Latent Heat (Without Hood)-Tables 4.8 and 4.9
Set Equal to Zero When Hood is Used Over Appliances
Power
q = HEAi uAIN X CLF
-- Manufacturer's Data or Tables 4.12 and 4.13
Table 4.11 or CLF = 1.0 if cooling system is not op~rated c_o_ntinuousl_y
Ventilation &
Infiltration
- Ventilation and Infiltration Air, Standard CFM-Chapter 5
Inside-Outside Air Temperature Difference, deg F-Table 2.1
Air
Sensible qs = 1.10 X Ci M X 6.1
1
Latent
Total
q,
q
= 4840 X CFM X 6. W
= 4.5 X CFM X 6.h
-- Inside-Outside Air Humidity Ratio Difference, lb H,O/ lb Dry Air- Tables 2.1 and 2.3
Inside-Outside Air Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lb of Dry Air-Psychrometric Chart
Adiustment
Factor
! - Fraction of Input Energy Lost to the Surroundings; Applied to all External and
Internal Loads Except Ventilation and Infiltration Air.
F. = (-0.02 /,;I - A· 1 = sum of UXA for all exterior wall surfaces and fenestration and then
divided by length of exterior wall
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1.7

Table 1.3 Summary of Loads, Equations and Reference for Calculating Design Heating Loads
-- - -·-- ···-

Heating Load Equation Reference, Table, Description

Roofs. - Tables 3.1-3.5 and A3.l

Walls. Glass
l
q=UXAXI.p
.l - Areas calculated from plans or obtained by
survey
- Temperature Difference between inside design
db and design outside db. Table 2.1
---• ----
Floors over
"'Xterior space lf =UXA X TD Same as above.
-· · · · - · - -
Floors on or
below grade
q =UXA X TD
and/or
- Temperature difference between inside design
db and ground temperature. Table 7.1 and Fig. 7.2

q = FX P
.l - Perimeter
Table 7.9 Perimeter heat loas factor
of slab measured in feet
.. •-•---

Walls below grade - Table 7.4

q=
.l
ux4-x TD --Table 7.1 and Fig. 7.2
Area calculated from plans or survey
-----
Infiltration -- Sensible heating load. Btu/ hr
Sensible
1l -1,
q= 1.08 X SCFM X T D -
--
Btu/ hr per standard cfm per degree F
Standard cfm of infiltration air Chapter 5
Design temperature difference between inside
.l .l and outside db Table 2.1
Latent q = 4840 X SCFM X 6 W - - Design humidity ratio difference
-·----
Ventilation - Sensible heating load, Btu/ hr. This load is imposed
where the ventilation air is conditioned. It docs
not necessarily become part of the space load.
- Btu/ hr per standard cfm per degree F
1..L
q= 1.08 X SCFM X T D - -
Ventilation air, standard cfm Chapter 5
Temperature difference between inside and
outside air db temperature Table 2.1
·•-----
Balance Point
I
-- Approximate balance point temperature. outside
Temperature I
t = t, - Heat Gain
Heat Loss
- Sum of heat gains
Design inside db temperature

Internal Heat Gains or Internal Gains plus

~
Solar Heat Gain calculated according to
procedure of cooling load
- Heat Loss Factor =
Unoccupied Design Heat Load divided by
Design Temperature Difference
-------~

R~quired Input - Internal Loads - Cooling I. Cfm per person and/ or per sq ft, minimums required by
codes or to the level these are increased by building owner.
For calculation of the internal loads, the input information 2. Exhaust fans - type, size, speed, cfm delivery.
should include: 3. Doors and windows - location, type, size, frequency of
I. Lighting - connected wattage, incandescent or fluores- opening.
cent, schedule of use, recessed or exposed, vented fixture
air flow or water flow. Additional Input - Needed for All Types of
2. People - number, activity, length of occupancy, occupan- Cooling Load Components
cy schedule. General information:
3. Internal Equipment - nameplate data, location, schedule
of use, fuel or power consumption, hooded or unhooded, 1. Thermal storage characteristics - system operating sche-
air quantity exhausted or required. When possible, use the dule in hours per day during peak outdoor conditions,
information from metered data such as KWH from utility permissible temperature swing in space during a design
bills. day, construction of walls enclosing the space and
construction of floors, and the storage capabilities of
furniture and equipment.
2. Continuous or intermittent operation - that is, whether the
Required Input - Infiltration conditioning system operates every business day for the
same fixed number of hours during the cooling season, or
and Ventilation - Cooling only on occasions, such as for churches. If intermittent
For calculation of infiltration and ventilation loads, the input operation, determine the duration of time available for
information should include: · precooling or pulldown.
1.8 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 1.4 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Survey - Check List

Data Required for Information Needed Data Required for Information Needed
Calculations to Obtain Data Calculations to Obtain Data
l.a1i1ude What is the location of this site to Door areas. type and Are doors weatherstripped?
the nearest one degree of latitude. construction on each
north or south of the equator'? orientation
Elevalion Elevation may be used to adjust weather data.
Net wall area for each
CoolinR Is cooling required? What is the orientation~and con-
Oulside db Temp. estimated peak month? struction
Daily Range Location of building or space?
Partition areas and Is sufficient information available to
wbTemp. Is this at a localion with weather
constructions next to eslimate the temperature of the un-
Healing dala published in ASHRAE Handbook?
unconditioned spaces ' conditioned spaces? Are there any
Outside db Temp. If not. obtain data from the weather
"heat sources located there?
Wind speed stalion closest to location. Are
there sufficient differences in the Floor areas. type and
local weather to warrant checking construction. and 1ype
with a local meteorologist? of space below floor
How crilical is the application? ls
Thermal Conductance. U- Are complete details available for
the 2-1 r; wealher dala applicable
' alues. for each surface: each type of construction?
as in most general comfort applica-
tions? Roof What information is available regard-
Skylight ing interior shading devices such
Phvsical Data Wall as drapes or blinds for windows?
Roof area for each Are drawings available? Window Will supply air be introduced in such
type of roof con- Can a complete on-site survey be made? Door a manner as to affect the U-factor
struction Partition of windows by the velocity on the
Skylight areas and Are construclion details available from Floor inside surface?
construction drawings or specifications
Internal Loads and What number of people are in the space
Ceiling construction Whal lype of construction is used? Schedule of Use · and during what periods of the day?
Suspended ceiling? Plenum above How active are the people? Is
ceiling? Is plenum used for return People smoking permitted?
air? Is return air or supply air Lights What types of lights are used? Fluores-
ducted through space? What type of Equipmenl cent. incandescent, recessed, vented?
construction is used above suspended Computers How much electric power is used and how
ceiling? Is space enclosed at all Miscellaneous are the lights scheduled? Can you
sides and how? Insulation? Pholocopy equipment obtain copies of the utility bills?
Use compass to determine orientation Kitchen equipmenl What type of equipment is operated and on
Gross wall areas for
what schedule? Is information
each orientation and
available on the heat released from
space
the equipment during normal opera-
Glass areas for each Is a window schedule available with tion? Is any of the equipment hooded?
type of glass. shading unit size. sash opening and visible
Are motors or other equipment operated
and orientation glass opening? Are manufacturer's
at full load, overload, light load?
data available? Are windows tight in
Are there metered data or other in-
sash and well caulked?
formation available on the average
Are data available regarding shading
load?
by overhangs. side fins. reveals.
balconies or other externa I con- Exhaust Makeup Air Are exhaust air systems used? Contin-
struction? uous or intermittent operation?
Location and size of What quantity of air is exhausted?
elevator shafts. How is makeup air supplied -
venting. separately or by ventilation air?

Required Input - Heating Load • Inside design db

The input for calculation of heating load is essentially the • Design differences - db and humidity ratio
same as that for the cooling load. However, it may not be • Design day outside temperatures at each hour
necessary to calculate the internal sources and solar heat gain. • Design cooling conditions for months other than summer
• Corrections to CL TD tables for outside temperature and
for latitude and month
• Maximum solar heat gain factors
1.7 SUGGESTIONS FOR USER MODIFICATION
OF THIS MANUAL A sample format is included with Example I.I for Bir-
mingham, Ala.
Any general purpose manual must be rather all-inclusive. If Another possible time saver for those working with the same
the majority of your work is in one location with one set of
design parameters may be to incorporate all of the corrections
conditions, it may be desirable to collect that data only once and
into the CL TD tables for roofs and walls. Generate, for your
prepare forms which include the repetitive data on them. Some
own use, a new set of tables specifically adjusted for your
suggestions are listed below: location.
It is not possible to include in the Manual each and every type
• Latitude, elevation of wall and roof construction. Therefore, it would be helpful for
• Outside design conditions for summer and winter db, wb, you to add these data to the Manual as your work requires
daily range, wind speed calculation of unique wall or roof U-factors, weights, etc.
 COOLING •HEATING_
,._r.,,,.,_
u.. "'" u CLTD A%URST COLOR A~d'il'T CLTD. CORRECTED a-SENSIBLE, BTU/HR u UxA
Q-SENSIB"[[
:s: ITEM '(~I BTU AREA u XA TABLE VALUES LATIT CORR. INSIDE
BTU/
(HR-FT'-F) BTU/(HR F)
(a
aOT
BTU/HR

I cc:
W~ >--+--+--+---H ROOF ><
oia (H~~ FT2 BTU/(HR-F) HR HA HA MO~TH K O¥~~1~Ef-_-.,,H-:::R--r-_---,H"'R:-T-_-.,.H:::R:-I
HA - HR HR ~ =-- ><"'"
~~
-

a: Cl
WR~O~O~F==j!><~i~~=====i=====i=======i=====t====j=====+=====~====~====+====~=====+====~
rWALL -
~
<:S:m
< I
>--+--+--+---+--+<
z
i,f-.!W~A~Ltl==i====i=====i=====i=======i=====t====j=====+====~~====~====+====j=====+====~
WALL
"°w~A~L=!L'-----+---1------l---+------+---l---t---+----,-+---+---+---+---+---,

~ :S: Q 1--'G"'LA~SS~+---+----+----+-----+---+--+--+---l-----+--+---t-----t---,
o ..__+--+--+--+-! en t, G,,LA,,,,,s,,s'---1._--t---+---+----+---+-----'-----'--------'----'-----'-----'--------'--~
a: ~ ~ 5 JTEM U AREA UxA x ilT

~ 6 m 9 6 "C"'E°'l"'Ll'--'N-"G---+---+----+-----+----+
~P"'A~Ri-'cT,-'IT,ilO,c,N.:.....__-+----l---/----+----l
~
:::;, :S:
6en
o : :; m
a: t---1-----+--+--H ~
~
6(.) w ~ Cl+~,-+--,.---+- ~
::::i
(5
o
(!:I (.)
eFc'L, ,O:,cO:.cR,____-+----+---+----+-----,
f-'F-"L;: ;O,:O;.:R___-+--::-c=-+---l'-----+-----1
SUM.
o'" TOTAL MAX
I I I II I I i
<( ~~"" SHADE X SHG HA HA HR
Cl w ·Z .,... IBTU/ .I
Z::::, Q w a: a: ITEM 0<' AREA COEFF (HA-FT'I x AREA x CLF AREA x. CLF AREA x CLF
£2 t: ~ Q Ii: ~ GLASS r=-UN~S'cHc=A-c-D=ED=-+---+a=--=+-----+----+---+----J---+----+---+---
ffl !;,: ::::, ~ ~ X >----+-S,c,H_;A;;D:,:E_;D=i-----J.-=:~::::..[Link],'4-_ _---J_ _ _J-_ _--J._ _+_---J._-+-----J.-- INFILT/VENT AIR
Cl J o - o w
:5a: GLASS f-u,,,N_,,S;;;H=,A::cD,cED"+---+-=--=+---+--+---+----t---+----+---+---
SHADED ~ I CFM I
g GLASS f,~c'~":!'=~[Link]~c'E""D+----+-===---=*---+---+---t---+---+--t----+--
1
GLASS UNSHADED
~ SHADED --,,.._,..- TOTAL§
SAFETY FACTOR_ _ %
Q ~
> Cf) TYPE
TOTAL
HOURS START.
WATTS
TO
I
x
BALLAST
AND x TOTAL
1 CLF
·1.._________ __,
1TAL PICK-UP FACTOR

e ~ ~ ON TIME BTU/HR USE FACTOR WATTAGE HR HA HR

GRANO T O T A L ~
§: O 12 3<1 I I
<C -1 ...J 3.41 I
~ w HAS. IN TIME NO. OF Os ~0. x Q5 x CLF
:J ~ SPACE ENTER PEOPLE BTU/HR-P
0 @ - -
0 a. ---=-=- I
Os
zO ()
;;;,, i-,.:
~
HRS ON
. START
TIME
HOODED
YES/NO
CLF

~ z a ~ ~
IJ:
O
• •

.;~-§>-ffiw
(I) n
C)

ca CD I- U
--=--==
LL §j ~ a ] t-~-.......,i"--+---------------------...L____L_--,------'---_J
Cl)
Z 11------+-------
() I INFILT. AIR ,. ._. . ., x.-'-----'-
H
SCFM x 1.10 I _ ___L__ __ j
BLE INTERNAL LOADS
0
- F- FACTOR= 1 - .02 x (SUM OF U x A OF EXT. WALL AND GLASS)/EXT PERIMETER= - 'OR
SUBTOTAL
t- --- SUPPLYDUCT_%LEI iAIN

j ~ HEAT TO RETURN AIA1" 1 ] 3.41 BTU/HR PEA WATTx WATTS x FRACTION TO RETURN AJA [
ITAL
:QOM
e------+------t----7
:::>
(.)
r=cc=---==-:-:-c=-,---~"'"'"°,----,--,,,,-
VENTILATION AIR I SCFM x 1.10 1 x---~--~--~ OT BLE
AIR RATIO OF
INTERNAL TO
..J GRAND TOTAL
c( NUMBER OF
ITEM QL/ITEM EACH ITEM a-LATENT, BTU/HR
0 ' >. ~ Q HR HR I HR
C I I m w < PEOPLE I I
- I ]l !;;: g EQUIPMENT I
HUMIDIFICATION
........ [ ..J EQUIPMENT I ,
@aw~
0
..J
.$!
~
~
()
E
8 INFILT. AIR
FACTORx

4840
SCFM 1
I
:i.w
CFM BTU/HR l
[Link] SUBTOTAL
COOLING LOAD SUMMARY
_ _% DUCT LEAKAGE

~II,:I~I ~I
a-SENSIBLE a-LATENT ROOM Q-LATENT
VENTILATION LOAD
ROOM SUBTOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE + ROOM LAT.
ADD HEAT TO RETURN AJA 1" 1
RETURN DUCT GAIN __ %
COOLING !::QUI PM ENT LOAD
SAFETY FACTOR %
TOTAL: OS
r---,--1
I ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO

SUPPLY AIR CFM BASED ON

A SUPPLY TEMP. OF F
IS: (ROOM O-SENSIBLE)
1.10 X (TRoo~-Tsu~PLr)
GRAND TOTAL c:: as + QL

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.

RESIDENTIAL COOLING & HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Exterior Shading Calculation
Prepared For _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Job No, _ _ _ _ Oate _ _ _ _ _ __ Window Schedule Type
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Prepared by _____________
Description Orientation
Location ____________________ Type
of Window of Shades & Shading Shade Line Factor
Latitude ____________________
Design Conditions A Overhang, ft

Summer Wintt!r B Shade Length, ft

Summary of Load Calculations for Entire House
Outside Temp. Distance to Top of Window
db, F C ft
Cooling Heating
Inside Temp. D Shaded ht. of Window, ft
db,F
Btu/hr Sensible Btu/hr Difference Width of Window, ft

Btu/hr Total Btu/hr -F Daily Range, Deg. F _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Shaded Area, ft 2

Tons ft 2 /ton Btu/hr -ft' Unshaded Area, ft 2

Temperature Swing _ _ _ _ _ _ Deg. F.

UA Load
Work Sheet Calculations Factors
Living
Room
Dining
Room Kitchen ~edroom
o. 1
Bedroom
No. 2
Bedroom
No. 3
Bath
No. 1
Entire
House U-Value UxA tl:itt"g I Cooling

Type _ _ Facing_, ft'

~

• ft2
:;:
0 • ft 2
0
z ,ft2
~
,ft'

• ft'

a: • ft'
0
0 • ft'
0
• ft'
Subtotal Area, ft'
Exposed, Runriing ft.

Gross Area, ft2 '

Above grade ft'
_J
_J
<( ,ft'
:;:
, ft 2

Below Grade ,ft 2

, ft2
Subtotals
><
Uo-Value Sum of LJxA
of
" >< ><
Roof/Ceiling . ft'
, ft 2
Floor ,ft 2

,ft'

Totals
><
Overall U =
Sum of UxA
Ref. Are•
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
>< '><
 RESIDENTIAL HEATING AND COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

., .,::, Entire House Living Room Dining Room -Kitchen

Bedroom Bedro_om Bedroom Bath
_c,ad No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 1
Description/ 0. .;
Orientation ' >
I- > i=actor
::::> Quant. Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Puant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr Quant Btu/hr

CJ)
:;:
0
0
z
~

CJ)
a:
0
0
0

CJ)
...I -
...I
<(
:;:
u.
0
0
a:
a:
§
u. -
People >< 225
Lights & Appliances >< >< 1200 1200
lnfilt./Ventil. ><
Subtotal >< >< >< I>< >< >< >< >< >< >< >< >< ><
Duct Heat Gain@_% >< >< >< I--><.. >< >< >< >< >< >< >< >< ><
Room Sensible c;ooling Load >< >< >< I>< >< >< >< >< >< I>< I>< I>< I><
HEATING LOAD CALCULATION
:;:
0
0
z
~
DOOR
...I
...I
<(
:;:
u.
0
0
a:
a:
0
0
...I
u.
lnfilt./Ventil. ><
Subtotal >< >< >< I>< >< >< >< >< >< >< >< >C ><
Duct (Piping) Heat Loss@ % >< >< >< >< >< >< >< >< I>< >< I>< >< ><
Room Sensible Heat Loss I>< >< I'>< I'>< >< >< >< ><. >< >< >< •>< ><
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS. INC.
I

i
 CHAPTER 2

WEATHER DATA AND DESIGN CONDITIONS

INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS their corresponding coincident wet-bulb temperatures. The

The indoor conditions to be maintained within a building are dry-bulb temperatures presented represent values which have
the dry-bulb temperature' and relative humidity of the air at the equalled or exceeded by I, 2.5 and 5% of the total hours during
breathing line, 3 to 5 ft above the floor in an area that would the summer months of June through September (a total of2928
indicate average conditions at that level and which would not be hr) in the northern hemisphere and the months of December,
affected by abnormal or unusual heat gains or losses from the January, February and March in the southern hemisphere with
interior or exterior. The design indoor air temperature will vary a total hour count of 2904 hr. The coincident wet-bulb
in accordance with activity and with the intended use of the temperature listed with each design dry-bulb temperature is
building. Recommended indoor design conditions for specific the mean of all wet-bulb temperatures occurring at the specific
applications are discussed in various chapters of the Application dry-bulb design temperature. Hereafter, reference will be only
volume of ASHRAE HANDBOOK & Product Directory. to Tables 2. IA and 2.18.
For many applications, such as in various areas of a hospital The outdoor daily range of dry-bulb temperatures shown in
facility, the design conditions are undergoing substantive review Column 7 gives the difference between the average daily maxi-
and change. Therefore, it is recommended that the latest codes mum and average daily minimum temperatures during the
or recommendations be referred to before designing a system. A warmest month at each station. Large daily ranges are
general discussion on thermal comfort conditions is provided in associated with inland stations far removed from large bodies of
ASH RAE Standard 55-74, Thermal Environmental Conditions water and stations at high elevations above sea level. Wet-bulb
for Human Occupancy. For load calculations, for general temperatures presented in Column 8 represent values which
comfort applications, ASHRAE Standard 90-75 recommends have been equalled or exceeded by 1, 2.5, and 5% of the hours
that the indoor design temperature be 78 F for summer and 72 F during the summer months. These wet-bulb design temperature
for winter. The actual design relative humidity for summer shall values were selected independently of the dry-bulb design
be selected for minimum energy use but shall be within the temperature values and should not be considered as coincident
comfort envelope as defined in ASH RAE Standard 55-74. with the dry-bulb design listed in Column 6.
In a normal summer, there would be approximately 30 hr at
or above a 1% design value, and approximately 150 hr at or
above a 5% design value. For Canadian stations the I, 2.5, and
OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS 5% design values are based on only the month of July because
July in Canada is characteristically considerably warmer than
Winter the month preceding it or the month following it. The Canadian
summer design values are a few degrees higher than if they were
Recommended design temperatures are presented in Column based on four summer months.
5 of Tables [Link] and 2.18, and Column 4 of Table [Link]. Two For building cooling load calculations, values of dry-bulb
temperature levels are offered for each station. The 99% and should be selected from Column 6. Values of wet-bulb tem-
97 5% values represent the temperatures which equalled or perature from Column 8 should be selected when sizing cooling
exceeded these portions of the total hours in the months of towers or other equipment dependent mainly upon wet-bulb
December, January, and February (a total of 2160 hr) in the temperature.
norther~ hemisphere, and the months of Ju~e, July, and The outdoor humidity ratios listed in Column 9 are
August m the southern hemisphere, with a total hour count of determined from the 2.5 values of the summer dry bulb and
2208 hr. In a normal winter, there would be approximately 22 coincident wet bulb. The barometric pressure for the elevation
hr at or below the 99% design value and approximately 54 hr at of each weather station is used in the calculation.
or below the 97.5% design value. For Canadian stations, the
99% and 97.5% design values are based on only the month of INTERPOLATION BETWEEN STATIONS
January, because January in Canada is characteristically an
Data from many weather stations at specific locations and
extremely cold month as compared to December and Fe-
elevations furnish a network from which, by interpolation, good
bruary. Th~ Canadian design temperatures are a few degrees
estimates can be made of the expected conditions at locations
lower than 1f they were based on the three winter months.
without weather stations.
When design requirements are extremely important it may be
Summer advisable to retain a competent Applied Meteorologist to
Recommended design dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures develop data that can show a comparative relationship with the
and outdoor daily temperature ranges are presented in Columns nearest official station having a long-period record. If this is not
6, 7, and 8 of Tables [Link] and 2.18 and in Column 5 of Table feasible, the following general rules will apply in adjusting the
[Link]. design data supplied for the weather stations listed in Tables
Column 6 of Tables [Link]. and 2.18, and Columns 5, 6, and 7 [Link] and 2.18 to fit some other location:
of Table 2.1 C provides dry-bulb temperature design data with I. Adjustment for Elevation. For a lower elevation, the de-

2.1
2.2 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
sign values from Table 2.1 A should be increased, while for a oriented loads up to I/ 3 greater than might otherwise be
higher elevation, the values should be decreased. The increments expected. When calculating building cooling loads, it is
used in these adjustments are generally: advisable to determine whether the structure is most sensitive to
dry-bulb, i.e., extensive exterior, or wet-bulb, i.e., outside ven-
Dry-bulb temperature I degree F per 200 ft
tilation. Then the appropriate maximum dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature I degree F per 500 ft
could be used for design with its corresponding coincident wet-
In the winter where cold air drainage (mainly in hilly or bulb value. If the dry-bulb values with mean coincident wet-bulb
mountainous areas) or considerable radiational cooling occurs values listed in Column 6 of Tables [Link] and 2.18 are not sat-
at a site, these adjustments do not apply. isfactory, the following method of analysis is recommended
2. Adjustment for Air Mass Modification. Short distance for ascertaining appropriate maximum values. The method
variations are most extreme near large bodies of water where air usually involves only a day or two of hand computations. From
moves from the water over the land in summer. Along the West at least 5 years of hourly or 3-hourly weather reports, select the
Coast, both dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures increase with 15 days when the daily maximum dry-bulb reading was highest.
distance from the ocean. In the region north of the Gulf of For each hour (or third hour) of the day, find the average dry-
Mexico, dry-bulb temperatures lncrease for the first 200 or 300 bulb and average wet-bulb. These averages will define a typical
miles, with a slight decrease in wet-bulb temperatures due to hot design day. Similarly, the 15 days when the daily maximum
mixing with drier air inland. Beyond this 200 to 300 mile belt, wet bulb reading was highest should be selected and the hourly
both dry-bulb and wet-bulb values tend to decrease at a dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures averaged to give a typical
somewhat regular rate. humid design day. This is certainly within the capability of any
3. Adjustment for Vegetation. The difference between large engineering office that is involved on several local projects.
areas of dry surfaces and large areas of dense foliage upwind Where projects of greater significance are involved, there are
from the site can account for variations of up to 2 F wet-bulb several alternatives. A longer period of record, say 10 years, can
and 5 F dry-bulb. The warmer temperatures are associated with be studied. Hourly data instead of the usual three~hour interval
the dry surfaces. Adjustments for vegetation require the can be used. Machine tabulations can be made on any desired
assistance of a consulting Applied Meteorologist. criteria. Consulting Applied Meteorologists are available to
The data presented are representative of the site at the lati- analyze both the raw data and the statistical compilations.
tudes, longitudes, and elevations listed in the table. As more complicated and sophisticated applications are
These statistics are presented here as a guide only, and utilized to meet critical demands, these design maximums based
extreme caution should be exercised in using them for any on peak values will not suffice. The engineers will have to
location other than that for which they intended. Assistance in consider off-peak values. Some types of days that must be
their interpretation and extrapolation should be obtained from accommodated are more frequent in occurrence than maximum
a consulting Applied Meteorologist particularly with regard to or minimum design days. Examples of these are cloudy, small
heat sinks in urban locations. temperature change, windy, warm a.m. and cool p.m., and, of
course, fair and warm, and fair and cool. Quite often these days,
due to the temperature control implication, must be studied
WEATHER-ORIENTED DESIGN FACTORS before a final [Link] can be implemented.
The rational approach in air-conditioning system design Since the advent of machine computations, many system
involves computation of a peak design load at a condition designers are making calculations of dry-bulb with its
established using one of the frequency of occurrence levels corresponding wet-bulb maximum, and vice versa, for several
(Tables [Link] and 2.18, Column 6) of dry-bulb and wet-bulb hours daily on both a room by room basis and on a zone or a
temperatures published herein. building basis. This can result in more compatible systems in
As previously noted, the maximum dry-bulb and maximum operation.
wet-bulb temperatures are usually not coincident. This is Further, the trend of the industry to attempt energy
particularly true throughout the continental or inland mass of consumption estimates in order to establish system design is
the United States. As a matter of fact, the I% level values rarely making some progress. The weather data required for calcul-
occur at the same time in such areas. In maritime areas they tend ation of these estimates are not included in this chapter, but Air
to be coincident. Typically, the maximum dry-bulb is coincident Force Manual 88-8, Chapter 6, has published some of this
with a wet-bulb slightly below the maximum wet-bulb information, and many local Chapters of ASHRAE have
temperature and vice-versa. The assumption of maximum dry- attempted similar work both through the Chapters and through
and maximum wet-bulb coincidence can result in weather- individuals.
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.3
TABLE [Link] q,IMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES·'

Wlnlerd Summer'
Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. JO
Lali- Longl- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
Slale and Slation ludeb ludeb lion• Design Da-Bulb Mean Coincldenl Wei-Bulb Daily Desi11n Wei-Bulb Ratio Winter
0
Fl 99% 97.5% 1% 2.5% 5% Ran11e 1% 2.5% 5% 2.5% Temp."'
ALABAMA
Alexander City 33 0 86 0 660 18 22 96/77 93/76 91/76 21 79 78 78 .0158
Anniston AP 33 4 85 5 599 18 22 97/77 94/76 92/76 21 79 78 78 .0155
Auburn 32 4 85 3 730 18 22 96/77 93/76 91/76 21 79 78 78 .0158
Birmingham AP 33 3 86 5 610 17 21 96/74 94/75 92/74 21 78 77 76 .0146 54.2
Decatur 34 4 87 0 580 II 16 95/75 93/74 91/74 22 78 77 76 .0140
Dothan AP 31 2 85 2 321 23 27 94/76 92/76 91/76 20 80 79 78 .0160
Florence AP 34 5 87 4 52P 17 21 97/74 94/74 92/74 22 78 77 76 .0138
Gadsden 34 0 86 0 57l' 16 20 96/75 94/75 92/74 22 78 77 76 .0146
Huntsville AP 34 4 86 4 619 II 16 95/75 93/74 91/74 23 78 77 76 .0140 51.3
Mobile AP 30 4 88 · 2 211 25 29 95/77 93/77 91/76 18 80 79 78 .0163 59,9
Mobile CO 30 4 88 I 119 25 29 95/77 93/77 91/76 16 80 79 78 ,0163
Montgomery AP 32 2 86 2 195 22 25 96/76 95/76· 93/76 21 79 79 78 .0149 55.4
Selma-Craig AFB 32 2 87 0 207 22 26 97/78 95/77 93/77 21 81 80 79 .0158
Talladega 33 3 86 I 565 18 22 97/77 94/76 92/76 21 79 78 78 .0155
Tuscaloosa AP 33 I 87 4 170r 20 23 98/75 96/76 94/76 22 79 78 77 .0147
ALASKA
Anchorage AP 61 I 150 0 90 -23 -18 71/59 68/58 66/56 15 60 59 57 ,0104 23.0
Barrow (S) 71 2 156 5 22 -45 -41 57/53 53/50 49/47 12 54 50 47 .0070
Fairbanks AP (S) 64 5 147 5 436 -51 -47 82/62 78/60 75/59 24 64 62 60 ,0071 6,7
Juneau AP 58 2 134 4 17 -4 I 74/60 70/58 67/57 15 61 59 58 .0075 32.1
Kodiak 57 3 152 3 21 IO 13 69/58 65156 62155 IO 60 58 56 .0074
NomeAP 64 3 165 3 13 -31 -27 66/57 62/55 59/54 10 58 56 55 .0076 13.1
ARIZONA
Douglas AP 31 3 109 3 4098 27 31 98/63 95/63 93/63 31 70 69 68 .0069
Flagstaff AP 35 I 111 4 6973 -2 4 84/55 -82/55 80/54 31 61 60 59 35.6
Fort Huachuca AP (S) 31 3 110 2 4664 24 28 95/62 92/62 90/62 27 69 68 67 ,0071
Kingman AP 35 2 114 0 3446 18 25 103/65 100/64 97/64 30 70 69 69 .0062
Nogales 31 2 111 0 3800 28 32 99/64 96(64 94/64 31 71 70 69 ,0074
Phoenix AP(S) 33 3 112 0 1117 31 34 109/71 107/71 105/71 27 76 75 75 .0086 58.5
Prescott AP 34 4 112 3 5014 4 9 96/61 94/60 92/60 30 66 65 64 .0055
Tuscon AP (S) 32 1 111 0 2584 28 32 104/66 102/66 100/66 26 72 71 71 ,0067 58.1
Winslow AP 35 0 110 4 4880 5 IO 97/61 95/60 93/60 32 66 65 64 .0053 43.0
Yuma AP 32 4 114 4 199 36 39 111/72 109/72 107/71 27 79 78 77 ,0083 64.2
ARKANSAS
Blytheville AFB 36 0 90 0 264 IO 15 96/78 94/77 91/76 21 81 , 80 78 .0164
Camden 33 4 92 5 116 18 23 98/76 96/76 94/76 21 80 79 78 .0147
El Dorado AP 33 1 92 5 252 18 23 98/76 96/76 94/76 21 80 79 78 .0148
Fayetteville AP 36 0 94 I 1253 7 12 97/72 94/73 92/73 23 77 76 75 .0132
Fort Smith AP 35 2 94 2 449 12 17 101/75 98/76 95/76 24 80 79 78 .0146 50.3
Hot Springs 34 3 93 1 535 17 23 101/77 97/77 94/77 22 80 79 78 .0157
Jonesboro 35 5 90 4 345 IO 15 96/78 94/77 91/76 21 81 80 78 .0164
Little Rock AP (S) 34 4 92 1 257 15 20 99/76 96/77 94/77 22 80 79 78 .0160 50,5
Pine Bluff AP 34 1 92 0 204 16 22 100/78 97/77 95/78 22 81 80 80 .0154
Texarkana AP 33 3 94 0 361 18 23 98/76 96/77 93/76 21 80 79 78 .0160 54.2
CALIFORNIA
Bakersfield AP 35 2 119 0 495 30 32 104/70 101/69 98/68 32 73 71 70 ,0081 55.4
Barstow AP '34 5 116 5 2142 26 29 106/68 104/68 102/67 37 73 71 70 .0075
Blythe AP 33 4 114 3 390 30 33 112/71 110/71 108/70 28 75 75 74 .0076
Burbank AP 34 I 118 2 699 37 39 95/68 91/68 88/67 25 71 70 69 .0069 58.6
Chico 39 5 121 5 205 28 30 103/69 101/68 98/67 36 71 70 68 .0071

*Oct through April, inclusive, 1976 ASHRAE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK & PRODUCT DIRECTORY, CHART 43.
a Table I was prepared by ASH RAE Technical Committee 4.2, Weather Data, from data compiled from official weather stations where hourly weather observations are
made by trained observers.
b Latitude, for use in calculating solar loads, and longitude are given to the nearest 10 minutes. For example. the latitude and longitude for Anniston. Alabama are given
as 33 34 and 85 55 respectively, or 33° 40, and 85° 50.
c Elevations are ground elevations for each station. Temperature readings are generally made al an elevation of 5 ft above ground. except for locations marked r.
indicating roof exposure of thermometer.
d Percentage·ofwinter design _data shows the percent of the 3-month period. December through February.
e Percentage of summer design data shows the percent of 4-month period, June through September.
 2.4 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES·'
Winterd Summer•
Col. I Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 . Col. 7 Col.8 ('ol. 9 C'ol. IO
Lall- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean H11midit)· Ave.
~late and Slalion tudeb tudeb lion• Desii:n Da-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet-Bulb Ratio Winier
0
Fl 99"7o 97.5% l"lo 2.5% 5% Ranae 1% 2.S"lo 5% 2.5o/c Tem11*
Concord 38 0 122 0 195 24 27 100/69 97/68 94/67 32 71 70 68 .0080
Covina 34 0 117 5 575 32 35 98/69 95/68 92/67 31 73 71 70 .0087
Crescent City AP 41 5 124 0 50 31 33 68/60 65/59 63/58 18 62 60 59 .0092
Downey 34 0 118 I 116 37 40 93/70 89/70 86/69 22 72 71 70 ,0113
El Cajon 32 4 117 0 525 42 44 83/69 80/69 78/68 30 71 70 68 .0129
El Centro AP (S) 32 5 115 4 -30 35 38 112/74 110/74 l08/74 34 81 80 78 .0097
Escondido 33 0 117 I 660 39 41 89/68 85/68 82/68 30 71 70 69 .0110
Eureaka/
Arcata AP 41 0 124 217 31 33 68/60 65/59 63/58 II 62 60 59 .0092 49.9
Fairfield-
Travis AFB 38 2 122 0 72 29 32 99/68 95/67 91/66 34 70 68 67 .0077
Fresno AP (S) 36 5 119 4 326 28 30 l02/70 100/69 97/68 34 72 71 70 .0083 53.3

Hamilton AFB 38 0 122 3 3 30 32 89/68 84/66 80/65 28 72 69 67 .0096

Laguna Beach 33 3 117 5 35 41 43 83/68 80/68 77/67 18 70 69 68 .(JIOO
Livermore 37 4 122 0 545 24 27_ 100/69 97/68 93/67 24 71 70 68 .0083
Lompoc,
Vandenburg AFB 34 4 120 3 552 35 38 75/61 70/61 67/60 20 63 61 60 .0096
Long Beach AP 33 5 118 I 34 41 43 83/68 80/68 77/67 22 70 69 68 .0119 57.8

Los Angeles AP (S) 34 0 118 2 99 41 43 83/68 80/68 77/67 15 70 69 68 .0119 57.4

Los Angeles CO (S) 34 0 118 1 312 37 40 93/70 89/70 86/69 20 72 71 70 .0116 60.3
Merced-Castle AFB 37 2 120 3 178 29 31 l02/70 99/69 96/68 36 72 71 70 .0083
Modesto 37 4 121 0 91 28 30 l01/69 98/68 95/67 36 71 70 69 .0087
Monterey 36 4 121 5 38 35 38 75/63 71/61 68/61 20 64 62 61 .0091

Napa 38 2 122 2 16 30 32 100/69 96/68 92/67 30 71 69 68 .0082

Needles AP 34 5 114 4 913 30 33 112/71 110/71 108/70 27 75 75 74 .0079
Oakland AP 37 4 122 1 3 34 36 85/64 80/63 75/62 19 66 64 63 .0088 53.5
Oceanside 33 1 117 2 30 41 43 83/68 80/68 77/67 13 70 69 68 .0119
Ontario 34 0 117 36 995 31 33 l02/70 99/69 96/67 36 74 72 71 .0088
Oxnard 34 1 119 1 43 34 36 83/66 80/64 77/63 19 70 68 67 .0090
Palmdale AP 34 4 118 1 2517 18 22 l03/65 101/65 98/64 35 69 67 66 .0062
Palm Springs 33 5 116 4 411 33 35 112/71 l l0/70 l08/70 35 76 74 73 .0068
Pasadena 34· 1 118 I 864 32 35 98/69 95/68 92/67 29 73 71 70 .0090
Petaluma 38 1 122 4 27 26 29 94/68 90/66 87/65 31 72 70 68 .0081

Pomona CO 34 0 117 5 871 28 30 l02/70 99/69 95/68 36 74 72 71 .0081

Redding AP 40 3 122 1 495 29 31 105/68 l02/67 100/66 32 71 69 68 .0064
Redlands 34 0 117 1 1318 31 33 102/70 99/69 96/68 33 74 72 71 .0091
Richmond 38 0 122 2 55 34 36 85/64 80/63 75/62 17 66 64 63 .0084
Riverside-
March AFB (S) 33 5 117 2 1511 29 32 100/68 98/68 95/67 37 72 71 70 .0086

Sacramento AP 38 3 121 3 17 30 32 l01/70 98/70 94/69 36 72 71 70 .0093 53.9

Salinas AP 36 4 121 4 74 30 32 74/61 70/60 67/59 24 62 61 59 .0087
San Bernardino,
Norton AFB 34 1 117 1 1125 31 33 l02/70 99/69 96/68 38 74 72 71 .0088
San Diego AP 32 4 117 1 19 42 44 83/69 80/69 78/68 12 71 70 68 .0126 59.5
San Fernando 34 I 118 3 977 37 39 95/68 91/68 88/67 38 71 70 69 .0099

San Francisco AP 37 4 122 2 8 35 38 82/64 77/63 73/62 20 65 64 62 .0091 53.4

San Francisco CO 37 5 122 3 52- 38 40 74/63 71/62 69/61 14 64 62 61 .0098 55.1
San Jose AP 37 2 122 0 70r 34 36 85/66 81/65 77/64 26 68 67 65 .0095
San Luis Obispo 35 2 120 4 315 33 35 92/69 I 88/70 84/69 26 73 71 70 .0119
Santa Ana AP 33 4 117 5 115r 37 39 89/69 85/68 82/68 28 71 70 69 .0107
1
Santa Barbara MAP 34 3 119 5 10 34 36 81/67 77/66 75/65 24 68 67 66 .0111
Santa Cruz 37 0 122 0 125 35 38 75/63 71/61 68/61 28 64 62 61 .0091
Santa Maria AP (S) 34 5 120 3 238 31 33 81/64 76/63 73/62 23 65 64 63 _()()93 54.3
Santa Monica CO 34 0 118 3 57 41 43 83/68 80/68 77/67 16 70 69 68 .0119
Santa Paula 34 2 119 0 263 33 35 90/68 86/67 84/66 36 71 69 68 .0100
· Santa Rosa 38 3 122 5 167 27 29 99/68 95/67 91/66 34 70 68 67 _0()77
Stockton AP 37 5 121 2 28 28 30 100/69 97/68 94/67 37 71 70 68 .0080
Ukiah 39 1 122 4 620 27 29 99/69 95/68 91/67 40 70 68 67 .0087
Visalia 36 2 119 1 354 28 30 102/70 100/69 97/68 38 72 71 70 .0083
Yreka 41 4 122 4 2625 13 17 95165 92/64 89/63 38 67 65 64 .0075
Yuba City 39 1 121 4 70 29 31 104/68 101/67 99/66 36 71 69 68 .0064
COLORADO
Alamosa AP 37 3 l05 5 7536 -11 -6 84/57 82/57 80/57 35 62 61 60 .0074 29.7
Boulder 40 0 l05 2 5385 -6 0 93/59 91159 89/59 27 64 63 62 .0058
Colorado
Springs AP 38 5 104 4 6173 -3 2 91/58 88/57 86/57 30 63 62 61 .0053 37.3
Denver AP 39 5 104 5 5283 -5 I 93/59 91/59 89/59 28 64 63 62 .0058 37.6
Durango 37 I l07 5 6550 -6 -I 89/59 87/59 85/59 30 64 63 62 .0072
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.5
TABLE 2.1 A CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE llNITED STATES'

Winterd Summere
Col. I Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col. 5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Cul. 10
Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidit) AYe.
State and Station ludeb ludeb lion' Design Da-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet-Bulb Ra1io \\'inter
0
Ft 990Jo [Link] IOJo [Link] SOJo Range 1% [Link] SOJo 2.5o/r Temp.*
Fort Collins 40 4 l05 0 5001 -5 I 93/59 91/59 89/59 28 64 63 62 .0055
Grand Junction AP (S) 39 I l08 3 4849 2 7 96/59 94159 92/59 29 64 63 62 .0048
Greeley 40 3 104 4 4648 -2 4 96160 94/60 92/60 29 65 64 63 .0053
La Junta AP 38 0 l03 3 4188 -3 3 100/68 98/68 95/67 31 72 70 69 .OIOI

Leadville 39 2 106 2 10177 -18 -14 84/52 81/51 78/50 30 56 55 54

Pueblo AP 38 2 104 2 4639 -7 0 97/61 95/61 92/61 31 67 66 65 .0057
Sterling 40 4 l03 I 3939 -7 -2 95/62 93/62 90/62 30 67 66 65 .0067
Trinidad AP 37 2 104 2 5746 -2 3 93/61 91/61 89/61 32 66 65 64 .0069
CONNECTICUT
Bridgeport AP 41 73 7 6 9 86/73 84/71 81/70 18 75 74 73 .0132 39.9
Hartford,
Brainard Field 41 5 72 4 15 3 7 91/74 88/73 85/72 22 77 75 74 .0140 37.3
New Haven AP 41 2 73 0 6 3 7 88/75 84/73 82/72 17 76 75 74 .0150 39.0
New London 41 2 72 I 60 5 9 88/73 85/72 83/71 16 76 75 74 .0139
Norwalk 41 I 73 3 37 6 9 86/73 84/71 81/70 19 75 74 73 .0132
Norwich 41 3 72 0 20 3 7 89/75 86/73 83/72 18 76 75 74 .0144
Waterbury 41 3 73 0 605 -4 2 88/73 85/71 82/70 21 75 74 72 .0134
Windsor Locks,
Bradley Field (S) 42 0 72 4 169 0 4 91/74 88/72 85/71 22 76 75 73 .0132
DELAWARE
Dover AFB 39 0 75 3 38 II 15 92/75 90/75 87/74 18 79 77 76 .0152
Wilmington AP 39 4 75 3 78 IO 14 92/74 89/74 87/73 20 77 76 75 .0146 42.5
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Andrews AFB 38 5 76 279 IO 14 92/75 90/74 87/73 18 78 76 75 .0147
Washington
National AP 38 5 77 0 14 14 17 93/75 91/74 89/74 18 78 77 76 .0141 45.7
FLORIDA
Belle Glade 26 4 80 4 16 41 44 92/76 91/76 .89/76 16 79 78 78 .0159
Cape Kennedy AP 28 3 80 3 16 35 38 90/78 88/78 87/78 15 80 79 79 .0184
Daytona Beach AP 29 I 81 0 31 32 35 92/78 90/77 88/77 15 80 79 78 .0170 64.5
Fort Lauderdale 26 0 80 I 13 42 46 92/78 91/78 90/78 15 80 7~ . 79 .0177
Fort Myers AP 26 4 81 5 13 41 44 93/78 92/78 91/77 18 80 79 79 .0175 68.6

Fort Pierce 27 3 80 2 IO 38 42 91/78 90/78 89/78 15 80 79 79 .0179

Gainesville AP (S) 29 4 82 2 155 28 31 95/77 93/77 92/77 18 80 79 78 .0163
Jacksonville AP 30 3 81 4 24 29 32 96/77 94/77 92/76 19 79 79 78 .0161 61.9
Key West AP 24 3 81 5 6 55 57 90/78 90/78 89/78 9 80 79 79 .0179 73.1
Lakeland CO (S) 28 0 82 0 214 39 41 93/76 91/76 89/76 17 79 78 78 .0159 66.7

MiamiAP(S) 25 5 80 2 7 44 47 91/77 90/77 89/77 15 79 79 78 .0170 77.1

Miami Beach CO 25 5 80 I 9 45 48 90/77 89/77 88/77 10 79 79 78 .0172 72.5
Ocala 29 I 82 I 86 31 34 95/77 93/77 92/76 18 80 79 78 .0163
Orlando AP 28 3 81 2 106r 35 38 94/76 93/76 91/76 17 79 78 78 .0154 65.7
Panama City,
Tyndall AFB 30 0 85 4 22 29 33 92/78 90/77 89/77 14 81 80 79 .0170

Pensacola CO 30 3 87 I 13 25 29 94/77 93/77 91/77 14 80 79 79 .0163 60.4

St. Augustine 29 5 81 2 15 31 35 92/78 89/78 87/78 16 80 79 79 .0182
St. Petersburg 28 0 82 4 35 36 40 92/77 91/77 90/76 16 79 79 78 .0168
Sanford 28 5 81 2 14 35 38 94/76 93/76 91/76 17 79 78 78 .0154

Sarasota 27 2 82 3 30 39 42 93/77 92/77 90/76 17 79 79 78 .0165

Tallahassee AP (S) 30 2 84 2 58 27 30 94/77 92/76 90/76 19 79 78 78 .0156 60.1
TampaAP(S) 28 0 82 3 19 36 40 92/77 91/77 90/76 17 79 79 78 .0168 66.4
West Palm
Beach AP 26 4 80 15 41 45 92/78 91/78 90/78 16 80 79 79 .0177 68.4
GEORGIA
Albany, Turner AFB 31 3 84 I 224 25 29 97/77 95/76 93/76 20 80 79 78 .0149
Americus 32 0 84 2 476 21 25 97/77 94/76 92/75 20 79 78 77 .0155
Athens 34 0 83 2 700 18 22. 94/74 92/74 90/74 21 78 77 76 .0 I 38 51.8
Atlanta AP (S) 33 4 84 3 1005 17 22 94/74 92/74 90/73 19 77 76 75 .0146 51.7
Augusta AP 33 2 82 0 143 20 23 97/77 95/76 93/76 19 80 79 78 .0149 54.5
Brunswick 31 81 14 29 32 92/78 89/78 87/78 18 80 79 79 .0182
Columbus,
Lawson AFB 32 3 85 0 242 21 24 95/76 93/76 91/75 21 79 78 77 .0154 54.8
Dalton 34 5 85 0 720 17 22 94/76 93/76 91/76 22 79 78 77 .0158
Dublin 32 3 83 0 215 21 25 96/77 93/76 91/75 20 79 78 77 .0154
Gainesville 34 2 83 5 1254 16 21 93/74 91/74 89/73 21 77 76 75 .0152
Griffin (S) 33 84 2 980 18 22 93/76 90/75 88/74 21 78 77 76 .0159
 2.6 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

TABI.E [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES

Winterd Summer'
Col. I Col. 2 Col.3 Col.4 Col. S Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lall- Longl- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidit)· Ave.
State and Station

La Grange
tudeb

33 0
.
tudeb

85 0
lion' Deslen Dn:-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb
Ft
715
990/o [Link]/o
19 23
10/o
94/76
2.5%
91/75
50/o
89/74
Daily
Range
21
Design Wet-Bulb
10/o
78
2.5% S0/o
77 76
Ratio
2.5'!,
.0153
\\'inter
Tern~.*

Macon AP 32 4 83 4 356 21 25 96/77 93/76 91/75 22 79 78 77 .0158 56.2

Marietta,
Dobbins AFB 34 0 84 3 1016 17 21 94/74 92/74 90/74 21 78 77 76 .0146
Moultrie 31 I 83 4 340 27 30 97/77 95/77 92/76 20 80 79 78 .0162
RomeAP 34 2 85 I 637 17 22 94/76 93/76 91/76 23 79 78 77 .0158 49.9
Savannah-Travis AP 32 I 81 I 52 24 27 96/77 93/77 91/77 20 80 79 78 .0163 57.8
Valdosta-Moody AFB 31 0 83 I 239 28 31 96/77 94/77 92/76 20 80 79 78 .0161
Waycross 31 2 82 2 140 26 29 96/77 94/77 91/76 20 80 79 78 .0161

HAWAll
HiloAP(S) 19 4 155 I 31 61 62 84/73 83/72 82/72 15 75 74 74 .0143 71.9
Honolulu AP 21 2 158 0 7 62 63 87/73 86/73 85/72 12 76 75 74 .0144 74.2
Kaneohe Bay MCAS 21 2 157 5 18 65 66 85/75 84/74 83/74 12 76 76 75 .0157
Wahiawa 21 3 158 0 900 58 59 86/73 85/72 84/72 14 75 74 73 .0145
IDAHO
BoiseAP(S) 43 3 116 I 2842 3 10 96/65 94/64 91/64 31 68 66 65 .0073 39.7
Burley 42 3 113 5 4180 -3 2 99/62 95/61 92/66 35 64 63 61 .0055
Coeur d'Alene AP 47 5 116 5 2973 -8 -I 89/62 86/61 83/60 31 64 63 61 .0070
Idaho Falls AP 43 3 112 0 4730r -11 -6 89/61 87/61 84/59 38 65 63 61 .0076
Lewiston AP 46 2 117 0 1413 -1 6 96/65 93/64 90/63 32 67 66 64 .0068 41.0

Moscow 46 4 117 0 2660 -7 0 90/63 87/62 84/61 32 65 64 62 .0073

Mountain Home AFB 43 0 115 5 2992 6 12 99/64 97/63 94/62 36 66 65 63 .0059
Pocatello AP 43 0 112 4 4444 -8 -1 94/61 91/60 89/59 35 64 63 61 .0060 34.8
Twin Falls (AP (S) 42 3 114 3 4148 -3 2 99/62 95/61 92/60 34 64 63 61 .0055
ILLINOIS
Aurora 41 5 88 2 744 -6 -1 93/76 91/76 88/75 20 79 78 76 .0162
Belleville, Scott AFB 38 3 89 5 447 l 6 94/76 92/76 89/75 21 79 78 76 .0160
Bloomington 40 3 89 0 775 -6 -2 92/75 90/74 88/73 21 78 76 75 .0150
Carbondale 37 5 89 l 380 2 7 95/77 93/77 90/76 21 80 79 77 .0167
Champaign/Urbana 40 0 88 2 743 -3 2 95/75 92/74 90/73 21 78 77 75 .0142

Chicago, Midway AP 41 5 87 5 610 -5 0 94/74 91/73 88/72 20 77 75 74 .0136 37.5

Chicago, O'Hare AP 42 0 87 5 658 -8 -4 91/74 89/74 86/72 20 77 76 74 .0149 35.8
Chicago CO 41 5 .87 4 594 -3 2 94/75 91/74 88/73 15 79 77 75 .0145 38.9
Danville 40 l 87 4 558 -4 l 93/75 90/74 88/73 21 78 77 75 .0147
Decatur 39 5 88 5 670 -3 2 94/75 91/74 88/73 21 78 77 75 .0145

Dixon 41 5 89 3 696 -7 -2 93/75 90/74 88/73 23 78 77 75 .0147

Elgin 42 0 88 2 820 -7 -2 91/75 88/74 86/73 21 78 77 75 .0155
Freeport 42 2 89 4 780 -9 -4 91/74 89/73 87/72 24 77 76 74 .0144
Galesburg 41 0 90 3 771 -7 -2 93/75 91/75 88/74 22 78 77 75 .0157
Greenville 39 0 89 2 563 -1 4 94/76 92/75 89/74 21 79 78 76 .0151

Joliet 41 3 88 l 588 -5 0 93/75 90/74 88/73 20 78 77 75 .0147

Kankakee 41 l 87 5 625 -4 l 93/75 90/74 88/73 21 78 77 75 .0147
La Salle/Peru 41 2 89 l 520 -7 -2 93/75 91/75 88/74 22 78 77 75 .0153
Macomb 40 3 90 4 702 -5 0 95/76 92/76 89/75 22 79 78 76 .0160
Moline AP 41 3 90 3 582 -9 -4 93/75 91/75 88/74 23 78 77 75 .0153 36.4

Mt Vernon 38 2 88 5 500 0 5 95/76 92/75 89/74 21 79 78 76 .0151

Peoria AP 40 4 89 4 652 -8 -4 91/75 89/74 87/73 22 78 76 75 .0149 38.1
Quincy AP 40 0 91 l 762 -2 3 96/76 93/76 90/76 22 80 78 77 .0161
Rantoul,
Chanute AFB 40 2 88 l 740 -4 l 94/75 91/74 89/73 21 78 77 75 .0145
Rockford 42 l 89 0 724 -9 -4 91/74 89/73 87/72 24 77 76 74 .0141 34.8
Springfield AP 39 5 89 4 587 -3 2 94/75 92/74 89/74 21 79 77 76 .014~ 40.6
Waukegan 42 2 87 5 680 -6 -3 92/76 89/74 87/73 21 78 76 75 .014
INDIANA
Anderson 40 0 85 4 847 0 6 95/76 92/75 89/74 22 79 78 76 .0155
Bedford 38 5 86 3 670 0 5 95/76 92/75 89/74 22 79 78 76 .0151
Bloomington 39 l 86 4 820 0 5 95/76 92/75 89/74 22 79 78 76 .o 155
Columbus,
Bakalar AFB 39 2 85 5 661 3 7 95/76 92/75 90/74 22 79 78 76 .015 I
Crawfordsville 40 0 86 5 752 -2 3 94/75 91/74 88/73 22 79 77 76 .0148
Evansville AP 38 0 87 3 381 4 9 95/76 93/75 91/75 22 79 78 77 .0149 45.0
Fort Wayne AP 41 0 85 l 791 -4 I 92/73 89/72 87/72 24 77 75 74 .0136 37.3
Goshen AP 41 3 85 5 823 -3 l 91/73 89/73 86/72 23 77 75 74 .0144
Hobart 41 3 87 2 600 -4 2 91/73 88/73 85/72 21 77 75 74 .0143
Huntington 40 4 85 3 802 -4 l 92/73 89/72 87/72 23 77 75 74 .0136
Indianapolis AP (S) 39 4 86 2 793 -2 2 92/74 90/74 87/73 22 78 76 75 .0150 39.6
Jeffersonville 38 2 85 5 455 5 10 95/74 93/74 90/74 23 79 77 76 .0140
Kokomo 40 3 86 l 790 -4 0 91/74 90/73 88/73 22 77 75 74 .0142
Lafa~ette 40 2 86 5 600 -3 3 94/74 91/73 88/73 22 78 76 75 .0136
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.7
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES'
Winlerd Summerc-
Col. I Col. 2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidily Ave.
Sia le and Sia lion ludeb lude< lion< Design Orr-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet-Bulb RatiQ_ \\'inCer
0 0
Ft 99% 97.5% l"lo 2.50/o 50/o Range l"lo 2.50/o 50/o 2.5'!f Temp.•

La Porte 41 86 4 810 -3 3 93/74 90/74 87/73 22 78 76 75 .0150

Marion 40 85 4 791 -4 0 91/74 90/73 88/73 23 77 75 74 .0142
Muncie 40 85 2 955 -3 2 92/74 90/73 87/73 22 76 76 75 .0142
Peru,
Bunker Hill AFB 40 4 86 804 -6 -I 90/74 88/73 86/73 22 77 75 74 .014(,
Richmond AP 39 5 84 1138 -2 2 92/74 90/74 87/73 22 78 76 75 .0150
Shelbyville 39 3 85 765 -I 3 93/74 91/74 88/73 22 78 76 75 .0148

South Bend AP 41 4 86 2 773 -3 I 91/73 89/73 86/72 22 77 75 74 .0144 36.6

Terre Haute AP 39 3 87 2 601 -2 4 95/75 92/74 89/73 22 79 77 76 .0142
Valparaise 41 2 87 0 801 -3 3 93/74 90/74 87/73 22 78 76 75 .0150
Vincennes 38 4 87 3 420 I 6 95/75 92/74 90/73 22 79 77 76 .0142
IOWA
Ames(S) 42 0 93 4 1004 -II -6 93/75 90/74 87/73 23 78 76 75 .0150
Burlington AP 40 5 91 I 694 -7 -3 94/74 91/75 88/73 22 78 77 75 .0153 37.6
Cedar Rapids AP 41 5 91 4 863 -10 -5 91/76 88/75 86/74 23 78 77 75 .0164
Clinton 41 5 90 I 595 -8 -3 92/75 90/75 87/74 23 78 77 75 .0156
Council Bluffs 41 2 95 5 1210 -8 -3 94/76 91/75 88/74 22 78 77 75 .0157

Des Moines AP 41 3 93 4 948r -10 -5 94/75 91/74 88/73 23 78 77 75 .0148 35.5

Dubuque 42 2 90 4 1065 -12 -7 90/74 88/73 86/72 22 77 75 74 .0146 32.7
Fort Dodge 42 3 94 I 1111 -12 -7 91/74 88/74 86/72 23 77 75 74 .0155
Iowa City 41 4 91 3 645 -]] -6 92/76 89/76 87/74 22 80 78 76 .0167
·Keokuk 40 2 91 2 526 -5 0 95/75 92/75 89/74 22 79 77 76 .0151

Marshalltown 42 0 92 5 898 -12 -7 92/76 90/75 88/74 23 78 77 75 .0159

Mason City AP 43 I 93 2 1194 -15 -II 90/74 88/74 85/72 24 77 75 74 .0155
Newton 41 4 93 0 946 -IO -5 94/75 91/74 88/73 23 78 77 75 .0148
OllumwaAP 41 I 92 2 842 -8 -4 94/75 91/74 88/73 22 78 77 75 .0148
Sioux City AP 42 2 96 2 I095 -II -7 95/74 92/74 89/73 24 78 77 75 .0146 34.0
Waterloo 42 3 92 2 868 -15 -10 91/76 89/75 86/74 23 78 77 75 .0153 32.6
KANSAS
Atchison 39 3 95 I 945 -2 2 96/77 93/76 91/76 23 81 79 77 .0161
Chanute AP 34 4 95 3 977 3 7 100/74 97/74 94/74 23 78 77 76 .0134
Dodge City AP (S) 37 5 100 0 2594 0 5 100/69 97/69 95169 25 74 73 71 .0102 42.5
El Dorado 37 5 96 5 1282 3 7 101/72 98/73 96/73 24 77 76 75 .0123
Emporia 38 2 96 I 1209 I 5 100/74 97/74 94/73 25 78 77 76 .01.14

Garden City AP 38 0 IOI 0 2882 -] 4 99/69 96/69 94/69 28 74 73 71 .0107

Goodland AP 39 2 IOI 4 3645 -5 0 99/66 96/65 93/66 31 71 70 68 .0079 37.8
Great Bend 38 2 98 5 1940 0 4 101/73 98/73 95/73 28 78 76 75 .0130
Hutchinson AP 38 0 97 5 1524 4 8 I02/72 99/72 97/72 28 77 75 74 .0116
Liberal 37 0 IOI 0 2838 2 7 99/68 96/68 94/68 28 73 72 71

Manhallan,
Fort Riley (S) 39 0 96 5 1076 -I 3 99/75 95175 92/74 24 78 77 76 .0148
Parsons 37 2 95 3 908 5 9 100/74 97/74 94/74 23 79 77 76 .0134
Russell AP 38 5 98 5 1864 0 4 101/73 98/73 95/73 29 78 76 75 .0130
Salina 38 5 97 4 1271 0 5 103/74 100/74 97/73 26 78 77 75 .01.11
Topeka AP 39 0 95 4 877 0 4 99/75 96/75 93/74 24 79 78 76 .0145 41.7
Wichita AP 37 4 97 3 1321 3 7 101/72 98/73 96/73 23 77 76 75 .0127 44.2
KENTUCKY
Ashland 38 3 82 4 551 5 10 94/76 91/74 89/73 22 78 77 75 .0145
Bowling Green AP 37 0 86 3 535 4 10 94/77 92/75 89/74 21 79 77 76 .0151
Corbin AP 37 0 84 I 1175 4 9 94/73 92/73 89/72 23 77 76 75 .0137
Covington AP 39 0 84 4 869 I 6 92/73 90/72 88/72 22 77 75 74 .0133 _41.4
Hopkinsville,
Campbell AFB 36 4 87 3 540 4 IO 94/77 92/75 89/74 21 79 77 76 .0133

Lexington AP (S) 38 0 84 4 979 3 8 93/73 91/73 88/72 22 77 76 75 .0139 43.8

Louisville AP 38 I 85 4 474 5 10 95/74 93/74 90/74 23 79 77 76 .0140 44.0
Madisonville 37 2 87 3 439 5 10 96/76 93/75 90/75 22 79 78 77 .0149
Owensboro 37 5 87 I 420 5 IO 97/76 94/75 91/75 23 79 78 77 .0146
Paducah AP 37 0 88 4 398 7 12 98/76 95/75 92/75 20 79 78 77 .0144

LOUISIANA
Alexandria AP 31 2 92 2 92 23 27 95/77 94/77 92/77 20 80 79 78 .0161 57.5
Baton Rouge AP 30 3 91 I 64 25 29 95/77 93/77 92/77 19 80 80 79 .0163 59.8
Bogalusa 30 5 89 5 103 24 28 95/77 93/77 92/77 19 80 80 79 .0163
Houma 29 3 90 4 13 31 35 95/78 93/78 92/77 15 81 80 79 .0172
Lafayette AP 30 I 92 0 38 26 30 95/78 94/78 92/78 18 81 80 79 .0170
Lake Charles AP (S) 30 I 93 I 14 27 31 95/77 93/77 92/77 17 80 79 79 .0163 60.5
Minden 32 4 93 2 250 20 25 99/77 96/76 94/76 20 79 79 78 .0151
Monroe AP 32 3 92 0 78 20 25 99/77 96/76 94/76 20 79 79 78 .0147
Natchitoches 31 5 93 0 120 22 26 97/77 95/77 93/77 20 80 79 78 .0 I58
 2.8 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES·'
Winlerd Summer•
Col. I Col.2 Col. 3 Col.4 Col.S Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
Stale and Station _lude• lude' lion' Desi11n Ori-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Desi11n Wei-Bulb Ralio Winter
0
Fl 990/o 97.50/o 10/o 2.50/o 50/o Ran11e 10/o 2.50/o 50/o 2.5% Temp.*
Ne" Orlcan, AP 30 0 90 2 3 29 33 93/78 92/78 90/77 16 81 80 79 .0175 61.0
Shre1 epori .-\ P(S) 32 3 93 5 252 20 25 99/77 96/76 94/76 20 79 79 78 .0151 56.2
\1Al"IE
Augusta AP 44 2 69 5 350 -7 -3 88/73 85/70 82/68 22 74 72 70 0.0126
Bangor. D0\1 AFB 44 68 5 162 -II -6 86/70 83/68 80/67 22 73 71 69 .0112
Caribou AP (Sl 46 68 () 624 -18 -13 84/69 81/67 78/66 21 71 69 67 .0112 24.4
Lewiston 44 () 70 I 182 -7 -2 88/73 85/70 82/68 22 74 72 70 .0123
\lillinocket AP 45 4 68 4 40< -13 -9 87/69 83/68 80/66 22 72 70 68 .0115
Portland (S) 43 4 70 2 61 -6 -I 87/72 84/71 81/69 22 74 72 70 .0133 33.0
Waten·ille 44 3 69 4 89 -8 -4 87/72 84/69 81/68 22 74 72 70 .0117
MARYLAND
Baltimore AP 39 76 4 146 10 13 94/75 91/75 89/74 21 78 77 76 .0150 43.7
Baltimore CO 39 2 76 3 14 14 17 92/77 89/76 87/75 17 80 78 76 .0163 46.2
Cumberland 39 4 78 5 945 6 10 92/75 89/74 87/74 22 77 76 75 .0153
Frederick AP 39 3 77 3 294. 8 12 94/76 91/75 88/74 22 78 77 76 .0153 42.0
Hagerstown 39 4 77 4 660 8 12 94/75 91/74 89/74 22 77 76 75 .0145
Salisbury (S) 38 2 75 52 12 16 93/75 91/75 88/74, 18 79 77 76 .0150
MASSACHUSETTS
Boston AP (S) 42 2 71 0 15 91/73 88/71 85/70 16 75 74 .0124 40.0
Clinton 42 71 4 .198
_,6 9
90/72 87/71 84/69 17 75 73
72
72 .0129
Fall Ri1cr 41 4 71 190 9 87172 84/71 81/69 18 74 73 72 .0133
Framingham 42 2 7I 3 I 70 6 89/72 86/71 83/69 17 74 73 71 .0128
Gloucester 42 .1 70 4 10 89/73 86/71 83/70 15 75 74 72 .0128
Greenfield 4, 3 72 4 205
_, 8>172 85/71 82/69 23 74 73 71 .0130
Lawrence 42 4 71 57 -6 () 90173 87 172 84/70 22 76 74 73 .0134
Lowell 42 3 71 2 90 -.j I 91 /73 88.'72 85/70 21 76 74 73 .0132
New Bedford 41 4 71 () 70 9 85/72 82/71 80/69 19 74 73 72 .0137

Pittsfield AP 42 73 2 II 70 -8 -3 87/71 84, 70 81/68 23 73 72 70 .0131 36.2

Springfield,
Westmer AFB 42 72 247 -S t) 90 72 87/71 84/69 19 75 73 72 .0126
Taunion 41 71 20 9 891 73 86/72 83/70 18 75 74 73 .0136
Worcesler AP 42 2 , I 986 () 4 87, 7 I 84/70 81/68 18 73 72 70 .0131 34.7
MICHIGAN
Adrian 41 5 84 0 754 -I 3 91, 73 88/72 85171 23 76 75 73 .0138
Alpena AP 45 0 83 3 689 -I I -6 89/70 85/70 83.169 27 73 72 70 .0126 29.7
Baille Creek AP 42 85 2 939 I 92174 88,72 85/70 23 76 74 73 .0138
Benton Harbor AP 42 86 3 M9 91172 88/72 85. 1 0 20 75 74 72 .0135
Detroit 4, 2 83 0 633 6 91/73 88/72 86171 20 76 74 73 .0135 37.2
E..,canaha 45 4 x; 0 '594 -11 -7 87 170 83169 80168 17 73 71 69 0.0122 29.6
Flint AP 42 tl 8.1 4 766 -4 '10173 87/'12 85 1 71 25 76 74 72 .0140 33.1
Grand Rapids AP 42 8S 68 I I 91 .'72 88172 85/70 24 75 74 72 .0135 34.9
Holland 42 86 612 6 881 72 86/71 83/70 22 75 73 72 .0131
Jackson AP 42 2 84 2 1003 5 '12 74 88-72 85/70 23 76 74 73 .0138
Kalama1no 4' x, 3 930 92 74 88/72 85170 23 76 74 73 .0138
Lansing AP 4, 84 4 852 ·-3 I '/(). 73 87172 84/70 24 75 74 72 .0140 34.8
\larquetle CO -!6 87 67 7 · 12 -8 84, 70 81/69 77/66 18 72 70 68 30.2
\11 Plea.,ant 43 4 84 796 () 4 9 I, 73 87/72 84/71 24 76 74 72 .0140
\luskcgon AP 43 I 86 627 6 86172 84/70 82/70 21 75 73 72 .0128 36.0
Pon1ia1..' 42 4 8.1 974 0 4 9().'73 87172 85/71 21 76 74 73 .0140
Poit Huron 43 0 82 586 0 4 9() ·73 87/i2 83/71 21 76 74 73 .0145
Saginav, AP 43 84 662 0 4 91, 7.l 87/72 84/71 23 76 74 72 .0137
Sault
S1e. \1aric AP (S) 46 .1 84 2 721 -12 -8 84170 81/69 77166 23 72 70 68 .0127 27.7
Tra,er~e Cit~ AP 44 4 85 4 618 -3 I 89 · 0 2 86/71 83/69 22 75 73 71 .0131
Yipsilanti 42 Kl .1 777 I 9~ 1 72 89/71 86/70 22 75 74 72 .0127
MINNESOTA
Albert Lea 4.1 4 93 2 1235 -Ii -12 90;·•4 87/72 84/71 24 77 75 73 .0140
Alexandria AP 45 95 2 1421 -22 -16 91 /72 88/72 85/70 24 76 74 72 .0141
Bemidji AP 47 9< 0 1392 -.11 -·26 88/69 85/69 81/67 24 73 71 69 .0124
Brainerd 46 2 94 2 1214 -20 -1.6 90,,.l 87/71 84/69 24 75 73 71 .0132
Duluth AP 46 92 I 1426 -21 -16 8517() 82/68 79/66 22 72 70 68 .0123 23.4
Fairbault 44 2 93 2 1190 -17 -12 91 74 88/72 85/71 24 77 75 73 .0138
Fergus Falls 46 96 0 1210 -2i -17 91 /72 88/72 85/70 24 76 74 72 .0138
International
1
Falls AP 48 93 2 1179 -29 -25 85/68 83/68 80/66 26 71 70 68 .0118
 .
Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.9
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES'
Winterd Summer•
Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lall- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidify Ave.
State and Station tudeb
.
tude• lion< UHi&n D!:!•Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb
Ft 990,o 97.5% 1% 2.5% 5%
Daily
Ranae
Desi11n Wet-Bulb
lOfo 2.5% 5%
Ratio
2.5%
Winter
Temp.•
Mankato 44 94 0 785 -17 -12 91/72 88/72 85/70 24 77 75 73 .0138
Minneapolis/
St Paul AP 44 -16 -12 92/75 89/73 22 77 75 73 .0144 28.3
'
93 I 822 86/71
Rochester AP 44 0 92 3 1297 -17 -12 90/74 87/72 84/71 24 77 75 73 .0143 28.8
St Cloud AP (S) 45 4 94 I 1034 -IS -II 91/74 88/72 85/70 24 76 74 72 .0138

Virginia 47 3 92 3 1435 -25 -21 85/69 83/68 80/66 23 71 70 68 .0120

Willmar 45 I 95 0 1133 -IS -II 91/74 88/72 85/71 24 76 74 72 .0138
Winona 44 I 91 4 652 -14 -10 91/75 88/73 85/72 24 77 75 74 .0143
MISSISSIPPI
Biloxi,
Keesler AFB 30 2 89 0 25 28 31 94/79 92/79 90/78 16 82 81 80 .0184
Clarksdale 34 I 90 3 178 14 19 96/77 94/77 92/76 21 80 79 78 .0161
Columbus AFB 33 4 88 3 224 IS 20 95/77 93/77 91/76 22 80 79 78 .0163
Greenville AFB 33 3 91 I 139 IS 20 95/77 93/77 91/76 21 80 79 78 .0163
Greenwood 33 3 90 I 128 IS 20 95/77 93/77 91/76 21 80 79 78 .0163
Hattiesburg 31 2 89 2 200 24 27 96/78 94/77 92/77 21 81 80 79 .0165
Jackson AP 32 2 90 I 330 21 25 97/76 95/76 93/76 21 79 78 78 .0153 55.7
Laurel 31 4 89 I 264 24 27 96/78 94/77 92/77 21 81 80 79 .0164
McComb AP 31 2 90 3 458 21 26 96/77 94/76 92/76 18 80 79 78 .0160
Meridian AP 32 2 88 5 294 19 23 97/77 95/76 93/76 22 80 79 78 .0153 55.4
Natchez 31 4 91 3 168 23 27 96/78 94/78 92/77 21 81 80 79 .0170
Tupelo 34 2 88 4 289 14 19 96/77 94/77 92/76 22 80 79 78 .0164
Vicksburg CO 32 2 91 0 234 22 26 97/78 95/78 93/77 21 81 80 79 .0167 56.9
MISSOURI
Cape Girardeau 37 I 89 3 330 8 13 98/76 95/75 92/75 21 79 78 77 .0144 42.3
Columbia AP (S) 39 0 92 2 778 -1 4 97/74 94/74 91/73 22 78 77 76 .0141
Farmington AP 37 5 90 3 928 3 8 96/76 93/75 90/74 22 78 77 75 .0152
Hannibal 39 4 91 2 489 -2 3 96/76 93/76 90/76 22 80 78 77 .0158
Jefferson City 38 4 92 I 640 2 7 98/75 95/74 92/74 23 78 77 76 .0135
Joplin AP 37 I 94 3 982 6 10 100/73 97/73 94/73 24 78 77 76 .0125
Kansas City AP 39 I 94 4 742 2 6 99/75 96/74 93/74 20 78 77 76 .0136 43.9
Kirksville AP 40 I 92 4 966 -5 0 96/74 93/74 90/73 24 78 77 76 .0143
Mexico 39 I 92 0 775 -1 4 97/74 94/74 91/73 22 78 77 76 .0141
Moberly 39 3 92 3 850 -2 3 97/74 94/74 91/73 23 78 77 76 .0141
Poplar Bluff 36 s . 90 3 322 11 16 98/78 95/76 92/76 22 81 . 79 78 .0153
Rolla 38 0 91 5 1202 3 9 94/77 91/75 89/74 22 78 77 76 .0157
St Joseph AP 39 5 95 0 809 -3 2 96/77 93/76 91/76 23 81 79 77 .0161 40.3
St Louis AP 38 5 90 2 535 2 6 97/75 94/75 91/74 21 78 77 76 .0146 43.1

St Louis CO 38 4 90 2 465 3 8 98/75 94/75 91/74 18 78 77 76 .0146

Sedalia,
Whiteman AFB 38 4 93 3 838 -1 4 95/76 92/76 90/75 22 79 78 76 .0164
Sikeston 36 5 89 3 318 9 IS 98/77 95/76 92/75 21 80 78 77 .0153
Springfield AP 37 I 93 2 1265 3 9 96/73 93/74 91/74 23 78 77 75 44.5
MONTANA
Billings AP 45 5 108 3 3567 -15 -10 94/64 91/64 88/63 31 67 66 64 .0083 34.5
Bozeman 45 5 111 0 4856 -20 -14 90/61 87/60 84/59 32 63 62 60 .0071
Butte AP 46 0 112 3 5526r -24 -17 86/58 83/56 80/56 35 60 58 57
Cut Bank AP 48 4 112 2 3838r -25 -20 88/61 85/61 82/60 35 64 62 61 .0062
Glasgow AP (S) 48 I 106 4 2277 -22 -18 92/64 89/63 85/62 29 68 66 64 .0075 26.4

Glendive 47 I 104 4 2076 -18 -13 95166 92/64 89/62 29 69 67 65 .0073

Great Falls AP (S) 47 3 111 2 3664r -21 -15 91/60 88/60 85/59 28 64 62 60 .0062 32.8
Havre 48 3 109 4 2488 -18 -11 94165 90/64 87/63 33 68 66 65 .0080 28.1
Helena AP 46 4 112 0 3893 -21 -16 91/60 88/60 85/59 32 64 62 61 .0064 31.1
Kalispell AP 48 2 114 2 2965 -14 -7 91/62 87/61 84/60 , 34 65 63 62 .0068 31.4

Lewiston AP 47 0 109 3 4132 -22 -16 90/62 87/61 83/60 30 65 63 62 .0073

Livingston AP 45 4 110 3 4653 -20 -14 90/61 87/60 84/59 32 63 62 60 .0069
Miles City AP 46 3 105 5 2629 -20 -15 98/66 95/66 92/65 30 70 68 67 .0083 31.2
Missoula AP 46 5 114 I 3200 -13 -6 92/62 88/61 85/60 36 65 63 62 .0066 31.5
NEBRASKA
Beatrice 40 2 96 5 1235 -s -2 99/75 95/74 92/74 24 78 77 76 .0139
Chadron AP 42 5 103 0 3300 -8 -3 97/66 94/65 91/65 30 71 69 68 .0084
Columbus 41 3 97 2 1442 -6 -2 98/74 95/73 92/73 25 77 76 75 .0133
Fremont 41 3 96 3 1203 -6 -2 98/75 95/74 92/74 22 78 77 76 .0139
 .,
2.10 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES"

Winlerd Summert'
Col. I Col. 2 Cnl. 3 Col. 4 Col. S Col.6 Col. 7 Col. ll Col. 9 Col. 10
Lali- Lon11i- Ele-a- Design Ur)·-Bulh and Mean Humidity Ave.
Slate and Station ludeb lude' tionc Design Ury-Rulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wei-Bulb Ratio Winter
r 0
fl 990Zo 97 5% JO]g 25% 50/n Range 1% 2SO/o SOJo 2.5% Temp.*
Grand Island AP 41 0 98 2 1841 -8 -3 97/72 94/71 9)/71 28 75 74 73 .0122 36.0
Hasiings 40 4 98 3 1932 -7 -3 97/72 94/71 91/71 27 75 74 73 .0122
Kearney 40 4 99 I 2146 ~9 -4 96/71 93/70 90/70 28 74 73 72 .0116
[Link],·oln CO (S) 40 5 96 5 1150 -5 -2 99/75 95/74 92/74 24 78 77 76 .0139 38.8
McCook 40 I 100 4 2565 -6 -2 98/69 95/69 91/69 28 74 72 71 .0107
Norfolk 42 0 97 3 1532 -8 -4 97/74 93/74 90/73 30 78 77 75 .0147 34.0
Nonh Platte AP (S) 41 I 100 4 2779 -8 -4 97/69 94/69 90/69 28 74 72 71 .0112 35.5

Omaha AP 41 95 5 978 -8 -3 94/76 91/75 88/74 22 78 77 75 .0157 35.6

S,ottsbluff AP 41 103 4 3950 -8 -3 95/65 92/65 90/64 31 70 68 67 .0091 35.9
Sidney AP 41 103 0 4292 -8 -3 95/65 92/65 90/64 31 70 68 67 .0094
NEVADA
Carson Cily 39 119 5 4675 4 9 94/60 91/59 89/58 42 63 61 60 .0053
Elko AP 40 5 115 5 5075 -8 -2 94/59 92/59 90/58 42 63 62 60 .0053 34.0
Ely AP(S) 39 I 114 5 6257 -10 -4 89/57 87/56 85/55 39 60 59 58 .0051 33.1
Las Vegas AP (S) 36 I 115 I 2162 25 28 108/66 106/65 104/65 30 71 70 69 .0048 53.5
Lovelock AP 40 0 118 3 3900 8 12 98/63 96/63 93/62 42 66 65 . 64 .0067

Reno AP(S) 39 3 119 5 4404 5 10 95/61 92/60 90/59 45 64 62 61 .0057

Reno CO 39 3 119 5 4490 6 II 96/61 93/60 91/59 45 64 62 61 .0055
Tonopah AP 38 0 117 I 5426 5 10 94/60 92/59 90/58 40 64 62 61 .0055 39.3
Winnemucca AP 40 5 117 5 / 4299 -I 3 96/60 94/60 92/60 42 64 62 61 .0053 36.7
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Berlin 44 3 71 I 1110 -14 -9 87171 84/69 81/68 22 73 71 70 .0123
Claremont 43 2 72 2 420 -9 -4 89/72 86/~o 83/69 24 74 73 71 .0123
Concord AP 43 I 71 3 339 -8 -3 90/72 87/70 84/69 26 74 73 71 .0121 33.0
Keene 43 0 72 2 490 -12 -7 90/72 87/70 83/69 24 74 73 71 .0121
Laconia 43 3 71 3 505 -10 -5 89/72 86/70 83/69 25 74 73 71 .0123

Manchesler,
Grenier AFB 43 0 71 3 253 -8 -3 91/72 88/71, 85/70 24 75 74 72. .0127
Portsmoulh,
Pease AFB 43 70 5 127 -2 2 89/73 85/71 83/70 22 75 74 72 .0130
NEW JERSEY
Atlantic City CO 39 3 74 3 II IO 13 92/74 89/74 86/72 18 78 77 75 .0146 43.2
Long Branch 40 2 74 0 20 10 13 93/74 90/73 87/72 18 78 77 75 .0135
Newark AP 40 9 4 74 I II IO 14 94/74 91/73 88/72 20 77 76 75 .0133 42.8
New Brunswick 40 3 74 3 86 6 IO 92/74 89/73 86/72 19 77 76 75 .0137

Paterson 40 5 74 I 100 6 IO 94/74 91/73 88/72 21 77 76 75 .0133

Phillipsburg 40 4 75 I 180 I 6 92/73 89/72 86/71 21 76 75 74 .0129
Trenton CO 40 I 74 5 144 II 14 91/75 88/74 85/73 19 78 76 75 .0148 42.4
Vineland 39 3 75 0 95 8 II 91 /75 89/74 86/73 19 78 76 75 .0146
NEW MEXICO
Alamagordo,
Holloman AFB 32 5 I06 I 4070 14 19 98/64 96/64 94/64 30 69 68 67 .0074
Albuquerque AP (S) 35 0 106 4 53)0 12 16 96/61 94/61 92/61 27 66 65 64 .0065 45.0
Artesia 32 5 104 2 3375 13 19 103/67 100/67 97/67 30 72 71 70r .0085
Carlsbad AP 32 2 104 2 3234 13 19 103/67 100/67 97/67 28 72 71 70 .0082
Clovis AP 34 3 103 I 4279 8 13 95/65 93/65 91/65 28 69 68 67 .0092
Farmington AP 36 5 I08 I 5495 I 6 95/63 93/62 91/61 30 67 65 64 .0075
Gallup 35 3 I08 5 6465 0 5 90/59 89/58 86/58 32 64 62 61 0.0062
Grants 35 I 107 5 6520 -I 4 89/59 88/58 85/57 32 64 62 61 .0061
Hobbs AP 32 4 I03 I 3664 13 18 101/66 99/66 97/66 29 71 70 69 .0080
Las Cruces 32 2 )07 0 3900 15 20 99/64 96/64 94/64 30 69 68 67 .0074
Los Alamos 35 5 I06 2 74IO 5 9 89/60 87/60 85/60 32 62 61 60 .0084
Raton AP 36 5 )04 3 6379 -4 I 91/60 89/60 87/60 34 65 64 63 .0074 38.1
Roswell,
Walker AFB 33 2 104 3 3643 13 18 100/66 98/66 96/66 33 71 70 69 .0082 47.5
Santa Fe CO 35 4 106 0 7045 6 10 90/61 88/61 86/61 28 63 62 61 .0087
Silver City AP 32 4 108 2 5373 5 IO 95/61 94/60 91/60 30 66 64 63 .0058 48.0
Socorro AP 34 0 106 5 4617 13 17 97/62 95/62 93/62 30 67 66 65 .0065
Tucumcari AP 35 I 103 4 4053 8 13 99/66 97/66 95/65 28 70 69 68 .0087
NEW YORK
Albany AP (S) 42 5 73 5 277 -6 -I 91/73 88/72 85/70 23 75 74 72 .0135 34.6
Albany CO 42 5 73 5 19 -4 I 91/73 88/72 85/70 20 75 74 72 .0132 37.2
Auburn 43 0 76 3 715 -3 2 90/73 87/71 84/70 22 75 73 72 .0129
Batavia 43 0 78 I 900 I 5 90/72 · 87/71 84/70 22 75 73 72 .0132
Binghamton AP 42 I 76 0 1590 -2 I 86/71 83/69 81/68 20 73 72 70 .0128 33.9
Buffalo AP 43 0 78 4 705r 2 6 88/71 85170 83/69 21 74 73 72 .0126 34.5
Cortland 42 4 76 I 1129 -5 0 88/71 85/71 82/70 23 74 73 71 .0137
Dunkirk 42 3 79 2 590 4 9 88/73 85/72 83/71 18 75 74 72 .0142
Elmira AP 42 I 76 5 860 -4 I 89/71 86/71 83/70 24 74 73 71 .0134
Geneva (S) 42 5 77 0 590 -3 2 90/73 87/71 84/70 22 75 73 72 .0129
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.11
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES·•
Winterd Summer'
Col. I Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
State and Station tudeb tude' lion' Design Dr~-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet-Bulb _Ratio Winter
0
£1 '.l'.l~lo '.11 S"lo l"lo 2 S"lo S"lo Baoge l"lo 2 S"lo 5"7o 2.5% Temp.•
Glen Falls 42 2 73 4 321 -11 -5 88/72 85/71 82/69 23 74 73 71 .0134
Gloversville 43 I 74 2 790 -8 -2 89/72 86/71 83/69 23 75 74 72 .0134
Hornell 42 2 77 4 1325 -4 0 88/71 85/70 82/69 24 74 73 72 .0132
Ithaca (S) 42 3 76 3 950 -5 0 88/71 85/71 82/70 24 74 73 71 .0137
Jamestown 42 1 79 2 1390 -1 3 88/70 86/70 83/69 20 74 72 71 0.0129
Kingston 42 0 74 0 279 -3 2 91/73 88/72 85/70 22 76 74 73 .0135
Lockport 43 I 78 4 520 4 7 89/74 86/72 84/71 21 76 74 73 .0139
Massena AP 45 0 75 0 202r -13 -8 86/70 83/69 80/68 20 73 72 70 .0120
Newburg-
Stewart AFB 41 3 74 I 460 -1 4 90/73 88/72 85/70 21 76 74 73 .013~
NYC-Central Park (S) 40 5 74 0 132 11 15 92/74 89/73 87/72 17 76 75 74 .0137 42.8
NYC-
Kennedy AP. 40 4 73 16 12 15 90/73 87/72 84/71 16 76 75 74 .0134 41.4
NYC-
La Guardia AP 40 73 5 19 11 15 92/74 89/73 87/72 16 76 75 74 .0137 43.1
Niagra Falls AP 43 79 0 596 4 7 89/74 86/72 84/71 20 76 74 73 .0139

Olean 42 I 78 3 1420 -2 2 87/71 84/71 81/70 23 74 73 71 .0142

Oneonta 42 3 75 0 1150 -7 -4 86/71 83/69 80/68 24 73 72 70 .0125
Oswego CO 43 3 76 3 300 I 7 86/73 83/71 80/70 20 75 73 72 .0 I 38
Plattsburg AFB 44 4 73 3 165 -13 -8 86/70 83/69 80/68 22 73 72 70 .0120
Poughkeepsie 41 4 73 5 l03 0 6 92/74 89/74 86/72 21 77 75 74 .0146

Rochester AP 43 77 4 543 5 91/73 88/71 85/70 22 75 73 72 .0127 35.4

Rome-
Griffiss AFB 43 75 3 515 -11 -5 88/71 85/70 83/69 22 75 73 71 .0126
Schenectady (S) 42 74 0 217 -4 I 90/73 87/72 84/70 22 75 74 72 .0134 35.4
Suffolk County AFB 40 57 7 IO 86/72 83/71 80/70 16 76 74 73 .0129
Syracuse AP 43 76 424 -3 2 90/73 87/71 84/70 20 75 73 72 .0129 35.2

Utica 43 1 75 2 714 -12 -6 88/73 85/71 82/70 22 75 73 71 .0134

Watertown 44 0 76 0 497 -JI -6 86/73 83/71 81/70 20 75 73 72 .0138
NORTH CAROLINA
Ashville AP 35 3 82 3 217r IO 14 89/73 87/72 85/71 21 75 74 72 .0134 46.7
Charlotte AP 35 0 81 0 735 18 22 95/74 93/74 91/74 20 77 76 76 .0140 50.4
Durham 36 0 78 5 406 16 20 94/75 92/75 90/75 20 78 77 76 .0151
Elizabeth City AP 36 2 76 I IO 12 19 93/78 91/77 89/76 18 80 78 78 .0168
Fayetteville,
Pope AFB 35 79 0 95 17 20 95/76 92/76 90/75 20 79 78 77 .0156
Goldsboro, Seymour-
Johnson AFB 35 2 78 0 88 18 21 94/77 91/76 89/75 18 79 78 77 .0159
Greensboro AP (S) 36 I 80 0 887 14 18 93/74 91/73 89/73 21 77 76 75 .0139 47.5
Greenville 35 4 77 2 25 18 21 93/77 91/76 89/75 19 79 78 77 .0159
Henderson 36 2 78 2 5IO 12 15 95/77 92/76 90/76 20 79 78 77 .0160
Hickory 35 4 81 2 1165 14 18 92/73 90/72 88/72 21 75 74 73 .0133
Jacksonville 34 5 77 3 24 20 24 92/78 90/78 88/77 18 80 79 78 .0179

Lumberton 34 4 79 0 132 18 21 95/76 92/76 90/75 20 79 78 77 .0156

New Bern AP 35 I 77 0 17 20 24 92/78 90/78 88/77 18 80 79 78 .0179
Raleigh/
Durham AP (S) 35 5 78 5 433 16 20 94/75 92/75 90/75 20 78 77 76 .0151 49.4
Rocky Mount 36 0 77 5 81 18 21 94/77 91/76 89/75 19 79 78 77 .0159
Wilmington AP 34 2 78 0 30 23 26 93/79 91/78 89/77 18 81 80 79 .0177 54.6
Winston-Salem AP 36 I 80 1 967 16 20 94/74 91/73 89/73 20 76 75 74 .0139 48.4
NORTH DAKOTA
Bismark AP (S) 46 5 100 1647 -23 -19 95/68 91/68 88/67 27 73 71 70 .0102 26.6
Devil's Lake 48 I 98 1471 -25 -21 91/69 88/68 85/66 25 73 71 69 .0109 22.4
Dickinson AP 46 5 l02 2595 -21 -17 94/68 90/66 87/65 25 71 69 68 .0110
Fargo AP 46 5 96 900 -22 -18 92/73 89/71 85/69 25 76 74 72 .0127 24.8

Grands Forks AP 48 0 97 2 832 -26 -22 91/70 87/70 84/68 25 74 72 70 .0124

Jamestown AP 47 0 98 4 1492 -22 -18 94/70 90/69 87/68 26 74 74 71 .0112
Minot AP 48 2 IOI 2 1713 -24 -20 92/68 89/67 86/65 25 72 70 68 .0099
Williston 48 I 103 4 1877 -25 -21 91/68 88/67 85/65 25 72 70 68 .0104 25.2
OHIO
Akron-Canton AP 41 0 81 3 1210 I 6 89/72 86/71 84/70 21 75 73 72 .0IJ4 38.1
Ashtabula 42 0 80 5 690 4 9 88/73 85/72 83/71 18 75 74 72 .0142
Athens 39 2 82 I 700 0 6 95/75 92/74 90/73 22 78 76 74 .0142
Bowling Green 41 3 83 4 675 -2 2 92/73 89/73 86/71 23 76 75 73 .0141
Cambridge 40 0 81 4 800 I 7 93/75 90/74 87/73 23 78 76 75 .0150
 2.12 Cooling and. Heating Load Calculation Manua I
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES··

Winterd Summer•
Col. I Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 C'ol. 9 C'ol. 10
Lati- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
State and Station tudeb tude' lion< Design Dn:-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet-Bulb Ratio \\'inter
Ft 990/o 97.50/o I "lo 2.50/o 50/o Range 10/o 2.50/o 50/o 2.~~ Temp.*
Chillicothe 39 2 83 0 638 0 6 95/75 92/74 90/73 22 78 76 74 .0142
Cincinnati CO 39 I 84 4 761 1 6 92/73 90/72 88/72 21 77 75 74 .0133 45.1
Cleveland AP (S) 41 2 81 5 777r I 5 91/73 88/72 86/71 22 76 74 73 .0138 37.2
Columbus AP (S) 40 0 82 5 812 0 5 92/73 90/73 87/72 24 77 75 74 .0142 39.7
Dayton AP 39 5 84 I 997 -1 4 91/73 89/72 86/71 20 76 75 73 .0136 39.8
Defiance 41 2 84 2 700 -1 4 94/74 91/73 88/72 24 77 76 74 .0136
Findlay AP 41 0 83 4 797 2 3 92/74 90/73 87/72 24 77 76 74 .0142
Fremont 41 2 83 I 600 -3 I 90/73 88/73 85/71 24 76 75 73 .0143
Hamilton 39 2 84 3 650 0 5 92/73 90/72 87/71 22 76 75 73 .0130
Lancaster 39 4 82 4 920 0 5 93/74 91/73 88/72 23 77 75 74 .0139
Lima, 40 4 84 0 860 -I 4 94/74 91/73 88/72 24 77 76 74 .0139

Mansfield AP 40 5 82 3 1297 0 5 90/73 87/72 85/72 22 76 74 73 .0143 36.9

Marion 40 4 83 I 920 0 5 93/74 91/73 88/72 23 77 76 74 .0139
Middletown 39 3 84 3 635 0 5 92/73 90/72 87/71 22 76 75 73 .0130
Newark 40 I 82 3 825 -1 5 94/73 92/73 89/72 23 77 75 74 .0137

Norwalk 41 I 82 4 720 -3 I 90/73 88/73 85/71 22 76 75 73 .0143

Portsmouth 38 5 83 0 530 5 10 95/76 92/74 89/73 22 78 77 75 .0142
Sandusky CO 41 3 82 4 606 I 6 93/73 91/72 88/71 21 76 74 73 .0128 39.1
Springfield 40 0 83 5 1020 -1 3 91/74 89/73 87/72 21 77 76 74 .0144
Steubenville 40 2 80 4 992 I 5 89/72 86/71 84/70 22 74 73 72 .0134

Toledo AP 41 4 83 5 676r -3 I 90/73 88/73 85/71 25 76 75 73 .0143 36.4

Warren 41 2 80 5 900 0 5 89/71 87/71 85/70 23 74 73 71 .0132
Wooster 40 5 82 0 1030 I 6 89/72 86/71 84/70 22 75 73 72 .0134
Youngstown AP 41 2 80 4 1178 -I 4 88/71 86/71 84/70 23 74 73 71 .0134 36.8
Zanesville AP 40 0 81 5 881 I 7 93/75 90/74 87/73 23 78 76 75 .0150
OKLAHOMA
Ada 34 5 96 4 1015 10 14 100/74 97/74 95/74 23 77 76 75 .0134
Altus AFB 34 4 99 2 1390 11 16 102/73 100/73 98/73 25 77 76 75 .0122
Ardmore 34 2 97 I 880 13 17 100/74 .98/74 95/74 23 77 77 76 .0132
Bartlesville 36 5 96 0 715 6 10 101/73 98/74 95/74 23 77 77 76 .0128
Chickasha 35 0 98 0 1085 10 14 101/74 98/74 95/74 24 78 77 76 .0132

Enid-Vance AFB 36 2 98 0 1287 9 13 103/74 100/74 97/74 24 79 77 76 .0131

Lawton AP 34 3 98 2 1108 12 16 101/74 99/74 96/74 24 78 77 76 .0133
McAlester 34 5 95 5 760 14 19 99/74 96/74 93/74 23 77 76 75 .0136
Muskogee AP 35 4 95 2 610 JO 15 JOl/74 98/75 95/75 23 79 78 77 .0137
Norman 35 I 97 3 1109 9 13 99/74 96/74 94/74 24 77 76 75 .0136
Oklahoma City AP (S) 35 2 97 4 1280 9 13 100/74 97/74 95/73 23 78 77 76 .0138 48.3
Ponca City 36 4 97 0 996 5 9 100/74 97/74 94/74 24 77 76 76 .0134
Seminole 35 2 96 4 865 11 15 99/74 96/74 94/73 23 77 76 75 .0136
Stillwater (S) 36 I 97 I 884 8 13 100/74 96/74 93/74 24 77 76 75 .0136
Tulsa AP 36 I 95 5 650 8 13 101/74 98/75 95/75 22 79 78 77 .0137 47.7
Woodward 36 3 99 3 1900 6 JO 100/73 97/73 94/73 26 78 76 75 .0132
OREGON
Albany 44 4 123 I 224 18 22 92/67 89/66 86/65 31 69 67 66 .0084
Astoria AP (S) 46 I 123 5 8 25 29 75/65 71/62 68/61 16 65 63 62 .0098 45.6
Baker AP 44 5 117 5 3368 -I 6 92/63 89/61 86/60 30 65 63 61 .0066
Bend 44 0 121 2 3599 -3 4 90/62 87/60 84/59 33 64 62 60 .0115
Corvallis (S) 44 3 123 2 221 18 22 92/67 89/66 86/65 31 69 67 66 .0084

Eugene AP 44 . I 123 I 364 17 22 92/67 89/66 86/65 31 69 67 66 .0086 45.6

Grants Pass 42 3 123 2 925 20 24 99/69 96/68 93/67 33 71 69 68 .0088
Klamath Falls AP 42 I 121 4 4091 4 9 90/61 87/60 84/59 36 63 61 60 .0066
Medford AP (S) 42 2 122 5 1298 19 23 98/68 94/67 91/66 35 70 68 67 .0087 43.2
Pendleton AP 45 4 118 5 1492 -2 5 97/65 93/64 90/62 29 66 65 63 .0068 42.6

Portland AP 45 4 122 4 21 17 23 89/68 85/67 81/65 23 69 67 66 .0100 45.6

Portland CO 45 3 122 4 57 18 24 90/68 86/67 82/65 21 69 67 66 0.0098 47.4
Roseburg AP 43 I 123 2 505 18 23 'i3/67 90/66 87/65 30 69 67 66 .0084 46.3
Salem AP 45 0 123 0 195 18 23 92/68 88/66 84/65 31 69 68 66 .0086 45.4
The Dalles 45 4 121 1 102 I3 19 93/69 89/68 85/66 28 70 68 67
PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown AP 40 4 75 3 376 4 9 92/73 88/72 86/72 22 76 75 73 .0135 38.9
Altoona CO 40 2 78 2 1468 0 5 90/72 87/71 84/70 23 74 73 72 .0135
Butler 40 4 80 0 1100 I 6 90/73 87/72 85/71 22 75 74 73 .0140
Chambersburg 40 0 77 4 640 4 8 93/75 90/74 87/73 23 77 76 75 .0147
Erie AP 42 I 80 I 732 4 9 88/73 85/72 83/71 18 75 74 72 .0142 36.8

Harrisburg AP 40 I 76 5 335 7 II 94/75 91/74 88/73 21 77 76 75 .0145 41.2

Johnstown 40 2 78 5 1214 -3 2 86/70 83/70 80/68 23 72 71 70 .0133
Lancaster 40 I 76 2 255 4 8 93/75 90/74 87/73 22 77 76 75 .0147
Meadville 41 4 80 I J065 0 4 88/71 85/70 83/69 21 73 72 71 .0128
New Castle 41 0 80 2 825 2 7 91/73 88/72 86/71 23 75 74 73 .0138
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.13
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES·•
Winterd Summer'
Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lati- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidit)· Ave.
State and Station tudeb tude< lion< Design On-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Desir;n Wet-Bulb Ratio Winter
0
El 22"Zo '.!2 S"Zo I "lo 2 S"Zo S"Zo Raog1: l"Zo 2 5~ S"Zo 2.5o/c Temp.*
Philadelphia AP 39 5 75 2 7 JO 14 93/75 90/74 87/72 21 77 76 75 .0144 41.8
Pittsburgh AP 40 3 80 I 1137 I 5 89/72 86/71 84/70 22 74 73 72 0.0134 38.4
Pittsburgh CO 40 3 80 0 749r 3 7 91/72 88/71 86/70 19 74 73 72 .0127 42.2
Reading CO 40 2 76 0 226 9 13 92/73 89/72 86/72 19 76 75 73 .0129 42.4
Scranton/
Wilkes-Barre 41 2 75 4 940 I 90/72 87/71 84/70 19 74 73 72 0132 37.2
State College (S) 40 5 77 5 1175 3 7 90/72 87/71 84/70 23 74 73 72 .0132
Sunbury 40 5 76 5 480 2 7 92/73 89/72 86/70 22 75 74 73 .0132
Uniontown 39 5 79 4 1040 5 9 91/74 88/73 85/72 22 76 75 74 .0146
Warren 41 5 79 I 1280 -2 4 89/71 86/71 83/70 24 74 73 72 .0137
West Chester 40 0 75 4 440 9 13 92/75 89/74 86/72 20 77 76 75 .0149

Williamsport AP 41 I 77 0 527 2 7 92/73 89/72 86/70 23 75 74 73 .0132 38.5

York 40 0 76 4 390 8 12 94/75 91/74 88/73 22 77 76 75 .0145
. RHODE ISLAND
Newport (S) 41 3 71 2 20 5 9 88/73 85/72 82/70 16 76 75 73 .0136
Providence AP 41 4 71 3 55 5 9 89/73 86/72 83/70 19 75 74 73 .0136 38.8
SOUTH CAROLINA
Anderson 34 3 82 4 764 19 23 94/74 92/74 90/74 21 77 76 75 .0146
Charleston AFB (S) 32 5 80 0 41 24 27 93/78 91/78 89/77 18 81 80 79 .0177 56.4
Charleston CO 32 5 80 0 9 25 28 94/78 92/78 90/77 13 81 80 79 .0175 57.9
Columbia AP 34 0 81 I 217 20 24 97/76 95/75 93/75 22 79 78 77 .0141 54.0
Florence AP 34 I 79 4 146 22 25 94/77 92/77 90/76 21 80 79 78 .0165 54.5
Georgetown 33 2 79 2 14 23 26 92/79 90/78 88/77 18 81 80 79 .0179
Greenville AP 34 5 • 82 I 957 18 22 93/74 91/74 89/74 21 77 76 75 .0148 51.6
Greenwood 34 I 82 I · 671 18 22 95/75 93/74 91/74 21 78 77 76 .0140
Orangeburg 33 3 80 5 244 20 24 97/76 95/75 93/75 20 79 78 77 .0141
Rock Hill 35 0 81 0 470 19 23 96/75 94/74 92/74 20 78 77 76 .0138
Spartanburg AP 35 0 82 0 816 18 22 93/74 91/74 89/74 20 77 76 75 .0148
Sumter-Shaw AFB 34 0 80 3 291 22 25 95/77 92/76 90/75 21 79 78 77 .0160
SOUTH DAKOTA
Aberdeen AP 45 3 98 3 1296 -19 -15 94/73 91/72 88/70 27 77 75 73 .0134
Brookings 44 2 96 5 1642 -17 -13 95/73 92/72 89/71 25 77 75 73 .0132
HuronAP 44 3 98 I 1282 -18 -14 96/73 93/72 90/71 28 77 75 73 .0130 28.8
Mitchel 43 5 98 0 1346 -15 -10 96/72 93/71 90/70 28 76 75 73 .0120
Pierre AP 44 2 100 2 1718r -15 -10 99/71 95/71 92/69 29 75 74 72 .0117

Rapid City AP (S) 44 0 103 0 3165 -11 -7 95/66 92/65 89/65 28 71 69 67 .0085 33.4
Sioux Falls AP 43 4 96 4 1420 -15 -II 94/73 91/72 88/71 24 76 75 73 .0134 30.6
Watertown AP 45 0 97 0 1746 -19 -15 94/73 91/72 88/71 26 76 75 73 .0134
Yankton 43 0 97 2 1280 -13 -7 94/73 91/72 88/71 25 77 76 74 .0134
TENNESSEE
Athens 33 84 4 940 13 18 95/74 92/73 90/73 22 77 76 75 .0137
Bristol-
Tri City AP 36 3 82 2 1519 9 14 91/72 89/72 87/71 22 75 75 73 .0139 46.2
Chattanooga AP 35 0 85 I 670 13 18 96/75 93/74 91/74 22 78 77 76 .0140 50.3
Clarksville 36 4 87 2 470 6 12 95/76 93/74 90/74 21 78 77 76 .0140
Columbia 35 4 87 0 690 10 15 97/75 94/74 91/74 21 78 77 76 .0138

Dyersburg 36 0 89 3 334 JO 15 96/78 94/77 91/76 21 81 80 78 .0164

Greenville 35 5 82 5 1320 II 16 92/73 90/72 88/72 22 76 75 74 .0137
Jackson AP 35 4 88 5 413 II 16 98/76 95/75 92/75 21 79 78 77 .0144
Knoxville AP 35 5 84 0 980 13 19 94/74 92/73 90/73 21 77 76 75 .0137 49.2

Memphis AP 35 0 90 0 263 13 18 98/77 95/76 93/76 21 80 79 78 .0153 50.5

Murfreesboro 35 5 86 2 608 9 14 97/75 94/74 91/74 22 78 77 76 .0138
Nashville AP (S) 36 I 86 4 577 9 14 97/75 94/74 91/74 21 78 77 76 .0138 48.9
Tullahoma 35 2 86 I 1075 8 13 96/74 93/73 91/73 22 77 76 75 .0135
TEXAS
Abilene AP 32 3 99 4 1759 15 20 101/71 99/71 97/71 22 75 74 74 .0111 53.9
Alice AP 27 4 98 0 180 31 34 100/78 98/77 95/77 20 82 81 79 .0151
Amarillo AP 35 I 101 4 3607 6 II 98/67 95/67 93/67 26 71 70 70 .0097 47.0
Austin AP 30 2 97 4 597 24 28 100/74 98/74 97/74 22 78 77 77 .0162 59.I
Bay City 29 0 96 0 52 29 33 96/77 94/77 92/77 16 80 79 79 .0161

Beaumont 30 0 94 0 18 27 31 95/79 93/78 91/78 19 81 80 80 .0172

Beeville 28 2 97 4 225 30 33 99/78 97/77 95/77 18 82 81 79 .0154
Big Springs AP (S) 32 2 IOI 3 2537 16 20 100/69 97/69 95/69 26 74 73 72 .0102
Brownsville AP (S) 25 5 97 3 16 35 39 94/77 93/77 92/77 18 80 79 79 .0163 67.7
Brownwood 31 5 99 0 1435 18 22 101/73 99/73 96/73 22 77 76 75 .0124
Bryan AP 30 4 96 2 275 24 29 98/76 96/76 94/76 20 79 78 78 .0154
 2.14 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES•

Winterd Summer'
Col. 1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lati- Longl- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
State and Station tudeb tude' lion< Desi11n D!)'-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Desi11n Wet-Bulb Ratio Winter
0
Ft 99% 97.5% 1% 2.5% 51170 Range 1% 2.5% 5% 2.5'k Temp.•
Corpus Christi AP 27 5 97 3 43 31 35 95/78 94/78 92/78 19 80 80 79 .0170 64.6
Corsicana 32 0 96 3 425 20 25 100/75 98/75 96/75 21 79 78 77 .0137
Dallas AP 32 5 96 5 481 18 22 102/75 100/75 97/75 20 78 78 77 .0132 55.3
Del Rio,
Laughlin AFB 29 2 IOI 0 1072 26 31 100/73 98/73 97/73 24 79 77 76 .0123
Denton 33 I 97 I 655 17 22 101/74 99/74 97/74 22 78 77 76 .0126

Eagle Pass 28 5 100 3 743 27 32 101/73 99/73 98/73 24 78 78 77 ·.0118

El Paso AP (S) 31 5 106 2 3918 20 24 100/64 98/64 96/64 27 69 68 68 .0070 52.9
Fort Worth AP (S) 32 5 97 0 544r 17 22 101/74 99/74 97/74 22 78 77 76 .0126 55.1
Galveston AP 29 2 94 5 5 31 36 90/79 89/79 88/78 10 81 80 80 .0191 62.2

Greenville 33 0 96 I 575 17 22 101/74 99/74 97/74 21 78 77 76 .0126

Harlingen 26 I 97 4 37 35 39 96/77 94/77 93/77 19 80 79 79 .0161
Houston AP 29 4 95 2 50 27 32 96/77 94/77 92/77 18 80 79 79 .0161 61.0
Houston CO 29 5 95 2 158r 28 33 97/77 95/77 93/77 18 80 79 79 .0158 62.0
Huntsville 30 4 95 3 494 22 27 100/75 98/75 96/75 20 78 78 77 .0137

Killeen-Gray AFB 31 0 97 4 1021 20 25 99/73 97/73 95/73 22 77 76 75 .0125

Lamesa 32 5 102 0 2965 13 17 99169 96/69 94/69 26 73 72 71 .0107
Laredo AFB 27 3 99 3 503 32 36 102/73 101/73 99/74 23 78 78 77 .0113 66.0
Longview 32 2 94 4 345 19 24 99/76 97/76 95/76 20 80 79 78 .0148
Lubbock AP 33 4 IOI 5 3243 10 15 98/69 96/69 94/69 26 73 72 71 .0107 48.8

Lufkin AP 31 I 94 5 286 25 29 99/76 97/76 94/76 20 80 79 78 .0148

McAllen 26 I 98 I 122 35 39 97/77 95/77 94/77 21 80 79 79 .0158
Midland AP (S) 32 0 102 I 2815r 16 21 100/69 98/69 96/69 26 73 72 71 .0103 53.8
Mineral Wells AP 32 5 98 0 934 17 22 101/74 99/74 97/74 22 78 77 76 .0129
Palestine CO 31 5 95 4 580 23 27 100/76 98/76 96/76 20 79 79 78 .0150

Pampa 35 3 IOI 0 3230 7 12 99/67 96/67 94/67 26 71 70 70 .0091

Pecos 31 2 103 3 2580 16 21 100/69 98/69 96/69 27 73 72 71 .0100
Plainview 34 I IOI 4 3400· 8 13 98/68 96/68 94/68 26 72 71 70 .0102
Port Arthur AP 30 0 94 0 16 27 31 95/79 93/78 91/78 19 81 80 80 .0172 60.5
San Angelo,
Goodfellow AFB 31 2 100 2 1878 18 22 101/71 99/71 97/70 24 75 74 73 .0111

San Antonio AP (S) 29 3 98 3 792 25 30 99/72 97/73 96/73 19 77 76 76 .0125 50.6

Sherman
Perrin AFB 33 4 96 4 763 15 20 100/75 98/75 95/74 22 78 77 76 .0141 60.1
Snyder 32 4 IOI 0 2325 13 18 100/70 98/70 96/70 26 74 73 72 .0108
Temple 31 I 97 2 675 22 27 100/74 99/74 97/74 22 78 77 . 77 .0126
Tyler AP 32 2 95 2 527 19 24 99/76 97/76 95/76 21 80 79 78 .0148

Vernon 34 I 99 2 1225 13 17 102/73 100/73 97/73 24 77 76 75 .0119

Victoria AP 28 5 97 0 104 29 32 98/78 96/77 94/77 18 82 81 79 .0156 62.1
Waco AP 31 4 97 0 500 21 26 101/75 99/75 97/75 22 78 78 77 .0135 57.2
Wichita Falls AP 34 0 98 3 994 14 18 103/73 101/73 98/73 24 77 76 75 .0116 53.0
UTAH
Cedar City AP 37 4 113 I 5613 -2 5 93/60 91/60 89/59 32 65 63 62 .0065
Logan 41 4 111 5 4775 -3 2 93/62 91/61 88/60 33 65 64 63 .0069
Moab 38 5 109 3 3965 6 II 100160 98/60 96/60 30 65 64 63 .0041
Ogden AP 41 I 112 0 4455 I 5 93/63 91/61 88/61 33 66 65 64 .0067
Price 39 4 110 5 5580 -2 5 93/60 91/60 89/59 33 65 63 62 .0065

Provo 40 I Ill 4 4470 I 6 98/62 96/62 94/61 32 66 65 64 .0062

Richfield 38 5 112 0 5300 -2 5 93/60 91/60 89/59 34 65 63 62 .0065
St George CO 37 I 113 4 2899 14 21 103/65 101/65 99/64 33 70 68 67 .0065
Salt Lake City AP (S) 40 5 112 0 4220 3 8 97/62 95/62 92/61 32 66 65 64 .0065 38.4
Vernal AP 40 3 109 3 5280 -5 0 91/61 89/60 86/59 32 64 63 62 .0069
VERMONT
Barre 44 I 72 3 1120 -16 -II 84/71 81/69 78/68 23 73 71 70 .0130
Burlington AP (S) 44 3 73 I 331 -12 -7 88/72 85/70 82/69 23 74 72 71 .0126 29.4
Rutland 43 3 73 0 620 -13 -8 87/72 84/70 81/69 23 74 72 71 .0128
VIRGINIA
Charlottsville 38 I 78 3 870 14 18 94/74 91/74 88/73 23 77 76 75 .0148
Danville AP 36 3 79 2 590 14 16 94/74 92/73 90/73 21 77 76 75 .0134
Fredericksburg 38 2 77 3 50 10 14 96/76 93/75 90/74 21 78 . 77 76 .0145
Harrisonburg 38 3 78 5 1340 12 16 93/72 91/72 88/71 23 75 74 73 .0134

Lynchburg AP 37 2 79 I 947 12 16 93/74 90/74 88/73 21 77 76 75 .0150 46.0

Norfolk AP 36 5 76 I 26 20 22 93/77 91/7°6 89/76 18 79 78 77 .0159 49.2
Petersburg 37 I 77 3 194 14 17 95/76 92/76 90/75 20 79 78 77 .0156
 Chapter 2 Weather [Link] Design Conditions 2.15
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES"
Winterd Summer•
Col. I Col. 2 Col._J .. Col.4 Col.5 Col._6 Col. 7 Col.8 Col. 9 Col. 10
Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb and Mean Humidity Ave.
State and Station tudeh tude< lion< Desi11n Da-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Desi11n Wet-Bulb Ratio Winter
0
El !l!l"lu !!2 5"lu l"lu 2 5"lu 5"lu Rang~ l"lu 2 5"lu 5"lu 2.5% Temp.•
Richmond AP 37 3 77 2 162 14 17 95/76 92/76 90/75 21 79 78 77 .0156 47.3
Roanoke AP 37 2 80 0 1174r 12 16 93/72 91/72 88/71 23 75 74 73 .0131 46.1
Staunton 38 2 78 5 1480 12 16 93/72 91/72 88/71 23 75 74 73 .0143
Winchester 39 I 78 1 750 6 10 93/75 90/74 88/74 21 77 76 75 .0150
WASHINGTON
Aberdeen 47 0 123 5 12 25 28 80/65 77/62 73/61 16 65 63 62 .0084
Bellingham AP 48 5 122 3 150 IO 15 81/67 77/65 74/63 19 68 65 63 .0104
Bremerton 47 3 122 4 162 21 25 82/65 78/64 75/62 20 66 64 63 .0095
Ellensburg AP 47 0 120 3 1729 2 6 94165 91/64 87/62 34 66 65 63 .0070
Everelt-
Paine AFB 47 5 122 2 598 21 25 80/65 76/64 73/62 20 67 64 63 .0!02

Kennewick 46 0 119 1 392 5 II 99/68 96/67 92/66 30 70 68 67 .0078

Longview 46 1 123 0 12 19 24 88/68 85/67 81/65 30 69 67 66 .0100
Moses Lake,
Larson AFB 47 1 119 2 1183 I 7 97/66 94165 90/63 32 67 66 64 .0070
Olympia AP 47 0 122 5 190 16 22 87/66 83/65 79/64 32 67 66 64 .0090 44.2
Port Angeles 48 1 123 3 99 24 27 72/62 69/61 67/60 18 64 62 61 .0096

Seattle-
BoeingFld 47 3 122 2 14 21 26 84/68 81/66 77/65 24 69 67 65 .0102
Seattle CO (S) 47 4 122 2 14 22 27 85/68 82/66 78/65 19 69 67 65 .0113 46.9
Sealtie-
, Tacoma AP (S) 47 3 122 2 386 21 26 84/65 80/64 76/62 22 66 64 63 .0093 44.2
Spokane AP (S) 47 4 117 3 2357 -6 2 93/64 90/63 87/62 28 65 64 62 .0073 36.5
Tacoma-
Mc Chord AFB 47 122 3 350 19 24 86/66 82/65 79/63 22 68 66 64 .0095

Walla Walla AP 46 1 118 2 1185 0 7 97/67 94/66 90/65 27 69 67 66 .0077 43.8

Wenatchee 47 2 120 2 634 7 11 99/67 %/66 92/64 32 68 67 65 .0070
Yakima AP 46 3 120 3 1061 -2 5 96/65 93/65 89/63 36 68 66 65 .0073 39.1
WEST VIRGINIA
Beckley 37 5 81 I 2330 -2 4 83/71 81/69 79/69 22 73 71 70 .0139
Bluefield AP 37 2 81 2 2850 -2 4 83/71 81/69 79/69 22 73 71 70 .0142
Charleston AP 38 2 81 4 939 7 II 92/74 90/73 87/72 20 76 75 74 .0142 44.8
Clarksburg 39 2 80 2 977 6 10 92/74 90/73 87/72 21 76 75 74 .0142
Elkins AP 38 5 79 5 1970 1 6 86/72 84/70 82/70 22 74 72 71 .0137 40.1

Huntington CO 38 2 82 3 565r 5 10 94/76 91/74 89/73 22 78 77 75 .0145 45.0

Martinsburg AP 39 2 78 0 537 6 10 93/75 90/74 88/74 21 77 76 75 .0147
Morgantown AP 39 4 80 0 1245 4 8 90/74 87/73 85/73 22 76 75 74 .0149
Parkersburg CO 39 2 81 3 615r 7 II 93/75 90/74 88/73 21 77 76 75 .0147 43.5
Wheeling 40 1 80 4 659 1 5 89/72 86/71 84/70 21 74 73 72 .0131
WISCONSIN
Appleton 44 2 88 2 742 -14 -9 89/74 86/72 83/71 23 76 74 72 .0139
Ashland 46 3 90 5 650 -21 -16 85/70 82/68 79/66 23 72 70 68 .0112
Beloit 42 3 89 0 780 -7 -3 92/75 90/75 88/74 24 78 77 75 .0159
Eau Claire AP 44 5 91 3 888 -15 -11 92/75 89/73 86/71 23 77 75 73 .0144
Fond du Lac 43 5 88 3 760 -12 -8 89/74 86/72 84/71 23 76 74 72 .0143

Green Bay AP 44 3 88 I 683 -13 -9 88/74 85/72 83/71 23 76 74 72 .0142 30.3

La Crosse AP 43 5 91 2 652 -13 -9 91/75 88/73 85/72 22 77 75 74 .0143 31.5
Madison AP (S) 43· 1 89 2 858 -11 -7 91/74 88/73 85/71 22 77 75 73 .0146 30.9
Manitowoc 44 I 87 4 660 -11 -7 89/74 86/72 83/71 21 76 74 72 0.0139
Marinette 45 0 87 4 605 -15 -11 87/73 84/71 82/70 20 75 73 71 .0136

Milwaukee AP 43 0 87 5 672 -8. -4 90/74 87/73 84/71 21 76 74 73 .0145 32.6

Racine 42 4 87 4 640 -6 -2 91/75 88/73 85/72 - 21 77 75 74 .0143
Sheboygan 43 4 87 4 648 -IO -6 89/75 86/73 83/72 20 77 75 74 .0148
Stevens Point 43 0 89 3 1079 -15 -11 92/75 89/73 86/71 23 77 75 73 .0144
Waukesha 43 0 88 I 860 -9 -5 90/74 87/73 84/71 22 76 74 73 .0149
Wausau AP 44 6 89 4 1196 -16 -12 9_1/74 88/72 85/70 23 76 74 72 .0138
WYOMING
Casper AP 42 5 106 3 5319 -11 -5 92/58 90/57 87/57 31 63 61 60 .0046 33.4
CheyeneAP 41 1 104 5 6126 -9 -1 89/58 86/58 84/57 30 63 62 60 .0064 34.2
Cody AP 44 3 109 0 5090 -19 -13 89/60 86/60 83/59 32 64 63 61 .0073
Evanston 41 2 111 0 6860 -9 -3 86/55 84/55 82/54 32 59 58 57 .0053
Lander AP (S) 42 5 !08 4 5563 -16 -11 91/61 88/61 85/60 32 64 63 61 .0077 31.4

Laramie AP (S) 41 2 !05 3 7266 -14 -6 84/56 81/56 79/55 28 61 60 59 .0067

Newcastle 43 5 104 1 4480 -17 -12 91/64 87/63 84/63 30 69 68 66 .0090
Rawlins 41 5 !07 1 6736 -12 -4 86/57 83/57 81/56 40 62 61 60 .0144
Rock Springs AP 41 4 109 0 6741 -9 -3 86/55 84/55 82/54 32 59 58 57 .0051
Sheridan AP 44 5 !07 0 3942 -14 -8 94/62 91/62 88/61 32 66 65 63 .0071 32.5
Torrington 42 0 104 1 4098 -14 -8 94/62 91/62 88/61 30 66 65 63 .0071
 2.16 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR CANADA

WINTERe SUMMER 1
Col.1 Col. 2 Col.3. Col.4.' Col.S. Col.6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9
Province Lati- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry Bulb and Mean Humidity
and Stationh tude 0 tude 0 tiond Design Ory-Bulb Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Daily Design Wet Bulb Ratio
Ft 99% [Link] lOJo [Link] SOJo Range l"lo [Link] 5% 2.5o/c
ALBERTA
Calgary AP 51 6 114 1 3540 -27 -23 84/63 81/61 79/60 25 65 63 62 .0084
Edmonton AP 53 34 113 31 2219 -29 -25 85/66 82/65 79/63 23 68 66 65 .0103
Grande Prairie AP 55 II 118 53 2190 -39 -33 83/64 80/63 78/61 23 66 64 62 .0093
Jasper 52 53 118 4 3480 -31 -26 83/64 80/62 77/61 28 66 64 63 .0094
Lethbridge AP (S) 49 38 112 48 3018 -27 -22 90/65_ 87/64 84/63 28 68 66 65 .0089
McMurray AP 56 39 Ill 13 1216 -41 -38 86/67 82/65 79/64 26 69 67 65 .0098
Medicine Hat AP 50 I 110 43 2365 -29 -24 93/66 90165 87/64 28 70 68 66 .0087
Red Deer AP 52 11 113 54 2965 -31 -26 84/65 81/64 78/62 25 67 66 64 .0103
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
Dawson Creek 55 44 120 II 2164 -37 -33 82/64 79/63 76/61 26 66 64 62 .0095
Fort Nelson AP (S) 58 50 122 35 1230 -43 -40 84/64 81/63 78/62 23 67 65 64 .0086
KamloopsCO 50 43 120 25 1133 -21 -15 94/66 91/65 88/64 29 68 66 65 .0077
Nanaimo(S) 49 II 123 58 230 16 20 83/67 80/65 77/64 21 68 66 65 .0095
New Westminster 49 13 122 · 54 50 14 18 84/68 81/67 78/66 19 69 68 66 .0109
Penticton AP 49 28 119 36 1121 0 4 92/68 89/67 87/66 31 70 68 67 .0096
Prince George AP(S)
Prince Rupert CO
53
54
53
17
122 41 2218
130 23 170
-33
- 2
-28
2
84/64
64/59
80/62
63/57
77/61
61/56
26
12
66
60
64
58
62
57
.0086
.0086
.
Trail 49 8 117 44 1400 - 5 0 92/66 89/65 86/64 33 68 67 65 .0084
Vancouver AP (S) 49 II 123 10 16 15 19 79/67 77/66 74/65 17 68 67 66 .0111
Victoria CO 48 25 123 19 228 20 23 77/64 73/62 70/60 16 64 62 60 .0093
MANITOBA
Brandon 49 52 99 59 1200 -30 -27 89/72 86/70 83/68 25 74 72 70 .0126
Churchill AP (S) 58 45 94 4 155 -41 -39 81/66 77/64 74/62 18 67 65 63 .0097
Dauphin AP 51 6 100 3 999 -31 -28 87/71 84/70 81/68 23 74 72 70 .0131
Flin Flon 54 46 IOI 51 1098 -41 -37 84/68 81/66 79/65 19 70 68 67 .0107
Portage la
Prairie AP 49 54 98 16 867 -28 -24 88/73 86/72 83/70 22 76 74 71 .0143
The Pas AP (S) 53 58 IOI 6 894 -37 -33 85/68 82/67 79/66 20 71 69 68 .0112
Winnipeg AP (S) 49 54 97 14 786 -30 -27 89/73 86/71 84/70 22 75 73 71 .0134
NEW BRUNSWICK
Campbellton CO 48 0 66 40 25 -18 -14 85/68 82/67 79/66 21 72 70 68 .0107
Chatham AP 47 I 65 27 112 -15 -10 89/69 85/68 82/67 22 72 71 69 .0107
Edmundston CO 47 22 68 20 500 -21 -16 87/70 83/68 80/67 21 73 71 69 .0107
Fredericton AP (S) 45 52 66 32 74 -16 -II 89/71 85/69 82/68 23 73 71 70 .OJ 15
Moncton AP (S) 46 7 64 41 248 -12 - 8 85/70 82/69 79/67 23 72 71 69 .0122
Saint John AP 45 19 65 53 352 -12 - 8 80/67 77/65 75/64 19 70 68 66 .0107
NEWFOUNDLAND
Corner Brook 48 58 57 57 15 - 5 0 76/64 73/63 71/62 17 67 66 65 .0100
Gander AP 48 57 54 34 482 - 5 - I 82/66 79/65 77/64 19 69 67 66 .0102
Goose Bay AP (S) 53 19 60 25 144 -27 -24 85/66 81/64 77/63 19 68 66 64. .0088
St. John's AP (S) 47 37 52 45 463 3 7 77/66 75/65 73/64 18 69 67 66 .OJ 11
Stephenville AP 48 32 58 33 44 - 3 4 76/65 74/64 71/63 14 67 66 65 .0104
NORTHWEST TERR.
Fort Smith AP (S) 60 I 111 58 665 -49 -45 85/66 81/64 78/63 24 68 66 65 .0091
Frobisher AP (S) 63 45 68 33 68 -43 -41 66/53 63/51 59150 14 54 52 51 .0052
Inuvik (S) 68 18 133 29 200 · -56 -53 79/62 77/60 75/59 21 64 62 61 .0071
Resolute AP (S) 74 43 94 59 209 -50 -47 57/48 54/46 51145 10 50 48 46 .0048
Yellowknife AP 62 28 114 27 682 -49 -46 79/62 77/61 74/60 16 64 63 62 .0080
NOVA SCOTIA
Amherst 45 49 64 13 65 -II - 6 84/69 81/68 "79/67 21 72 70 68 .OJ 17
Halifax AP (S) 44 39 63 34 83 I 5 79/66 76/65 74/64 16 69 67 66 .0107
Kentville (S) 45 3 64 36 40 - 3 I 85/69 83/68 80/67 22 72 71 69 .OJ 12
New Glasgow 45 37 62 37 317 - 9 - 5 81/69 79/68 77/67 20 72 70 69 .0124
Sydney AP 46 10 60 3 197 - I 3 82/69 80/68 77/66 19 71 70 68 .OJ 19
Truro CO 45 22 63 16 131 - 8 - 5 82/70 80/69 78/68 22 73 71 70 .0126
Yarmouth AP 43 50 66 5 136 5 9 74/65 72/64 70/63 15 68 66 65 .0109
ONTARIO
Belleville 44 9 77 24 250 -11 - 7 86/73 84/72 82/71 20 75 74 73 .0144
Chatham 42 24 82 12 600 0 3 89/74 87/73 85/72 19 76 75 74 .0145
Cornwall 45 I 74 45 210 -13 - 9 89/73 87/72 84/71 21 75 74 72 .0134
Hamilton 43 16 79 54 303 - 3 I 88/73 86/72 83/71 21 76 74 73 .0139
Kapuskasing AP (S) 49 25 82 28 752 -31 -28 86/70 83/69 80/67 23 72 70 69 .0125
KenoraAP 49 48 94 22 1345 -32 -28 84/70 82/69 80/68 19 73 71 70 .0131
Kingston 44 16 76 30 300 -II - 7 87/73 84/72 82/71 20. 75 74 73 .0144
 Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.17
TABLE [Link] CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR CANADA
WINTERe SUMMER'
Col.1 Col. 2 Col.3. Col.4. Col.5. Col.6 Col.7 Col.8 Col. 9
Province Lali- Longi- Eleva- Design Dry Bulb and Mean Humidity
and Stalionh lude• lude• liond Design Dry-Bulb Mean Coincident Wei-Bulb Dally Design Wei Bulb Ratio
Fl 990Jo [Link] lOJo [Link] 50Jo Range 1OJo 2.50Jo 50Jo 2.5%
Kitchener 43 26 80 30 1125 - 6 - 2 88/73 85/72 83/71 23 75 74 72 .0145
London AP 43 2 81 9 912 - 4 0 87/74 85/73 83/72 21 76 74 73 .0153
North Bay AP 46 22 79 25 1210 -22 -18 84/68 81/67 79/66 20 71 70 68 .0115
Oshawa 43 54 78 52 370 - 6 - 3 88/73 86/72 84/71 20 75 74 73 .0139
Ottawa AP (S) 45 19 75 40 413 -17 -13 90/72 87/71 84/70 21 75 73 72 .0129

Owen Sound 44 34 80 55 597 - 6 - 2 84/71 82/70 80/69 21 73 72 70 .0133

Peterborough 44 17 78 19 635 -13 - 9 87/72 85/71 83/70 21 75 73 72 .0134
St. Catharines 43 Ii 79 14 325 - I 3 87/73 85/72 83/71 20 76 74 73 .0142
Sarnia 42 58 82 22 625 0 3 88/73 86/72 84/71 19 76 74 73 .0139
Sault Ste. Marie AP 46 32 84 30 675 -17 -13 85/71 82/69 79/68 22 73 71 70 .0125

Sudbury AP 46 37 80 48 1121 -22 -19 86/69 83/67 81/66 22 72 70 68 .0110

Thunder Bay AP 48 22 89 19 644 -27 -24 85/70 83/68 80/67 24 72 70 68 .0115
Timmins AP 48 34 81 22 965 -33 -29 87/69 84/68 81/66 25 72 70 68 .0115
Toronto AP (S) 43 41 79 38 578 - 5 - 1 90/73 87/72 85/71 20 75 74 73 .0137
Windsor AP 42 16 82 58 637 0 4 90/74 88/73 86/72 20 77 75 74 .0143
PRINCE EDWARD
ISLAND
Charlottetown AP (S) 46 17 63 8 186 - 7 - 4 80/69 78/68 76/67 16 71 70 68 .0124
Summcrside AP 46 26 63 50 78 - 8 - 4 81/69 79/68 77/67 16 72 70 68 .0121
QUEBEC
BagotvilleAP 48 20 71 0 536 -28 -23 87/70 83/68 80/67 21 72 70 68 .0112
Chicoutimi 48 25 71 5 150 -26 -22 86/70 83/68 80/67 20 72 70 68 .0115
Drummondville 45 53 72 29 270 -18 -14 88/72 85/71 82/69 21 75 73 71 .0134
Granby 45 23 72 42 550 -19 -14 88/72 85/71 83/70 21 75 73 72
Hull 45 26 75 44 200 -18 -14 90/72 87/71 84/70 21 75 73 72 .0126
Megantic AP 45 35 70 52 1362 -20 -16 86/71 83/70 81/69 20 74 72 71 .0136
Montreal AP (S) 45 28 73 45 98 -16 -10 88/73 85/72 83/71 17 75 74 72 .0139
Quebec AP 46 48 71 23 245 -19 -14 87/72 84/70 81/68 20 74 72 70 .0125
Rimouski 48 27 68 32 117 -16 -12 83/68 79/66 76/65 18 71 69 67 .0107
St. Jean 45 18 73 16 129 -15 -II 88/73 86/72 84/71 20 75 74 72 .0136
St. Jeirome 45 48 74 I 556 -17 -13 88/72 86/71 83/70 23 75 73 72 .0131
Sept. Iles AP (S) 50 13 66 16 190 -26 -21 76/63 73/61 70/60 17 67 65 63 .0087

Shawinigan 46 34 72 43 306 -18 -14 86/72 84/70 82/69 21 74 72 71 .0131

Sherbrooke CO 45 24 71 54 595 -25 -21 86/72 84/71 81/69 20 74 73 71 .0129
Thetford Mines 46 4 71 19 1020 -19 -14 87/71 84/70 81/69 21 74 72 71 .0131
Trois Rivieres 46 21 72 35 50 -17 -13 88/72 85/70 82/69 23 74 72 71 .0123
Vald'OrAP 48 3 77 47 1108 -32 -27 85/70 83/68 80/67 22 72 70 68 .0118
Valleyfield 45 16 74 6 150 -14 -10 89/73 86/72 84/71 20 75 74 72 .0136
SASKATCHEWAN
Estevan AP 49 4 103 0 1884 -30 -25 92/70 89/68 86/67 26 72 70 69 .0109
Moose Jaw AP 50 20 105 33 1857 -29 -25 93/69 89/67 86/66 27 71 69 68 .0102
North Battleford AP 52 46 108 15 1796 -33 -30 88/67 85/66 82/65 23 69 68 66 .0103
Prince Albert AP 53 13 105 41 1414 -42 -35 87/67 84/66 81/65 25 70 68 67 .0103

Regina AP 50 26 104 40 1884 -33 -29 91/69 88/68 84/67 26 72 70 68 .0100

Saskatoon AP (S) 52 10 106 41 1645 -35 -31 89/68 86/66 83/65 26 70 68 67 .0098
Swift Current (AP (S) 50 17 107 41 2677 -28 -25 93/68 90/66 87/65 25 70 69 67 .0095
YorktonAP 51 16 102 28 1653 -35 -30 87/69 84/68 80/66 23 72 70 68 .0118
YUKON TERRITORY
Whitehorse AP (S) 60 43 135 4 2289 -46 -43 80/59 77/58 74/56 22 61 59 58 .000
8 Ta hie 2.18 "'.'as based on work by ASH RAE Technical Committee 4.2 using data compiled from official weather slations where hourly weather observations are made by trained observers.
b. When airport temperature observations were used to develop design data, "AP" follows the station name. Data for stations followed by "CO" come from office locations within an u
area and generally reflect an influence of the surroundin1s area. Stations without designation can be considered scmirural and can be dlrcctly compared to most airpon data.
c. Latitude, for use in calculating solar loads, and longitude arc given 10 the nearest minute.
d. Elevations are ground elevations for each station as of 1964. Temperature readings arc generally made at an elevation of 5 ft aboveground.
[Link] winter design data arc based on the month of January only.
[Link] summer design data are based on the month of July only.
2.18 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
Table [Link] Climatic Conditions for Other Countries

Winier Summer

Col. 4
Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 5 Col.,6 Co/. 7
Col. 1 Latitude and Eleva- Design Dry-/lulb Out- Design Wet-Bulb
Mean
Country and Station Longitude lion, door
0 I of
Ft Daily
Annual 99% 97½%
Ex- 1% 2½% 5% Range
f deg 1% 2½% 5%
tremes
- - - - - - - - -- - - - --- - - --- - -
ADEN
Aden ...................... 12 50N/45 02E 10 63 68 70 102 100 98 11 83 82 82
AFGHANISTAN
Kabul. .................... 34 35N /69 12E 5955 2 6 9 98 96 93 32 66 65 64
ALGERIA
Algiers .................... 36 46N/3 03E 194 38 43 45 95 92 89 14 77 76 75
ARGENTINA
Buenos Aires ............... 34 35S/58 29W 89 27 32 34 91 89 86 22 77 76 75
C6rdoba ................... 31 22S/64 15W 1388 21 28 32 100 96 93 27 76 75 74
Tucuman .................. 26 50S/65 10W 1401 24 32 36 102 99 96 23 76 75 74
AUSTRALIA
Adelaide ................... 34 56S/138 35E 140 36 38 40 98 94 91 25 72 70 68
Alice Springs ............... 23 48S/133 53E 1795 28 34 37 104 102 100 27 75 74 72
Brisbane ................... 27 28S/153 02E 137 39 44 47 91 88 86 18 77 76 75
Darwin .................... 12 28S/130 51E 88 60 64 66 94 93 91 16 82 81 81
Melbourne ................. 37 49S/144 58E 114 31 35 38 95 91 -86 21 71 69 68
Perth ....... , ............. 31 57S/115 51E 210 38 40 42 100 96 93 22 76 74 73
Sydney .................... 33 52S/151 12E 138 38 40 42 89 84 80 13 74 73 72
AUSTRIA
Vienna .................... 48 15N /16 22E 644 - 2 6 11 88 86 83 16 71 69 67
AZORES
Lajes (Terceira) ............ 38 45N /27 05W 170 42 46 49 80 78 77 11 73 72 71
BAHAMAS
Nassau .................... 25 05N/77 21W 11 55 61 63 90 89 88 13 80 80 79
BELGIUM
Brussels ................... 50 48N/4 21E 328 13 15 19 83 79 77 19 70 68 67
B~RMU,DA
Kindley AFB .............. 33 22N /64 41 W 129 47 53 55 87 86 85 12 79 78 78
BOLIVIA
La Paz ... , ................ 16 30S/68 09W 12001 28 31 33 71 69 68 24 58 57 56
BRAZIL
Belem .................. , .. 1 27S/48 29W 42 67 70 71 90 89 87 19 80 79 78
Belo Horizonte ............. 19 56S/43 57W 3002 42 47 50 86 84 83 18 76 75 75
Brasilia ....... , ............ 15 52S/47 55W 3442 46 49 51 89 88 86 17 76 75 75
Curitiba ............... ,, .. 25 25S/49 17W 3114 28 34 37 86 84 82 21 75 74 74
Fortaleza .................. 3 46S/38 33W 89 66 69 70 91 90 89 17 79 78 78
Porto Alegre ..... , ..... , ... 30 02S/51 13W 33 32 37 40 95 92 89 20 76 76 75
Recife ..................... 8 04S/34 53W 97 67 69 70 88 87 86 10 78 77 77
Rio de Janeiro., ........... , 22 55S/43 12W 201 56 58 60 94 92 90 11 80 79 78
Salvador ..... , , .. , ......... 13 OOS/38 30W 154 65 67 68 88 87 86 12 79 79 78
Silo Paulo ................ , 23 33S/46 38W 2608 36 42 46 86 84 82 18 75 74 .-4
BRITISH HONDURAS
Belize ..................... 17 31N /88 llW 17 55 60 62 90 90 89 13 82 82 81
BULGARIA
Sofia ...................... 42 42N /23 20E 1805 - 2 3 8 89 86 84 26 71 70 69
BURMA
Mandalay ................. 21 59N /96 06E 252 50 54 56 104 102 101 30 81 80 80
Rangoon .................. 16 47N /96 09E 18 59 62 63 100 98 95 25 83 82 82
CAMBODIA
Phnom Penh ............... 11 33N /104 51E 36 62 66 68 98 96 94 19 83 82 82
CEYLON
Colombo .................. 6 54N/79 52E 24 65 69 70 90 89 88 15 81 80 80
CHILE
Punta Arenas .............. 53 lOS/70 54W 26 22 25 27 68 66 64 14 56 55 54
Santiago ................... 33 27S/70 42W 1706 27 32 35 90 89 88 32 71 70 69
Valparaiso ................. 33 OlS/71 38W 135 39 43 46 81 79 77 16 67 66 65
CHIN~
Chungking ................. 29 33N/106 33E 755 34 37 39 99 97 95 18 81 80 79
Shanghai .................. 31 12N /121 26E 23 16 23 26 94 92 90 16 81 81 80
COLOMBIA
Baranquilla ................ 10 59N/74 48W 44 66 70 72 95 94 93 17 83 82 82
Bogota .................... 4 36N/74 05W 8406 42 45 46 72 70 69 19 60 59 58
Cali ....................... 3 25N/76 30W 3189 53 57 58 84 82 79 15 70 69 68
Medellin ........... ; ....... 6 13N/75 36W 4650 48 53 55 87 85 84 25 73 72 72
CONGO
Brazzaville ................. 4 15S/15 15E 1043 54 60 62 93 92 91 21 81 81 80
Kinasha (Leopoldville) ...... 4 20S/15 18E 1066 54 60 62 92 91 90 19 81 80 80
Stanleyville ................ 0 26N/15 14E 1370 65 67 68 92 91 90 19 81 80 80
Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.19
Table 2.1 C Climatic Conditions for Other Countries

Winter Summer

Col. 2 Col. 3
Col. 4 . Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Col. 1 Latitude and Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb Out- Design Wet-Bulb
Mean
Counlry and Stolion Longilude tion, door
0 I of
Ft Doily
Annual 99% 97½% Range
Ex- 1% 2½% 5% f deg 1% 2½% 5%
tremes
- ---- --- --- - - - - - - - - - - --
CUBA
Guantanamo Bay ........... 19 54N /75 09W 21 60 64 66 94 93 92 16 82 81 80
Havana ................... 23 08N /82 21 W 80 54 59 62 92 91 89 14 81 81 80
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Prague .................... 50 05N/14 25E 662 3 4 9 88 85 83 16 66 65 64
DENMARK
Copenhagen ................ 55 41N /12 33E 43 11 16 19 79 76 74 17 68 66 64
DOMINICAN Rf PUBLIC
Santo Domingo.:........... 18 29N/69 54W 57 61 63 65 92 90 88 16 81 80 80
EC\JADOR
Guayaquil ................. 2 lOS/79 53W 20 61 64 65 92 91 89 20 80 80 79
Quito ..................... 0 13S/78 32W 9446 30 36 39 73 72 71 32 63 62 62
EL SALVADOR
San Salvador ............... 13 42N /89 13W 2238 51 54 56 98 96 95 32 77 76 75
ETHIOPIA
Addis Ababa ............... 9 02N/38 45E 7753 35 39 41 84\ 82 81 28 66 65 64
Asmara .................... 15 17N /38 55E 7628 36 40 42 83 81 80 27 65 64 63
FINLAND
Helsinki. .................. 60 lON /24 57E 30 -11 - 7 - 1 77 74 '72 14 66 65 63
FRANCE
Lyon ...................... 45 42N/4 47E 938 - 1 10 14 91 89 86 23 71 70 69
Marseilles ................. 43 18N/5 23E 246 23 25 28 90 87 84 22 72 71 69
Nantes .................... 47 15N/1 34W 121 17 22 26 86 83 80 21 70 69 67
Nice .................... ,. 43 42N/7 16E 39 31 34 37 87 85 83 15 73 72 72
Paris ....... , .............. · 48 49N/2 29E 164 16 22 25 89 86 83 21 70 68 67
Strasbourg ................. 48 35N/7 46E 465 9 11 16 86 83 80 20 70 69 67
FRENCH GUIANA
Cayenne ................... 4 56N/52 27W 20 69 71 72 92 91 90 17 83 83 82
GERMANY
Berlin ..................... 52 27N /13 18E 187 6 7 12 84 81 78 19 68 67 66
Hamburg .................. 53 33N/9 58E 66 10 12 16 80 76 73 13 68 66 65
Hannover .................. 52 24N/9 40E 561 7 16 20 82 78 75 17 68 67 65
Mannheim ................. 49 34N/8 28E 359 2 8 11 87 85 82 18 71 69 68
Munich ................... 48 09N /11 34E 1729 - 1 5 9 86 83 80 18 68 66 64
GHANA
Accra ..................... 5 33N/0 12W 88 65 68 69 91 90 89 13 80 79 79
GIBRALTAR
Gibraltar .................. 36 09N/5 22W 11 38 42 45 92 89 86 14 76 75 74
GREECE
Athens .................... 37 58N /23 43E 351 29 33 36 96 93 91 18 72 71 71
Thessaloniki ............... 40 37N/22 57E 78 23 28 32 95 93 91 20 77 76 75
GREENLAND
Narssarssuaq . . ............ 61 UN /45 25W 85 -23 -12 - 8 66 63 61 20 56 54 52
GUATEMALA
Guatemala City ............ 14 37N/90 31W 4855 45 48 51 83 82 81 24 69 68 67
GUYANA
Georgetown ................ 6 50N/58 12W 6 70 72 73 89 88 87 11 80 79 79
HAITI
Port au Prince ............. 18 33N /72 20W 121 63 65 67 97 95 93 20 82 81 80
HONDURAS
Tegucigalpa ................ 14 06N /87 13W 3094 44 47 50 89 87 85 28 73 72 71
HONG KONG
Hong Kong ................ 22 18N/114 lOE 109 43 48 50 92 91 90 10 81 80 80
HUNGARY
Budapest .................. 47 31N /19 02E 394 8 10 14 90 86 84 21 72 71 70
ICELAND
Reykjavik ................. 64 08N/21 56E 59 8 14 17 59 58 56 16 54 53 53
INDIA
Ahmenabad ................ 23 02N /72 35E 163 49 53 56 109 107 105 28 80 79 78
Bangalore .................. 12 57N /77 37E 3021 53 56 58 96 94 93 26 75 74 74
Bombay ................... 18 54N /72 49E 37 62 65 67 96 94 92 13 82 81 81
Calcutta ................... 22 32N /88 20E 21 49 52 54 98 97 96 22 83 82 82
Madras .................... 13 04N /80 15E 51 61 64 66 104 102 101 19 84 83 83
Nagpur .................... 21 09N/79 07E 1017 45 51 54 110 108 107 30 79 79 78
New Delhi. ................ 28 35N /77 12E 703 35 39 41 110 107 105 26 83 82 82
INDONESIA
Djakarta .................. 6 llS/106 50E 26 69 71 72 90 89 88 14 80 79 78
Kupang ................... 10 lOS/123 34E 148 63 66 68 94 93 92 20 81 80 80
Makassar .................. 5 08S/119 28E 61 64 66 68 90 89 88 17 80 80 79
Medan .................... 3 35N /98. 41E 77 66 69 71 92 91 90 17 81 80 79
Palembang ................. 3 00S/104 46E 20 67 70 71 92 91 90 17 80 79 79
Surabaya .................. 7 13S/112 43E 10 64 66 68 91 90 89 18 80 79 79
2.20 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
Table [Link] Climatic Conditions for Other Countries

. Winter Summer

Col. 4
Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Col. 1 Latitude and Eleva- Design Ory-Bulb Out- Design Wet-Bulb
Mean
Country and Station Longitude tion, door
0 I of
Ft Daily
Annual 99% 97½% Range
Ex- 1% 2½% 5% 1% 2½% 5%
F deg
tremes
- - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - --~ - - - - -
IRAN
Abadan ................... 30 21N/48 16E 7 32 39 41 116 113 110 32 - 82 81 81
Meshed .................... 36 17N /59 36E 3104 3 10 14 99 96 93 29 68 67 66
Tehran .................... 35 41N /51 25E 4002 15 20 24 102 100 98 27 75 74 73
IRAQ
Baghdad .................. 33 20N/44 24E 111 27 32 35 113 111 108 34 73 72 72
Mosul. .................... 36 19N /43 09E 730 23 29 32 114 112 110 40 73 72 72
IRELAND
Dublin .................... 53 22N/6 21W 155 19 24 27 74 72 70 16 65 64 62
Shannon ................... 52 41N/8 55W 8 19 25 28 76 73 71 14 65 64 63
ISRAEL
Jerusalem .................. 31 47N/35 13E 2485 31 36 38 95 94 92 24 70 69 69
Tel Aviv .................. 32 06N /34 47E 36 33 39 41 96 93 91 16 74 73 72
ITALY
Milan ..................... 45 27N /09 l 7E 341 12 18 22 89 87 84 20 76 75 74
Naples .................... 40 53N /14 18E 220 28 34 36 91 88 86 19 74 73 72
Rome ......... ·............ 41 48N/12 36E . 377 25 30 33 94 92 89 24 74 73 72
IVORY COAST
Abidjan ................... 5 19N/4 OlW 65 64 67 69 91 90 88 15 83 82 81
JAPAN
Fukuoka .................. 33 35N /130 27E 22 26 29 31 92 90 89 20 82 80 79
Sapporo ................... 43 04N /141 21E 56 - 7 1 5 86 83 80 20 76 74 72
Tokyo ..................... 35 41N/139 46E 19 21 26 28 91 89 87 14 81 80 79
JORDAN
Amman ................... 31 57N/35 57E 2548 29 33 36 97 94 92 25 70 69 68
KENYA
Nairobi. ................... 1 168/36 48E 5971 45 48 50 81 80 78 24 66 65 65
KOREA
Pyongyang ................ 30 02N /125 41E 186 -10 - 2 3 89 87 85 21 77 76 76
Seoul. ..................... 37 34N /126 58E 285 - 1 7 9 91 89 87 16 81 79 78
LEBANON
Beirut ..................... 33 54N /35 28E 111 40 42 45 93 91 90 15 78 77 76
LIBERIA
Monrovia .................. 6 18N/10 48W 75 64 68 69 90 89 88 19 82 82 81
LIBYA
Bengasi ................... 32 06N /20 04E 82 41 46 48 97 94 91 13 77 76 75
MADAGASCAR
Tananarive ...... , ......... 18 55S/47 33E 4531 39 43 46 86 84 83 23 73 72 71
MALAYSIA
Kuala Lumpur ............. 3 07N /101 42E 127 67 70 71 94 93 92 20 82 82 81
Penang .................... 5 25N /100 19E 17 69 72 73 93 93 92 18 82 81 80
Singapore .................. 1 18N/103 SOE 33 69 71 72 92 91 90 14 82 81 80
MARTINIQUE
Fort de France ............. 14 37N /61 05W 13 62 64 66 90 89 88 14 81 81 80
MEXICO
Guadalajara ............... 20 41N /103 20W 5105 35 39 42 93 91 89 29 68 67 66
Merida ........ ·............ 20 58N /89 38W 72 56 59 61 97 95 94 21 80 79 77
Mexico City ............... 19 24N /99 12W 7575 33 37 39 83 81 79 25 61 60 59
Monterrey ................. 25 40N /100 18W 1732 31 38 41 98 95 93 20 79 78 77
Vera Cruz ................. 19 12N /96 08W 184 55 60 62 91 89 88 12 83 83 82
MOROCCO
Casablanca .............•.. _ 33 35N/7 39W 164 36 40 42 94 90 86 50 73 72 70
NEPAL
Katmandu ................. 27 42N /85 12E 4388 30 33 35 89 87 86 25 78 77 76
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam ................ 52 23N/4 55E 5 17 20 23 79 76 73 10 65 64 63
NEW GUINEA
Manokwari ................ 0 52S/134 05E 62 70 71 72 89 88 87 12 82 81 81
Point Moresby ............. : 9 29S/147 09E' 126 62 67 69 92 91 90 14 80 80 79
NEW ZEALAND
Auckland .................. 36 51S/174 46E 140 37 40 42 78 77 76 14 67 66 65
Christ Church .............. 43 32S/172 37E. 32 25 28 31 82 79 76 17 68 67 66
Wellington .... : ............ 41 178/174 46E 394 32 35 37 76 74 72 14 66 65 64
NICARAGUA
Managua .................. 12 ION /86 15W 135 62 65 67 94 93 92 21 81 80 79
NIGERIA
Lagos ..................... 6 27N/3 24E 10 67 70 71 92 91 90 12 82 82 81
NORWAY
:Bergen ................... , 60 24N/5 19E 141 14 17 20 75 74 73 21 67 66 65
Oslo ...................... 59 56N /10 44E 308 - 2 0 4 79 77 74 17 67 66 64
Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Conditions 2.21
Table 2.1 C Climatic Conditions for Other Countries

Winier Summer

Col. 4
Col, 2 Col. 3 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Col. 1 Latitude ond Eleva- Design Dry-Bulb Out- Design Wet-Bulb
Mean
Country and Station Longitude tion, door
0 I of
Ft Daily
Annual 99% 97½%
Ex- 1% 2½%5% Range
F deg 1% 2½% 5%
tremes
--- ---- - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - ---
PAKISTAN
Chittagong ................ 22 21N /91 50E 87 48 52 54 93 91 89 20 82 81 81
Karachi ................... 24 48N /66 59E 13 45 49 51 100 98 95 14 82 82 81
Lahore .................... 31 35N /74 20E 702 32 35 37 109 107 105 27 83 82 81
Peshwar ................... ~4 0lN /71 35E 1164 31 35 37 109 106 103 29 81 80 79
PANAMA AND CANAL ZONE
Panama City ............... 8 58N/79 33W 21 69 72 73 93 92 91 18 81 81 80
PARAGUAY
Asunci6n .................. 25 17S/57 30W 456 35 43 46 100 98 96 24 81 81 80
PERU
Lima ...................... 12 05S/77 03W 394 51 53 55 86 85 84 17 76 75 74
PHILIPPINES
Manila .................... 14 35N/120 59E 47 69 73 74 94 92 91 20 82 81 81
POLAND
Krak6w ................... 50 04N /19 57E 723 - 2 2 6 84 81 78 19 68 67 66
Warsaw ................... 52 13N /21 02E 394 - 3 3 8 84 81 78 19 71 70 68
PORTUGAL
Lisbon .................... 38 43N/9 08W 313 32 37 39 89 86 83 16 69 68 67
PUERTO RICO
San Juan .................. 18 29N /66 07W 82 65 67 68 89 88 87 11 81 80 79
RUMANIA
Bucharest .................. 44 25N /26 06E 269 - 2 3 8 93 91 89 26 72 71 70
SAUDI ARABIA
Dhahran .................. 26 17N/50 09E 80 39 45 48 111 110 108 32 86 85 84
Jedda ..................... 21 28N /39 lOE 20 52 57 60 106 103 100 22 85 84 83
Riyadh .................... 24 39N /46 42E 1938 29 37 40 110 108 106 32 78 77 76
SENEGAL
Dakar ..................... 14 42N/17 29W 131 58 61 62 95 93 9.1 13 81 80 80
SOMALIA
Mogadiscio ................ 2 02N/49 19E 39 67 69 70 91 90 89 12 82 82 81
SOUTH AFRICA
Capetown ................. 33 56S/18 29E 55 36 40 42 93 90 86 20 72 71 70
Johannesburg .............. 26 11S/78 03E 5463 26 31 34 85 83 81 24 70 69 69
Pretoria ................... 25 45S/28 14E 4491 27 32 35 90 87 85 23 70 69 68
SOVIET UNION
Alma Ata .................. 43 14N /76 53E 2543 -18 -10 - 6 88 86 83 21 69 68 67
Archangel ................. 64 33N /40 32E 22 -29 -23 -18 75 71 68 13 60 58 57
Kaliningrad ................ 54 43N /20 30E 23 - 3 +1 6 83 80 77 17 67 66 65
Krasnoyarsk ............... 56 0lN /92 57E 498 -41 -32 -27 84 80 76 12 64 62 60
Kiev ...................... 50 27N /30 30E 600 -12 - 5 +1 87 84 81 22 69 68 67
Kharkov ................... 50 00N /36 14E 472 -19 -10 - 3 87 84 82 23 69 68 67
Kuibyshev ................. 53 1 lN /50 06E 190 -23 -19 -13 89 85 81 20 69 67 66
Leningrad ................. 59 56N /30 16E 16 -14 - 9 - 5 78 75 72 15 65 64 63
Minsk ..................... 53 54N /27 33E 738 -19 -11 - 4 80 77 74 16 67 66 65
Moscow ................... 55 46N /37 40E 505 -19 -11 - 6 84 81 78 21 69 67 65
Odessa ...... : ............. 46 29N /30 44E 214 - 1 4 8 87 84 82 14 70 69 68
Petropavlovsk .............. 52 53N /158 42E 286 - 9 - 3 0 70 68 65 13 58 57 56
Rostov on Don ............. 47 13N /39 43E 159 - 9 - 2 4 90 · 87 84 20 70 69 68
Sverdlovsk ................. 56 49N /60 38E 894 -34 -25 -20 80 76 72 16 63 62 60
Tashkent .................. 41 20N /69 18E 1569 - 4 3 8 95 93 90 29 71 70 69
Tbilisi. .................... 41 43N/44 48E 1325 12 18 22 87 85 83 18 68 67 66
Vladivostok ................ 43 07N/131 55E 94 -15 -10 - 7 80 77 74 11 70 69 68
Volgograd ................. 48 42N/44 31E 136 -21 -13 - 7 93 89 86 19 71 70 69
SPAIN
Barcelona .................. 41 24N/2 09E 312 31 33 36 88 86 84 13 75 74 73
Madrid .................... 40 25N/3 41W 2188 22 25 28 93 91 89 25 71 69 67
Valencia ................... 39 28N/0 23W 79 31 33 37 92 90 88 14 75 74 73
SUDAN
Khartoum ................. 15 37N /32 33E 1279 47 53 56 109 107 104 30 77 76 75
SURINAM
Paramaribo ................ 5 49N/55 09W 12 66 68 70 93 92 90 18 82 82 81
SWEDEN
Stockholm ................. 59 21N/18 04E 146 3 5 8 78 74 72 15 64 62 60
SWITZERLAND
Zurich ..................... 47 23N/8 33E 1617 4 9 14 84 81 78 21 68 67 66
SYRIA
Damascus ................. 33 30N /36 20E 2362 25 29 32 102 100 98 35 72 71 70
TAIWAN
Tainan .................... 22 57N /120 12E 70 40 46 49 92 91 90 14 84 83 82
Taipei. .................... 25 02N-/121 31E 30 41 44 47 94 92 90 16 83 82 81
2.22 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
Table 2.1 C Climatic Conditions for Other Countries

Winter Summer

Col. 4
Col. 2 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Col. 1 Col. 3
Latitude and Design Dry-Bulb Out- Design Wet-Bulb
Eleva- Mean
Country and Station Longitude doar
0 I tion, af
Daily
Ft Annual 99% 97½% Range
Ex- 1% 2½% 5% F deg 1% 2½% 5%
tremes
--- --- --- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -
TANZANIA
Dar es Salaam .............. 6 50S/39 18E 47 62 64 65 90 89 88 13 82 81 81
THAILAND
Bangkok .................. 13 44N /100 30E 39 57 61 63 97 95 93 18 82 82 81
TRINIDAD
Port of Spain ... , .......... 10 40:'\/61 31W 67 61 64 66 91 90 89 16 80 80 79
TUNISIA
Tunis ..................... 36 47N/10 12E 217 35 39 41 102 99 96 22 77 76 74
TURKEY
Adana ............... , ..... 36 59N /35 18E 82 25 33 35 100 97 95 22 79 78 77
Ankara .................... 39 57N /32 53E 2825 2 9 12 94 92 89 28 68 67 66
Istanbul ....... ·............ 40 58N /28 50E 59 23 28 30 91 88 86 16 75 74 73
Izmir ..................... 38 26N /27 lOE 16 24 27 29 98 96 94 23 75 74 73
UNITED ARAI IIEPUIILIC
Cairo ..................... 29 52N /31 20E 381 39 45 46 102 100 98 26 76 75 74
UNITED KINGDOM
Belfast .................... 54 36N/5 55W 24 19 23 26 74 72 69 16 65 64 62
Birmingham ............... 52 29N/1 56W 535 21 24 27 79 76 73 15 66 64 63
Cardiff .................... 51 28:-..' /3 10W 203 21 24 27 79 76 73 14 64 63 62
Edinburgh ................. 55 55N/3 llW 441 22 25 28 73 70 68 13 64 62 61
Glasgow ................... 55 52N/4 17W 85 17 21 24 74 71 68 13 64 63 61
London .................... 51 29N/OO 00 149 20 24 26 82 79 76 16 68 66 65
URUGUAY
Montevideo ...... ,.,.,., ... 34 51S/56 13W 72 34 37 39 90 88 85 21 73 72 71
VENEZUELA
Caracas ................... 10 30N /66 56W 3418 49 52 54 84 83 81 21 70 69 69
Maracaibo ................. 10 39N/71 36W 20 69 72 73 97 96 95 17 84 83 83
VIET NAM
Da Nang .................. Hi 04N/108 13E 23 56 60 62 97 95 93 14 86 86 85
Hanoi .................... 21 02N /105 52E 53 46 50 53 99 97 95 16 85 85 84
Saigon .................... 10 47N/106 42E 30 62 65 67 93 91 89 16 85 84 83
YUGOSLAVIA
Belgrade .................. 44 48N /20 28E 453 4 9 13 92 89 86 23 74 73 72
Chapter 2 Weather Data and Design Coi:,.ditions 2.23
Table 2.2 Cooling Design Dry Bulb and Mean Coincident Wet Bulb

CITY . . LAT LONG ELEV I -· DESIGN DB (2~-5%) - ~ -, DESIGN COINCIDENT WB (2.5%)

r [Link]. [Link]. JAN FEB MAR

-
APR MAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY OCT NOV -DEC
··- -·· -· ·-

'
Birmingham, Al 33 34 86 45 630 67 72 76 83 91 84 74 68 62 63 64 67 71 69 64 60
Yuma, Az 32 40 114 36 206 76 82 87 96 99 99 85 75 54 57 58 61 63 66 58 54
Little Rock, Ar 34 44 92 14 265 68 70 76 83 89 84 74 67 63 61 64 67 72 71 65 61
Arcata, Ca 40 59 124 6 217 61 60 59 59 62 66 63 59 53 54 53 54 57 58 56 55
Bishop, Ca 37 22 118 22 4112 60 66 72 81 88 85 72 64 43 45 48 52 57 55 49 45
Los Angeles, Ca 33 56 118 23 122 72 71 72 74 74 80 79 74 54 55 55 61 61 63 56 53
San Diego, Ca 32 44 117 10 37 69 69 70 73 72 79 74 71 53 56 56 60 60 64 55 54
Colorado Springs 38 49 104 42 6170 56 61 63 73 79 77 64 59 39 43 43 47 52 50 44 40
Wilmington, De 39 40 75 36 78 50 55 63 78 84 78 65 55 48 52 54 64 70 69 60 51
Jacksonville, Fl 30 25 81 39 24 75 80 83 86 93 86 81 75 66 68 68 69 73 74 69 67
Augusta, Ga 33 22 81 58 182 70 73 78 85 91 84 77 71 62 63 66 · 68 73 71 65 63
Boise, Id 43 34 116 13 2857 51 53 62 72 83 74 59 48 44 46 49 53 62 55 48 43
Chicago-6 Hare, II 41 59 87 54 667 40 49 58 74 83 78 64 50 45 47 52 63 68 66 56 49
Fort Wayne, In 41 0 85 12 828 47 52 60 76 82 78 63 53 47 50 53 62 68 63 58 51
Indianapolis, In 39 44 86 16 793 53 57 64 78 82 79 66 55 52 54 57 64 68 65 59 53
Des Moines, la 41 32 93 39 963 42 49 59 76 84 79 63 52 39 44 49 62 69 64 55 48
Dodge City, Ks 37 46 99 58 2592 58 64 72 82 89 83 68 59 46 49 51 58 64 60 52 45
Covington, Ky 39 4 84 40 888 55 61 65 79 84 79 68 58 53 56 55 64 70 64 59 53
Louisville, Ky 38 II 85 44 488 58 63 69 82 88 81 71 61 56 57 59 66 72 67 61 57
Lake Charles, La 30 13 93 9 32 72 75 78 84 89 88 79 74 67 68 69 70 75 74 73 68
New Orleans, La 29 59 90 15 20 74 77 79 84 89 86 79 74 69 70 70 72 74 75 72 69
Portland, Me 43 39 70 19 61 41 44 49 62 77 69 58 48 33 43 44 53 64 60 55 47
Battle Creek, Mi 42 18 85 14 939 49 48 64 72 86 77 62 49 50 45 57 59 66 64 55 49
Minneapolis, Mn 44 53 93 15 838 36 42 52 73 83 76 57 43 34 39 45 58 65 62 52 43
Jackson, Ms 32 20 90 13 332 70 74 78 84 89 87 77 70 64 65 67 70 73 72 68 63
Kansas City, Mo 39 7 94 35 750 54 60 69 81 87 83 69 58 49 51 55 65 71 67 57 52
Springfield, Mo 37 14 93 23 1270 59 62 72 80, 84 83 69 59 54 54 59 65 70 66 60 53
Billings, Mt 45 48 108 32 3583 51 54 62 70 80 77 59 52 41 44 47 52 59 56 47 41
North Platte, Ne 41 8 100 42 2787 52 58 64 77 83 80 64 54 42 45 49 56 63 57 49 43.
Tonopah, Ne 38 4 I 17 85422 53 58 65 75 81 78 64 55 40 43 45 49 54 52 46 41
Albuquerque, NM 35 3 106 375314 55 63 69 79 87 79 64 56 42 45 47 51 56 55 46 42
Albany, NY 42 45 73 48 277 43 47 54 73 81 73 60 49 42 45 49 59 67 65 58 46
Greensboro, NC 36 5 79 57 891 63 64 70 83 87 81 71 63 57 56 59 65 70 68 59 58
Bismarck, ND 46 46 100 45 1660 41 42 56 70 82 77 53 43 37 39 46 53 62 57 43 38
Akron-Canton, Oh 40 55 81 26 1236 49 53 60 74 79 75 64 54 48 50 53 63 67 62 57 52
Toledo, Oh 41 36 83 48 692 44 48 59 76 84 77 64 52 42 46 53 63 69 63 58 51
Tulsa, Ok 36 II 95 54 674 63 69 75 83 88 86 73 63 57 58 60 66 73 69 61 53
Medford, Or 42 23 122 521329 55 59 66 75 84 78 63 53 48 50 53 58 64 60 52 49
Portland, Or 45 36 122 36 24 54 57 60 69 79 73 59 54 50 51 51 56 63 59 54 53
Pittsburgh, Pa 40 30 80 131151 49 53 63 78 82 77 64 55 46 50 53 63 68 64 57 51
Sioux Falls, SD 43 34 96 441422 41 45 57 75 84 78 58 47 37 41 48 58 65 60 49 43
Bristol, Tn 36 30 82 211566 59 64 69 81 86 79 70 60 54 55 58 64 70 66 61 54
Amarillo, Tx 35 14 IOI 463700 63 69 75 84 90 84 70 65 50 51 56 61 59 50 47
146 54 55 59 65 63 56 52
Midland, Tx 31 56 102 122858 72 74 81 88 94 88 77 71 53
Wichita Falls, Tx 33 59 98 311039 66 74 82 88 93 89 76 67 ;56 58 61 66 71 67 60 54
Cedar City, Ut 37 42 113 65616 53 56 63 73 81 78 63 54 !41 44 46 50 55 53 46 42
Burlington, Vt 44 28 73 9 331 39 40 49 68 79 70 58 46 38 38 44 56 66 61 55 44
Blackstone, Va 37 4 77 58 438 65 64 71 83 87 82 72 65 59 56 61 67 72 70 61 60
Roanoke, Va 37 19 79 581174 60 63 69 82 87 81 69 62 54 52 56 63 69 66 56 55
Everett, Wa 47 54 122 17 596 50 54 61 64 72 64 54 53 47 49 49 55 61 58 52 49
Charleston, WV 38 22 81 36 989 62 64 70 83 86 80 72 64 55 55 56 63 67 66 60 55
Huntington, WV 38 25 82 27 565 65 65 72 83 87 84 71 63 58 56 60 66 70 69 60 57
Green Bay, Wi 44 29 88 8 699 36 39 48 70 77 69 58 42 36 39 44 57 65 60 54 41
Madison, Wi 43 8 89 20 866 38 44 53 73 81 74 61 44 37 42 47 60 68 62 55 43
Cheyenne, Wy 41 9 104 49 6144 51 56 58 69 76 74 60 54 37 41 41 48 52 50 43 41

Table 2.3 Indoor Design Humidity Ratio (Lb/Lb)

at Design Dry Bulb of 78 F and Relative Humidity as Listed

J Elevation (ft)

RH 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

30 .0061 .0062 .0063 .0064 .0066 .0067 .0068 .0069 .0071 .0072 .0073 .0075 .0076 .0078 .0079 .0081
35 .0071 .0072 .0074 .0075 .0077 .0078 .0079 .0081 .0083 .0084 .0086 .0087 .0089 .0091 .0092 .0094
40 .0081 .0083 .0084 .0086 .0088 .0089 .0091 .0093 .0094 .0096 .0098 .0100 .0102 .0104 .0106 .0108
45 .0092 .0093 .0095 .0097 .0099 .0101 .0103 .0104 .0107 .0109 .Oil I .0113 .0115 .0117 .0119 .0122
50 .0102 .0104 .0106 .0108 .0110 .0112 .0114 .0116 .0119 .0121 .0123 .0125 .0128 .0130 .0133 .0136
55 .0113 .0115 .0117 .0119 .0121 .0123 .0126 .0128 .0131 .0134 .0136 .0138 .0141 .0144 .0147 .0149
60 .0123 .0125 .0128 .0130 .0132 .0135 .0137 .0140 .0143 .0145 .0148 .0151 .0154 .0157 .0160 .0163
 CHAPTER 3

EXTERNAL LOAD FACTORS

External load factors are those involved in the calculation of A = cross-sectional wall area, ft2, measured perpendicu-
components of the cooling load which arise from influences larly to the direction of flow and is constant for a flat
external to the space being cooled. These components of cooling wall or roof or glass.
load come from:
The unsteady-state equation for cooling load is written in
1. Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs and similar format to Eq. (3.1):
overhangs.
2. Heat conduction through interior partitions, ceilings, and q=UXAXCUD 0-~
floors.
3. Heat conduction through fenestration where
4. Solar radiation effects which may be: q = the cooling load, Btu/hr
(a) Converted to conduction and convection effects CLTD = the Cooling Load Temperature Difference, deg F
through walls and roofs or glass. Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) are explained in more detail in Sections
(b) Transmitted directly through glass from the outside
A3. l and A3.2. Eq. (3.2) will be used for all the components of
into the space.
external cooling load named above, except for the solar radia-
tion through glass. The solar load through glass or fenestration
3.1 CONDUCTION EFFECTS AND U-VALUES is discussed in Sections 3.3 and A3.3. Eq. (3.1) is used for heating
The steady-state conduction heat flow through a roof or a loads.
wall or glass is given by:

(3.1) Calculation of U-Values

For a flat wall or roof composed of layers of construction
materials and including surface air films and internal air spaces,
where the area A is constant. When one or more non-uniform layers
q = rate of heat transfer, Btu/hr exist, parallel heat flow must be considered. The area, A, is still
I:::,, t = total temperature difference, air to air, deg F taken as a total constant area and is calculated from architec-
R, = sum of individual thermal resistances, (hr· ft2 · F)/ tural plans. U for parallel flow is taken as V.,-;-the weighted
Btu; R, = R1 + R2 = ... = 1/ U average value for the entire area based on the area of each of the
U = coefficient of transmission, Btu/ (hr· ft2 · F) = 1/ R, non-uniform sections.

[Link] Source Equation Reference, Table, Description

Extl'mal -- Design Heal Transmission Coefficients•- Tahles 3.1-3.5, A3. I and A3.2
Areas calculated from Architectural Plans
, - Cooling Load Temperature Difference Rase Conditions for Roofs Tahlc 3. 8

Roof q =UX J X c!TD

and Notes
Note 2 · Correction for Color of Exterior Surface
Note 2 Correction for Outside Dry Hulh Temperature and Daily Range Tahlcll3
Note 2 Correction for Inside Dry Bulh Temperature Tahlc 3.13
Note 2 Application for l.a1itudc and Month Tahlc 3.12

-- Design Meat Transmission Codficicnts Tahlcs 3.1-3.4. A3.I and A3.2

Arca Calculated from Ard1itectural Plans
Wall Construction (iroup l>e,niption lahlc .l.9
- Cooling Load Temperature l>ifkrence at Base Conditions for Wall Group
Tahle 3.10 and Noll's
Note 2 Correction for Color of [Link] Surface
Wall, q =UXA X Ci .TD Note 2 Correction for Outside ()r~· Bulh Temperature and Daily Range lahlc3.13
Note 2 Correction for Inside l>rv Bulh Temperature I ahlc 3.13
Note 2 Application for L1titude and Month Tahlc 3.12

---
Glass Type of Glass and Interior Shading. if 1/sed Tahlcs 3.14-3.16 and A3.4
Area - Glass Arca Calculated from Plans
Cooling Load Temperature Difference for Conduction Load Through (ilass

C,,nd·uction - Jx c IL.
" = 1, x 11 rD
Tahlc 3.23
Correction for Outside Dry Bulh Temperature and l>ail,· Range [Link]
Correction for Inside Dry Bulh Temperature Tahlc 3.1 J

3.1
3.2 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

EXAMPLE 3.1 Item Table Explanation and Notes

Obtain both the winter and summer U-values for a flat masonry roof
with 3/8 in. built-up roofing on 6 in. of concrete slab (6 in. gravel agg.; Additional R ' For U = 0.08, R = 1/0.08 = 12.5
140 lb/ft3) with a suspended ceiling of 1/2 in. acoustical tile (18 lb/ft 3) required to meet
specification of
Existing R = 6.55
Determine the value of U if 1 in. of preformed roof insulation is added.
How much added R other than from the first 1 in. of insulation is U = 0.08 (Winter) ;
Additional R = 12.5 - 6.55 = 5.95
necessary if it is to meet code standard of U = 0.08? U (Summer) The difference in U-values for the
Item ~ ',fable Explanation and Notes summer and the winter for roofs
is due to the air film resistances
q = U XA X CLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load Equation for Roof; on the outside, on the inside and
Obtain V in any air space such as a sus-
q= UXA XTO Table 1.3 Heating Load Equation pended ceiling. This is caused by
U (Winter, lable 3.2H For guidelines in procedure only. the wind speed, b.y the direction
15 mph wind) \Heat flow Substitute values which apply to of heat flow and by the average
'· up) this construction temperature.
Horiz. (still air) with E = 0.90
-~

U (Winter) Construction Resistance (R) Inside air film table 3.3

(Heat Flow Up) (Summer) for most construction
materials & Heat Flow Down
rfable 3.3 I. Inside surface film 0.61 R = 0.92
(still air)
.[fable 3.1 2. I/ 2 in. acoustic tile 1.25 Outside air film Any position (7.5 mph wind)
(wood fiber) (Summer) R = 0.25
~able 3.4 3. Air space (Non-reflec- 0.93 Any direction of heat flow
tive Es = 0.82; greater '
trable 3.3 Es for both surfaces of air space
than 3.5 in. 50 F mean; I
with normal building materials
10 deg F difference)
Horizontal Es= 0.82
'.Table 3.1 4. 6 in. concrete, gravel 0.48
aggregate, not dried;
140 lb/ft'; 0.08/in. X 6 in.
Air Space
(Summer) .
Table 3.4 Horiz. Air Space
Heat Flow Down &
Table 3.1 5. Built-up roofing 0.33 Es= 0.82 R= 1.00
(3/8 in.) (Greater than 3 I/ 2 in.
\fable 3.3 6. ·Outside surface film 0.17 with 90 F mean)
(15 mph wind)
U (Summer)
Construction Resisiance (R)
Total Thermal R = 3 77 (Heat Flow Down)
Resistance (R) ' · I. :Inside surface film 0.92
U= 1/R, = 1/3.77 = 0.26 (still air)
Btu/(hr · ft2 · F) 2. (As above) 1.25
Add roof deck /'fable 3.1 The additional insulation for a I 3. Air Space 1.00
insulation (also see in. preformed slab is R = 2.78 as 4. (As above) 0.48
(Winter) Note h) obtained from manufacturer's 5. (As above) 0.33
data or from specs. 6. Outside surface film 0.25
(7.5 mph wind)
·Table A3.1 The value of U obtained by in- --
Total Thermal
terpolating in Table A3.I with (add) R, = 4.23
Resistance ( R)
, U = 0.26 and additional R = 2. 78 V = I/ R, = I/ 4.23 = 0.24
is U = 0.15, approximated be- 2
Btu/(hr · ft • F)
tween 0.171 and 0.146
Additional R to With R = 2.78 added:
Alternate Method (Preferred) meet condition of R, = 4.23 + 2.78 = 7.01
New R = 3.77 + 2.78 = 6.55 U = 0.08 (Summer) U = 1/R, = 0.143 Btu/(hr·ft 2 ·F)
U = 1/6.55 = 0.153 Btu/ For summer U = 0.08, the added
2
(hr· ft • F) R necessary is R = 12.5 - 7.01
2
':" 5.49 (hr· ft • F)/ Btu
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.3

EXAMPLE 3.2 EXAMPLE 3.3

An outside wall is constructed of 6 in. concrete, 140 lb/ft3 density, and Obtain the winter and summer U-values for a 4 in. concrete floor
I /2 in. gypsum board furred out 2 in. on metal furring strips. The winter covered with floor tile (] /8 in.) over an unconditioned space. Assume
and summer U values are needed for this wall. Determine additional the concrete is 4 in. sand aggregate.
resistance of insulation required for U = 0.08.
Item Table Explanation and Notes
Item Table Explanation and Notes
--- ·--------·-·- - -- -- q= UXA XCLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load Equation for Floor;
q= UXA XCLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load Equation for Walls. obtain U
obtain U q = UXA XTD Table 1.3 Heating Load Equation; obtain U
q= UXA XTD Table 1.3 Heating Load Equation
U (Winter) Table 3.2G For guidelines in procedure only.
U (Winter, Table 3.2B For guidelines in procedure only. Still air '/-leat flow
15 mph wind) Check on the density of the con- both sides. up
crete for such a wall, since a
lighter density concrete wall, 80 U (Winter) Construction Resistance (R)
lb/ft' for example, has greater .{_Heat Flow Up)
resistance resulting in lower U. Table 3.3 I. Bottom surface film 0.61
(still air)
Table 3.1 2. 4 in. concrete 0.32
U (Winter) Table 3.1 Total R = R1 + R, + ... 0.08/in. X 4 in.
(2 in. air space;
(sand agg., not
neglect effect of Table 3.3 Outside air film R=0.17 dried) 140 lb/ft3
metal furring Table 3.1 6 in. concrete R =0.48 Table 3.1 3. I/ 8 in. floor tile 0.05
strips) Table 3.4 2 in. air space R=0.9 0 Table 3.3 4. Top surface film 0.61
Table 3.1 I/ 2 in. gypsum board R =0.45 {still air} ---
Table 3.3 Inside air film R = 0.68 Total Thermal R, = 1.59
Total R, = 2.68 Resistance
U = L = 0.37 Btu/(hr ·ft'· F) U= 1/R,
R, 2
= I/ 1.59 = 0.62 Btu/(hr· ft • F)
U(Summer) Table 3.3 If a summer wind velocity is be- U (Summer) Only change from winter is for re-
tween 5 and IO mph, the approxi- Still air both sistances of air films on top and ·
mate value of U will be about sides bottom. Now heat flow is down.
0.36. This is close enough for mos For normal construction materials
applications to use 0.37 for both E= 0.90
summer and winter. Generally, Table 3.3 Horiz. (still air)
this is true for most exterior wall R = 0.92
Heat Flow Down
and roof constructions.
Construction Resistance (R)
Alternate Calculation
(Heat Flow Down)
Summer (7 1/2 mph wind)
I. Bottom surface film 0.92
outside air film
(still air)
R = 0.25
2. (As above) 0.32
R, = (2.68 - .17) + 0.25 = 2.76
3. (As above) 0.05
U = 1/2.76 = 0.36 Btu/(hr·ft 2 • F) 0.92
4. Top surface film
Add R-6.25 rrable 3.1 Urethane with a resistance of 6.25 (still air)
---
Urethane (I in.) Table 3.2 for I in. is added in air space. How Total Thermal R, = 2.21
ever an air space of I in. is main- ·Resistance
tained between insulation and
gypsum board. Assume I in. air U= l/R,
space has same resistance as prev- = 1/2.21 =0.45 Btu/(hr·ft'·F)
ious 2 in. air space. With U = Comment In both winter and summer the
0.37 and R added = 6.25 the major resistances are due to the
new U = O. l l approx. air films on top and bottom, for
this type of construction. There
U (Winter, summer) Replace 2 in. air space :with I in. ure is a significant difference in this
( I in. air space; thane and I in. air space case.
I in. urethane)
R = 6.25 Alternate Previous Total R = 2.68
Subtract 2 in. air space R= 0.9 o,
R = 1.7 8
Add urethane R= 6.2 5
Add I in. air space
(Table 3.4) R=0.94
New Total R, = 8.9 7
u=L=0.11 Btu/(hr·ft 2 ·F)
R, .
Given Cod~ or Table 3.1 The original U = 0.37 requires an
Standard additional resistance of
Requirement R = 1/0.08 - 2.68 = 12.5 - 2.68
U= 0.08 R = 9.8 (hr· ft'· F)/ Btu
This is equivalent to (9.8/6.25)
= 1.6 in. of urethane
 3.4 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table ;[Link] Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Materials - (Design Values)'!_
Description Customary Unit
Density Conduc- Conduc- Resistanceb(R) Specific Heat Caoacitv
(lb/ftl) tivity tance Heat, Wt
(k) (C) Per inch For thick- Btu/(lb) lb _!!!!!_ _!!!!!_
thickness ness listed (degF) ft 2 ft 2 • F ft·'• F
(1/k) (1/C)
BUILDING BOARD
Boards, Panels, Subflooring, Sheathing
Woodboard Panel Products - - 28.8
Asbestos-cement board ....................... 120 4.0 - 0.25 - 0.24 1.25 0.30 28.8
Asbestos-cement board ................. 0.125 in. 120 - 33.00 - 0.03 2.50 0.60 28.8
Asbestos-cement board .................. 0.25 in. 120 - 16.50 - 0.06 1.56 0.41 13.0
Gypsum or plaster board ............... 0.375 in. 50 - 3.10 - 0.32 0.26 2.08 0.54 13.0
Gypsum or plaster board ................. 0.5 in. 50 - 2.22 - 0.45 2.60 0.68 13.0
Gypsum or plaster board ............... 0.625in. 50 - 1.78 - 0.56 - - 9.86
Plywood (Douglas Fir) ........................ 34 0.80 - 1.25 - 0.29 0.71 0.21 9.86
Plywood (Douglas Fir) .................. 0.25 in. 34 - 3.20 - 0.31 1.06 0.31 9.86
Plywood (Douglas Fir) ................. 0.375 in. 34 - 2.13 - 0.47 1.42 0.41 9.86
Plywood (Douglas Fir) ................... 0.5 in. 34 - 1.60 - 0.62 1.77 0.51 9.86
Plywood (Douglas Fir) ... , ............. 0.625 in. 34 - 1.29 - 0.77
Plywood or wood panels ................. 0.75 in. 34 - 1.07 - 0.93 0.29 2.13 0.62 9.86
Vegetable Fiber Board
Sheathing, regular density ............... 0.5 in. 18 - 0.76 - 1.32 0.31 0.75 0.23 5.58
........... 0.78125 in. 18 - 0.49 - 2.06 1.17 0.36 5.58
Sheathing intermediate density ........... 0.5 in. 22 - 0.82 - 1.22 0.31 0.92 0.28 6.82
Nail-base sheathing .................... 0.5 in. 25 - 0.88 - 1.14 0.31 1.04 0.32 7.75
Shingle backer ...................... 0.375 in. 18 - 1.06 - 0.94 0.31 0.56 0.17 5.58
Shingle backer ..................... 0.3125 in. 18 - 1.28 - 0.78 0.47 0.15 5.58
Sound deadening board ................ 0.5in. 15 - 0.74 - 1.35 0.30 0.62 0.19 4.50
Tile and lay-in panels, plain or,
acoustic ................................ 18 0.40 - 2.50 - 0.14 - - 2.52
............................ 0.5in. 18 - 0.80 - 1.25 0.75 0.11 2.52
............................ 0.75 in. 18 - 0.53 - 1.89 1.13 0.16 2.52
Laminated paperboard ...................... 30 0.50 - 2.00 - 0.33 - - 9.90
Homogeneous board from '
repulped paper .......................... 30 0.50 - 2.00 - 0.28 - - 8.40
Hardboard
Medium density ........................... 50 0.73 - 1.37 - 0.31 - - 17.60
High density, service temp. service
underlay ............................... 55 0.82 - 1.22 - 0.32 - - 17.60
High density, std. tempered .................. 63 1.00 - 1.00 - 0.32 - - 20.16
Particleboard
Low density .............................. 37 0.54 - 1.85 - 0.31 11.47
Medium density ........................... 50 0.94 · - 1.06 - 0.31 15.50
High density .. ·............................ 62.5 1.18 - 0.85 - 0.31 19.38
Underlayment ...................... 0.625 in. 40 - 1.22 - 0.82 0.29 2.08 0.6 11.60
Wood subfloor ........................ 0.75 in. - 1.06 - 0.94 0.33 2.00 0.6 9.60
BUILDING MEMBRANE
Vapor-permeable felt. ....................... - - 16.70 - 0.06 - - -
Vapor-seal, 2 layers of mopped
15-lb felt. ................................ - - 8.35 - 0.12 - - -
Vapor-seal, plastic film ...................... - - - - Neg!. - - -

FINISH FLOORING MATERIALS

Carpet and fibrous pad ....................... - - 0.48 - 2.08 0.34 - - -
Carpet and rubber pad ........................ - - 0.81 - 1.23 0.33 - - -
Cork tile ............................ 0.125 in. - - 3.60 - 0.28 0.48 -
Terrazzo ............................... I in. - - 12.50 - 0.08 0.19 11.7 2.22 26.60
Tile-asphalt, linoleum, vinyl, rubber ............ - - 20.00 - 0.05 0.30 - - -
vinyl asbestos ............................. 0.24 - - -
ceramic .................................. 0.19 - - -
Wood, hardwood finish ................. 0.75 in. 1.47 0.68 2.81 0.84 13.50
IN SULATING MATERIALS
BLANKET AND BATT
Mineral Fiber, fibrous form processed
from rock, slag, or glass
approx. e 2-2. 75 in ........................ 0.3-2.0 - 0.143 - 7d 0.17-0.23 .12-.40 .02-.09 0.1-0.46
approx.• 3-3.5 in ......................... 0.3-2.0 - 0.091 - Jld .16-.54 .03-.12 0.1-0.46
approx.• 3.50-6.5 ........................ 0.3-2.0 - 0.053 - 19d .30-.98 .05-.23 0.1-0.46
approx.• 6-7 in. ......................... 0.3-2.0 0.045 22d .30-1.10 .05-.25 0.1-0.46
[Link] 8.5 in. ......................... 0.3~2.0 0.033 30d .40-1.42 .07-.32 0.1-0.46
BOARD AND SLABS
Cellular glass ............................... 8.5 0.38 - 2.63 - 0.24 - - 2.64
Glass fiber, organic bonded .................... 4-9 0.25 - 4.00 - 0.23 - - .9-2.1
Expanded rubber (rigid) ....................... 4.5 0.22 - 4.55 - 0.40 - - 1.8
Expanded polystyrene extruded
Cut cell surface ............................ 1.8 0.25 - 4.00 - 0.29 - - 0.52
Expanded polystyrene extruded
Smooth skin surface ........................ 2.2 0.20 - 5.00 - 0.29 - - 0.64
Expanded polystyrene extruded
Smooth skin surface ........................ 3.5 0.19 - 5.26 - - - 1.02
Expanded polystyrene, molded beads ............. 1.0 0.28 - 3.57 - 0.29 - - 0.29
Expanded polyurethanef (R-11 exp.) ............. 1.5 0.16 - 6.25 - 0.38 - - 0.57
(Thickness I in. or greater) .......... , ........ 2.5
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.5

Table [Link] Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Materials-(Design Values)• (continued)
Description Customary Unit
Density Conduc- Conduc- Resistanceh(R) Specific Heal Canacitv
(lb/ftl) tivity lance Heat, WI
(k) (C) Per inch For thick- Btu/(lb) lb _____!!I_!!_ _____!!I_!!_
thickness ness listed (deg F) ft' fl'· F ft'· F
(1/k) (1/C)
Mineral fiber with resin binder .................. 15 0.29 - 3.45 - 0.17 - - 9.1~
Mineral fiberboard, wet felted
Core or roof insulation ...................... 16-17 0.34 - 2.94 - - - 2.2-2.4
Acoustical tile ............................. 18 0.35 - 2.86 - 0.19 - - 3.42
Acoustical tile." ............................ 21 0.37 - 2.70 - - - 2.94
Mineral fiberboard, wet molded
Acoustical tileg ............................ 23 0.42 - 2.38 - 0.14 - - 3.22
Wood or cane fiberboard
Acoustical tileg ....................... 0.5 in. - - 0.80 - 1.25 ' 0.31 - - -

Acoustical tileg ...................... 0.75 in. - - 0.53 - 1.89 - - -

Interior finish (plank, tile) ..................... 15 0.35 - 2.86 - 0.32 - - 4.80
Wood shredded (cemented in
preformed slabs) ........................... 22 0.60 - 1.67 - 0.31 - - 6.82
LOOSE FILL
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or
wood pulp) ............................... 2.3-3.2 0.27-0.32 - 3.13-3.70 - 0.33 - - .76-l.06
Sawdust or shavings .......................... 8.0-15.0 0.45 - 2.22 - 0.33 - - 2.64-4.45
Wood fiber, softwoods ....................... 2.0-3.5 0.30 - 3.33 - 0.33 - - .66-1.16
Perlite, expanded ............................ 5.0-8.0 0.37 - 2.70 - 0.26 I
I
- - 1.3 -2.08
Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass)
approx.• 3.75-5 in ..........................
approx.• 6.5-8.75 in ........................
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
-
-
-
-
II
19
0.17 I0.2.51-l.27
_ .1, .04-.12
.06-.22
0.1
0.1- .34
approx. e 7 .5-10 in .......................... 0.6-2.0 - - £2 .45-1.46 .07-.25 0.1- .34
approx.• 10.25-13.75 in ..................... 0.6-2.0 - - 30 .60-2.02 .I -.34 0.1- .34
Vermiculite, exfoliated ........................ 7.0-8.2 0.47 - 2.13 - 3.20 - - 1.4-l.64
4.0-6.0 0.44 - 2.27 -- - - 0.8-l.2
ROOF I NS ULATIONh
Preformed, for use above deck
Different roof insulations are available in different 0.72 1.39 - - -
thicknesses to provide the design Cvalues listed.h to to
Consult individual manufacturers for actual 0.12 8.33 - - -

thickness of their material . ...................

MASONRY MATERIALS
CONCRETES
Cement mortar .............................. 116 5.0 - 0.20 - - - 23.2
Gypsum-fiber concrete 87 .5% gypsum,
12.5% wood chips ....................... ' . 51 1.66 - 0.60 - 0.21 - - 10.71
Lightweight aggregates including ex- 120 5.2 - 0.19 - - - 24.0
panded shale, clay or slate; expanded JOO 3.6 - 0.28 - - - 20.0
slags; cinders; pumice; vermiculite; 80 2.5 - 0.40 - - - 16.0
also cellular concretes 60 I. 7 - 0.59 - -· - 12.0
40 I. I 5 - 0.86 - - - 8.0
30 0.90 - [Link] - - - 6.0
20 0.70 1.43 - - 4.0
Perlite, expanded ............................ 40 0.93 1.08 - - 12.8
30 0.71 1.41 - - 9.6
20 0.50 2.00 0.32 - - 6.4
Sand and gravel or stone aggregate
(oven dried) ' ........................... ' . 140 9.0 - 0.11 0.22 - - 30.8
Sand and gravel or stone aggregate
(not dried) ' ............................ ' . 140 12.0 - 0.08 - - 28.0
Stucco .................................... 116 5.0 - 0.20 - - 23.2
MASONRY UNITS
Brick, commoni ............................. 120 5.0 - 0.20 - 0.19 - - 22.8
Brick, facei ................................ 130 9.0 - 0.11 - - - 24.7
Clay tile, hollow:
I cell deep ............................ 3 in. - - 1.25 - 0.80 0.21 15.0 3.2 12.6
I cell deep ..................•......... 4 in. - - 0.90 - [Link] 16.0 3.4 10.1
2 cells deep ............................ 6 in. - - 0.66 - 1.52 25.0 5.25 10.5
2 cells deep ............................ 8 in. - - 0.54 - 1.85 30.0 6.3 9.5
2 cells deep ........................... JO in. - - 0.45 - 2.22 35.0 7.4 8.8
3 cells deep .. : ........................ 12 in. - - 0.40 - 2.50 40.0 8.4 8.4
Concrete blocks, three oval core:
,_ - 23.0 5.1 15.2
Sand and gravel aggregate ................ 4 in. - 1.40 0.71 0.22
, ............... Sin. - - 0.90 - [Link] 43.0 9.4 14.1
............... 12in. - - 0.78 - 1.28 63.0 13.9 13.9
Cinder aggregate ....................... 3 in. - - 1.16 - 0.86 0.21 17.0 3.6 14.3
....................... 4in. - - 0.90 - [Link] 20.0
37.0
4.2
7.9
12.6
............. .' ......... 8 in. - - 0.58 - 1.72 I l.8
...................... 12in. - - 0.53 - 1.89 53.0 I I.I ll.l
Lightweight aggregate ..................... 3 in. - - 0.79 - 1.27 0.21 15.0 2.6 12.6
(expanded shale, clay, slate ............... 4 in. - - 0.67 - 1.50 17.0 3.6 10.9
or slag; pumice) ........................ 8 in. - - 0.50 - 2.00 32.0 6.7 10.1
....................... 12in. - - 0.44 - 2.27 43.0 9.0 9.0
Concrete blocks, rectangular core.• i
Sand and gravel aggregate
2 core, 8 in. 36 lb.k• ...................... - - 0.96 - 1.04 0.22 43.1 9.5 14.2
Same with filled coresi • ................... - - 0.52 - 1.93 0.22 - - -
 3.6 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table [Link] Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Materials-(Deslgn Values)• (concluded)
Description Customary Unit
Density Conduc- Conduc- t -_ _R_es_is_ta~n_c_e_b(R~)_ __, Specific Heat Caoacitv
(lb/ftl) tivity lance Heat, Wt
(k) (C) Per inch For thick- Btu/(lb) J!!... --1!!!!_ --1!!!!_
thickness ness listed (deg F)
ft' ft' · F ft', F
(1/k) (1/C)
Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale,
clay, slate or slag, pumice):
3core,6in.191b.k• ....................... . 0.61 1.65 0.21 22.8 4.8 9.6
Same with filled cores 1• ••••••••••••••••••••• 0.33 2.99
2 core, 8 in. 24 lb. k• ...................... .. 0.46 2.18 28.8 6.0 9.1
Same with filled cores 1• ••••••••••••••••••••• 0.20 5.03
3 core, 12 in. 38 lb.k* ...................... . 0.40 2.48 45.6 9.6 9.6
Same with filled cores I• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 5.82
Stone, lime or sand .......................... . 12.50 0.08 0.19 28.5
Gypsum partition tile:
3 x 12 x 30 in. solid ....................... . 0.79 1.26 0./9 I 1.0 2.1 8.6
3 x 12 x 30 in. 4-celi ....................... . 0.74 1.35 9.0 1.7 6.7
4 x 12 x 30in. 3-cell ....................... . 0.60 1.67 13.0 2.5 7.2
PLASTERING MATERIALS
Cement plaster, sand aggregate ................ . 116 5.0 0.20 0.20 23.2
Sand aggregate ..................... 0.375 in 13.3 0.08 0.20 3.63 0.72 23.2
Sand aggregate ...................... 0. 75 in 6.66 0./5 0.20 7.25 1.45 23.2
Gypsum piaster:
Lightweight aggregate .................. 0.5 in 45 3.12 0.32 1.88 0.38 9.0
Lightweight aggregate ................ 0.625 in 45 2.67 0.39 2.34 0.47 9.0
Lightweight agg. on metal lath .......... 0. 75 in 2.13 0.47 0.57
Perlite aggregate .......................... . 45 1.5 0.67 0.32 14.4
Sand aggregate ........................... . 105 5.6 0./8 0.20 21.0
Sand aggregate ....................... 0.5 in 105 11.10 0.09 4.38 0.88 21.0
Sand aggregate ..................... 0.625 in 105 9.10 [Link] 5.47 1.09 21.0
Sand aggregate on metal lath ............ 0.75 in 7.70 0.13 l.32
Vermiculite aggregate ........... ·........... . 45 1.7 0.59 9.0
ROOFING
Asbestos-cement shingles ..................... . 120 4.76 0.21 0.24 28.8
Asphalt roll roofing ......................... . 70 6.50 0./5 0.36 25.2
Asphalt shingles ............................ . 70 2.27 0.44 0.30 25.2
Built-up roofing ...................... 0.375 in. 70 3.00 0.33 0.35 2.19 0.73 24.5
Slate ................................. 0.5 in. 20.00 0.05 0.30
Wood shingles, plain and olastic film faced ....... . 1.06 0.94 0.31
SIDINGMATERIALS(ONFLATSURFACE)
Shingles
Asbestos-cement. ......................... . 120 4.75 0.21 28.8
Wood, 16in., 7.5exposure .................. . 1.15 0.87 0.31
Wood, double, 16-in., 12-in. exposure ......... . 0.84 1.19 0.28
Wood, plus insul. backer board, 0.3125 in ....... . 0.71 1.40 0.31
Siding
Asbestos-cement, 0.25 in., lapped ............. . 4.76 0.21 0.24 29.5
Asphalt roll siding ........................ . 6.50 0.15 0.35 24.5
Asphalt insulating siding (0.5 in. bed.) ......... . 0.69 1.46 0.35
Wood, drop, I x 8 in ....................... . 1.27 0.79 0.28
Wood, bevel, 0.5 :< 8 in., lapped .............. . 1.23 0.'81 0.28
Wood, bevel, 0.75 x !Oin., lapped ............ . 0.95 1.05 0.28
Wood, plywood, 0.375 in., lapped ............ . 1.59 0.59 0.29
Wood, medium density siding, 0.4375 in ........ . 40 1.49 0.67 0.28 11.5
Aluminum or Steelm, over sheathing
Hollow-backed ......................... . 1.61 0.61 0.29
Insulating-board backed nominal
0.375 in ............................. . 0.55 1.82 0.32
Insulating-board backed nominal
0.375 in., foil backed ................... . 0.34 2.96
Architectural glass .......................... . 10.00 0.10 0.20
WOODS
Maple, oak, and similar hardwoods ............. . 45 1.10 0.91 0.30 13.5
Fir, pine, and similar softwoods ................ . 32 0.80 1.25 0.33 10.6
Fir, pine, and similar softwoods ........... 0.75 in. 32 1.06 0.94 0.33 2.0 0.66 10.6
........................... 1.5 in. 0.53 1.89 4.0 1.32 10.6
........................... 2.5 in. 0.32 3.12 6.7 2.20 10.6
........................... 3.5 in. 0.23 4.35 9.3 3.08 10.6
8
Representative values for dry materials were selected by ASH RAE TC4.4, Insulation and Moisture Barriers. They are intended as design (not specification) values
for materials in normal use. For properties of a particular product, use the value supplied by the manufacturer or by unbiased tests
hResistancc values arc the reciprocals of C before rounding off C to two decimal places.
c Also see Insulating Materials, Board.
d Does not include paper backing and facing, if any. Where insulation forms a boundary (reflective or otherwise) of an air space, see Tables 3.3 and 3.4 for the insulating
value of air space for the appropriate effective emiltance and temperalure conditions of the space.
e Conductivity varies with fiber diameter. Insulation is produced by different densities; therefore, there is a wide variation in thickness for the same R-value among
manufacturers. No effort should be made to relate any specific R-value to any specific thickness.
fvalues are for aged board stock. For change in conductivity with age of expanded urethane, see Chapter 19, Factors Affecting Thermal Conductivity, 1977
Fundamentals Volume.
I Insulating values of acoustical tile v~ry, depending on density of the board and on type, size, and depth of perforations.
hThe U. S. Department of Commerce, Simplified Practice Recommendation/or Thermal Conductance Factors/or Preformed Above-Deck Roof Insulation, No.
R 2S1-SS, recognizes the specification of roof insulation on the basis of the·C-values shown. Roof insulation is made in thicknesses to meet these values.
iface brick and common brick do not always have these specific densities. When density is different from that shown, there will be a change in thermal con-
dllctivity.
jData on rectangular core concrete blocks differ from the above data on oval core blocks, due to core configuration, different mean temperatures, and possibly dif-
ferences in unit weights. Weight data on the oval core blocks tested arc not available.
kWeights of units approximately 7 .62S in. high and I S.1S in. long. These weights arc given as a means of describing the blocks tested, but conductance values arc
all for I ft2 ofarea.
1Vermiculite, per lite, or mineral wool insulation. Where insulation is used, vapor barriers or other precautions must be considered to keep insulation dry.
mvalues for metal siding applied over flat surfaces vary widely, depending on amount of ventilation of air space beneath the siding; whether air space is reJ1ective
or nonreflective; and on thickness, type, and application of insulating backing-board used. Values given are averages for use as design guides, and were obtained
from several guarded hotbox tests (ASTM C236) or calibrated hotbox (BSS 77) on hoUow-backcd types and types made using backing-boards of wood fiber, foamed
plastic, and glass fiber. Departures of±504', or more from the values given may occur.
 Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.7
Table 3.1B Thermal Conductivity (k) of Industrial Insulation (Design Values)a (For Mean Temperatures Indicated)
Expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit temperature difference per inch)

Accept•
tedMax Typical Typical Conductivity k at Mean Temp F
Temp for Density
Form Material Composition Use,F" (lb/ftJ) -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 200 300 500 700 900
BLANKETS & FELTS
MINERAL FIBER
(Rock, slag or glass)
Blanket, metal reinforced 1200 6-12 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.54
1000 2.5-6 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.61
Mineral fiber, glass
Blanket, flexible, fine-fiber 350 0.65 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.53
organic bonded 0.75 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.48
l.O 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.43
1.5 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.37
2.0 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.33
3.0 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.31
Blanket, flexible, textile-fiber 350 0.65 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.50 0.68
organic bonded 0.75 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.48 0.66
1.0 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.2'! 0.31 0.45 0.60
1.5 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.39 0.51
3.0 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.32 0.41
Felt, semirigid organic bonded 400 3-8 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.35 0.44
850 3 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.35 0.55
Laminated & felted 1200 7.5 0.35 0.45 0.60
Without binder
VEGETABLE & ANIMAL FIBER
Hair Felt or Hair Felt plus Jute 180 10 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.30
BLOCKS, BOARDS & PIPE INSULATION
ASBESTOS
Laminated asbestos paper 700 30 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60
Corrugated & laminated asbestos
Paper
•
4-ply 300 11-13 0.54 0.57 0.68
6-ply 300 15-17 0.49 0.51 0.59
8-ply 300 18-20 0.47 0.49 0.57
MOLDED AMOSITE & BINDER 1500 15-18 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.52 0.62 0.72
85 % MAGNESIA 600 11-12 0.35 0.38 0.42
CALCIUM SILICATE 1200 11-13 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.52 0.62 0.72
1800 12-15 0.63 0.74 0.95
CELLULAR GLASS 800 9 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.48 0.55
DIATOMACEOUS SILICA 1600 21-22 0.64 0.68 0.72
1900 23-25 0.70 0.75 0.80
MINERAL FIBER
Glass,
Organic bonded,block and boards 400 3-10 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.40
Nonpunking binder 1000 3-10 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.52
Pipe insulation, slag or glass 350 3-4 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.29
500 3-10 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.40
Inorganic bonded-block 1000 10-!'5 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.55
1800 15-24 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.52 0.62 0.74
Pipe insulation slag or glass 1000 10-15 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.55
MINERAL FIBER
Resin binder IS 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.29
RIGID POLYSTYRENE
Extruded, Refrigerant 12 exp 170 3.5 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20
Extruded, Refrigerant 12 exp 170 2.2 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20
Extruded 170 1.8 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27
Molded beads 170 I 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28
POLYURETHANE*•
Refrigerant 11 exp 210 1.5-2.S 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17
RUBBER, Rigid Foamed 150 4.5 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23
VEGETABLE & ANIMAL FIBER
Wool felt (pipe insulation) 180 20 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.33
INS ULA TING CEMENTS
MINERAL FIBER
(Rock, slag, or glass)
With colloidal clay binder 1800 24-30 0.49 0.55 0.61 0.73 0.85
With hydraulic setting binder 1200 30-40 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.95
LOOSE FILL
Cellulose insulation (milled pulverized
paper or wood pulp) 2.5-3 0.26 0.27 0.29
Mineral fiber, slag, rock or glass 2-5 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31
Perlite (expanded) 5-8 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.39
Silica aerogel 7.6 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18
Vermiculite (expanded) 7-8.2 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.49
4-6 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46
8 Representative values for dry materials as selected by ASH RAE TC 4.4, Insulation and Moisture Barriers. They are intended as design (not specification) values for materials of building con-
struction for normal use. For thermal resistance of a particular product, use the value supplied by the manufacturer or by unbiased tests.
•These temperatures are generally accepted as maximum. When operating temperature approaches these limits follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
••values are for aged board stock. For change in conductivity with age of refrigerant-blown expanded urethane see section on Thermal Conductivity, Chapter 19, 1977 Fundamentals Volume.
Note: Some polyurethane foams are formed by means which produce a stable product (with respect to k), but most are blown with refrigerant and will change with time.
 3.8 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.2A Coefficients of Transmission (ll) and Heat Capacities of Frame Walls
These U-coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) {deg'ree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the
air on the two sides), and are based on an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2. F.

Replace Air Space with 3.5-in. R-11 Blanket Insulation (New Item 4)
2 1 2
Resistance (R) Heat Capacity
Between At Between At Between
Construction Framin Framin Framin Framin Framin
I. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
2. Siding, wood, 0.5 in.x 8 in. lapped (average) 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.47 0.47
3. Sheathing, 0.5-in. asphalt impregnated 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 0.23 0.23
4. Nonreflective air space, 3 .5 in. (50 Fmean; 10 deg F
temperature difference) 1.01 11.00 .08
5. Nominal 2-in. x 4-in. wood stud 4.38 4.38
6. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in._ 0.45 0.45
0.45 0.54 0.45 0.54
7. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68
0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance (R) ..................... R;=4.44 R;=14.43
R,=7.81 1.24 R,=7.81 1.32
Construction No, I: U; = l/4.44=0.2:Z5; U,=1/7.81 =0.128. With 200Jo framing (typical of 2-in. x 4-in. studs @ 16-in. o.c.), u.v = 0.8
(0.225) + 0.2 (0.128) = 0.206 (See Eq 9)
Construction No. 2: U; = 1114.43 = 0.069; U, = 0.128. With framing unchanged, Uav = 0.8(0.069) + 0.2(0.128) = 0.081

Table 3.28 Coefficients of Transmission (ll) and Heat Capacities of Solid Masonry Walls
Coefficients are expressed in Btu/ per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahre~heit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are based on an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Replace Furring Strips and Air Space with 1-in. Extruded Polystyrene (New Item 4)
1 2 1 2
Resistance (R) Heat Capacity
Construction Between At Between
Furrin Furrin Furrin
I. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17
0.17
2. Common brick, 8 in. 1.60 1.60
1.60 15.2 15.2
3. Nominal I-in. xJ-in. vertical furring 0.94
4. Nonreflective air space, 0.75 in. (50 F mean; 10 deg F
temperature difference) 1.01 5.00 0.05
5. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
1 2 3 4 5 6 6. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance (R) R; = 3.91 R, = 3.84 R; = 7.9$) = R, 15.74 15.79
Construction No. 1:U; = 1/3.91=0.256; U,=1/3.84=0.260. With 20% framing (typical of I-in. x 3-in. vertical furring on masonry@ 16-in. o~.)
u.v = 0.8 (0.256) + 0.2 (0.260) = 0.257
Construction No. 2: U; = U, = Uav = 1/7 .90 = 0.127

Table 3.2C Coefficients of Transmission (ll) and Heat Capacities of Frame Partitions or Interior Walls
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides). and are based on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Replace Air Space with 3.5-in. R-11 Blanket Insulation (New Item 3)
2 1 2
Resistance (R) Heat Ca acit
Between At Between At Between
Cmtstruction Framln Framln Framin Framin Framin
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68
2. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
3. Nonreflective air space, 3.5 in. (50 F mean; 10 deg F
temperature difference) 1.01 11.00 0.08
4. Nominal 2-in. x 4-in. wood stud 4.38 4.38
· 5. Gypsum wallboard0.5 in. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
6. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance (R) ..................... R;= 3.27 R,= 6.64 R;=l3.26 R,= 6.64 1.08 1.16
Construction No. I: U;= 1/3.27 = 0.306; Ui= 1/6.64 =. 0.151. With IOOJo framing (typical of 2-in. x 4-in. studs @ 24-in. o.c.), u.v= 0.9
(0.306) + 0.1 (0.151) = u.290
Construction No. 2: Ui = ..1/13.26 = 0.075,U, = 1/6.64 = 0.151. With framing unchanged, Uav = 0.9(0.075) + 0.1(0.151) = 0.083
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.9

Table 3.2D Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Masonry Walls
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are based ~n an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Replace Cinder Aggregate Block with 6-in. Light-weight Aggregate Block wilh Cores Filled (New Hem 4)
1 2 I 2
Resistance (R) Heat Ca acit
Between At Between At Between
Construction Furrin Furrin Furrin Furrin Furring -
I. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
2. Face brick, 4 in. 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 8.23 8.23
3. Cement mortar, 0.5 in. 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.97 0.97
4. Concrete block, cinder aggregate, 8 in. 1.72 1.72 2.99 2.99 7.90 7.36
5. Reflective air space, 0.75 in. (50 F mean; 30 deg F
temperature difference) 2.77 2.77
6. Nominal I-in. x 3-in. vertical furring 0.94 0.94
2 3 4 5 6 1 a 7. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in., foil backed 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
8. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance (R) ...................... R;= 6.33 · R,= 4.50 R;= 7.60 R,= 5.77 17.64 17.64
Construction No. I: U;= 1/6.33 = 0.158; U, = 114.50 = 0.222. With 200Jo framing (typical of I-in. x 3-in. vertical furring on masonry@ 16-in.
o.c.), u.,
= 0.8(0.158) + 0.2(0:222) = 0.171
Construction No. 2: U; = 1/7.60 = 0.132,U, = 1/5.77 = 0.173. With framing unchanged, u.,
= 0.8(0.132) + 0.2(0.173) = 1.40

Table 3.2E Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Masonry Cavity Walls
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are based on an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft2. F.

Replace Furring Strips and Gypsum Wallboard with 0.625-in. Plaster (Sand Aggregate) Applied Directly to
Concrete Block-Fill 2.S-ln. Air Space with Vermiculite Insulation (New Items 3 and 7.
1 2 I 2
. ,- _, Resistance fR) Heat Ca acit
Belween At Between
Construction Furrin Furrln Furrin
I. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17 0.17
2. Common brick, 8 in. 0.80 0.80 0.80 15.2 15.2
3. Nonreflective air space, 2.5 in. (30 F mean; 10 deg F
temperature difference) 1.10* 1.10• 5.32** 0.32
4. Concrete block, stone aggregate, 4 in. 0.71 0.71 0.71 5.1 5.1
5. Nonreflective air space 0. 75 in. (50 F mean; 10 deg F
temperature difference) 1.01
6. Nominal I-in. x 3-in. vertical furring 0.94
7. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in. 0.45 <1.45 0.11 0.54 1.09
8. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R; = 4.92 R, = 4.85 R; = R, = 7.79 20.8 21.7

Construction No. I :U; = 1/4.92 = 0.203; U, = 1/4.85 = 0.206. With 200Jo framing (typical of I-in. x 3-in. vertical furring on masonry @16-in.
o.c.), u.,= 0.8(0.203) + 0.2(0.206) = 0.204
Construction No. 2: U; = U, = u.,
= 1.79 = 0.128
•Interpolated value from Table 3.4
••calculated value from Table 3.1.

Table 3,2F Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Masonry Partitions
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are based on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Replace Concrete Block with 4-in. Gypsum Tile (New Item 3) 1 2 Heat Capacity

~
Construction Resi, tance (R) I 2
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.68 0.68
2. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.625 in. 0.39 0.39
0.47 0.47
3. Concrete block, cinder aggregate, 4 in. [Link] 1.67 4.20 2.47
4. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.625 in. 0.39 0.39 0.47 0.47
I 2 3 4 S
5. Inside surface (slill air) 0.68 0.68
Total Thermal Resistance(R) . .................... . 3.25 3.81 5.14
Construction No. I: U = 1/3.25 = 0.308
Construction No. 2: U = 1/3.81= 0.262
 3.10 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.2G Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Frame Construction Ceilings and Floors
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference between the air on the two
sides), and are based on still a·ir (no wind) on both sides. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ ft 2 • F.

Assume Unheated Attic Space above Heated Room with Heat Flow Up-Remove Tile, Felt, Plywood, Sub-
floor and Air Space-Replace with R-19 Blanket Insu(alion (New Item 4)
Heated Room Below 1 2 I 2
Unheated Space . Resistance CR) Heal Ca acil
Between At Between At Between
Construction Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor
(HeatFlowU Joists Joist Joists Joists Joists
I. Bottom surface (still air) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
•:~-- 2. Metal lath and lightweight aggregate,
.... plaster, 0.75 in. 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47

I
0.57 0.57
3. Nominal 2-in. x 8-in. floor joist 9.06 9.06
~ "" 4. Nonrellective airspace, 7.25-in.
5. Wood sublloor, 0.75 in.
0.93°
0.94 0.94
,19.00
0.60
0.14
6. Plywood, 0.625 in. 0.78 0.78 0.51
7. Felt building membrane 0.06 0.06
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8. Resilient tile 0.05 0.05 0.34
9. Top surface (still air) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
Total Thermal Resistance (R) . ........... R 1= 4.45 R= 12.58 R1= 20.69 R,=I0.75 2.02 0.71
'
Construction No. I U1= 1/4.45= 0.225; U,= 1/12.58= 0.079. With IO"lo framing (typical of 2-in. joists@ 16-in. o.c.), u0 • = 0.9 (0.225) + 0.1
(0.079)= 0.210 .
Construction No. 2U1 = 1/20.69 = 0.048; U, = 1/10.75 = 0.093. With framing unchanged, U 0 v = 0.9 (0.048) + 0.1 (0.093) = 0.053
*Use largest air space (3.5 in.) value shown in Table 3.4

Table 3.2H Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Flat Masonry Roofs with Built-up Roofing,
with and without Suspended Ceilings (Winter Conditions, Upward Flow)
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) {square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air
on the two sides), and are based upon an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Add Rigid Roof Deck Insulation, C = 0.24 (R = 1/C) (New Item 7)

Construction 2 I 2
(Heal Flow Up) Resistance R Heal Ca acil
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.61 0.61
I. Metal lath and lightweight aggregate plaster, 0.75 in. 0.47 0.47
0.57 0.57
3. Nonrellective air space, greater than 3.5 in. (50 I' mean;
10 deg F temperature difference) 0.93° 0.93°
4. Metal ceiling suspension system with metal hanger rods o•• o••
5. Corrugated metal deck 0 0
0.24 0.24
6. Concrete slab, lightweight aggregate, 2 in. 2.22 2.22 1.00 1.00
7. Rigid roof deck insulation (none) 4.17 NA
5 6 7 8 9
8. Built-up roofing, 0.375 in. 0.33 0.33 0.77 0.77
9. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17
Total Thermal Resistance (R) . ........................ . 4.73 8.90 2.58 2.58 +
Construction No. I: u 0
• = 1/4.73 = 0.211
Construction No. 2: u 0
• = 1/8.90= 0.112
*Use largest air space (3.5 in.) value shown in Table 3.4
**Area of hanger rods is negligible in relation to ceiling area.

Table 3.21 Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Wood Construction Flat Roofs and Ceilings
(Whiter Conditions, Upward Flow)
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides). and are based upon an outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft2, F.

Replace Roof Deck Insulation and 7.25-in. Air Space with 6-in. R-19 Blanket Insulation and 1.25-in. Air Space
(N~w Items 5 a_nd 7) .
2
Resistance (R) Heal Ca acit
Construction Between Al Between Al Between
(Heat Flow Up) Joists Joists Joists Joists Joists
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
2. Acoustical tile, fiberboard, glued, 0.5 in. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.31 0.31
3. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54

r
4. Nominal 2-in. x 8-in. ceiling joists 9.06 9.06
5. Nonrellective air space, 7.25 in. (50 I' mean; 10 deg I'
temperature difference) 0.93• 1.05 .. 0.14
6. Plywood deck, 0.625 in. 0. 78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.51 0.51
1234 56789 7. Rigid roof deck insulation, C = 0.72, (R = 1/C) 1.39 1.39 19.00 NA
8. Built-up roof 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.77 0.77
9.0utsidesurface(l5m hwind) 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Total Thermal Resistance (R) .. ·................... R;=5.91 R,=14.04 R,-=23.64 R,=12.65 2.13 2.27+
Constru~tion No. I U1 = 1/5.91 = 0.169; U, = 1/14.04 = 0.071. With 10"7o framing (t~pical of 2-in.· joists @ 16-in. o.c.),
(0.169) + 0.1 (0.071) = 0.159
v•• = 0.9

Construction No. 2U; = 1/23.64 = 0.042; V, = 1/12.65 = 0.079. With framing unchanged, u0 • = 0.9 (0.042) + 0.1 (0.079) = 0.046
*Use largest air sr,acc (3.5 in.) value shown in Table 3.4.
 Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.11

Table 3.2J Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Metal Construction Flat Roofs and Ceilings
(Winter Conditions, Upward Flow)
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are ba!ed on upon outside wind velocity of 15 mph. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft2•F.

Replace Rigid Roof Deck Insulalion (C = 0.24) and Sand Aggregale Plasler wilh Rigid Roof Deck In-
sulalion, C = 0.36 and Lighlweighl Aggregale Plaster (New Items 2 and 6)
Conslruclion I 2 I 2
(Heal Flow Up) Resistance (R) Heat Capacily
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.61 0.61
2. Metal lath and sand aggregate plaster, 0.75 in 0.13 0.47 1.31 0.56
3. Structural beam [Link]• [Link]•
4. Nonreflective air space (50 F mean; IO deg F
temperature difference 0.93** 0.93*•
5. Metal deck [Link]• [Link]• 0.24 0.24
6. Rigid roof deck insulation, C = 0.24(R = I/ c) 4.17 2.78 NA NA
7. Built-up roofing, 0.375 in. 0.33 0.33 0.77 0.77
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17
Total Thermal Resistance (R) 6.34 5.29 2.32 1.57
Construction No. I: U = 1/6.34 = 0.158
Construction No. 2: U = 1/5.29 = 0.189
*If structural beams and metal deck are to be considered, the technique shown in Example A3. land Fig. A3. may be used
to estimate total R. Full scale testing of a suitable P'?Ttion of the construction is, l_1owever, p~eferable.
**Use largest air space {3.5 in.) value shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.2K Coefficients of Transmission (U) and Heat Capacities of Pitched Roofs"
Coefficients are expressed in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the air on
the two sides), and are based on an outside wind velocity of 15 mph for heat heat flow upward and 7.5 mph for heat
flow downward. The Heat Capacity Units are Btu/ft 2 • F.

Find U a, for same Conslruction 2 wilh Heal Flow Down (Summer Condilions) 1 2
1 2
Resistan'-'c-=-e-"(R=)--=------lf---H_ea_l_C_ap_a_c_it_)
Conslruction t Between At Belween Al Belween
(Heal Flow Up) (Reflective Air Space) Rarters Rafters Rafters Rafters Raflers
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.62 0.62 0.76 0.76
2. Gypsum wallboard 0.5 in., foil backed 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
3. Nominal 2-in. x 4-in. ceiling rafler 4.38 4.38
4. 45 deg slope refleclive air space, 3 .5 in. (50 F mean,
30 deg F temperalure difference) 2.17 4.33
5. Plywood sheathing,0.625 in. 0.78 0.78 0.7~ 0.78 0.51 0.51
6. Felt building membrane 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Neg Neg
7. Asphalt shingle roofing 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.33 0.33
8. Outside surface (15 mph wind) 0.17 0.17 0.25•• 0.25**
TotalThermalResistance(R) ...... , ............. ,R;=4.69 Rs=6.90 R;=7.07 Rs=7.12 1.38 1.38
Construction No. l:U;=l/4.69= 0.213; Us= 116.90 = 0.145. With I0"lo framing (typical of 2-in. rafters @16-in. o.c.), u.,= 0.9 (0.213) + 0.1
(0.145) = 0.206
Construction No. 2:U;=l/7.07 = 0.141; Us = 1/7.12 = 0.140. Wilh framing unchanged, u.,= 0.9 (0.141) + 0.1 (0.140) = 0.141
Find U a, for same Construclion 2 with Heat Flow Down (Summer Condilions) I 2
3 Resistance (R) 4 Heat Capacity
Construction I Belween Al Between Al Between
(Heal Flow Up) (Non-Reflective Air Space) Rafters Rafters Rafters J{afters Raflers
I. Inside surface (still air) 0.62 0.62 0.76 0.76 - -
2. Gypsum wallboard, 0.5 in. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.54 0.54
3. Nominal 2-in. x 4-in. ceiling rafter - 4.38 - 4.38 - -

4. 45 deg slope, nonreflective air space, 3 .5 in.

(50 F mean; IO deg F temperature difference) 0.96 - 0.90* - - -
5. Plywood sheathing, 0.625 in. 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.51 0.51
6. Felt building membrane 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Neg Neg
7, Asphalt shingle roofing 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.33 0.33
8. Oulside surface (15-mph wind) 0.17 0.17 0.25•• 0.25•• - -
Total Thermal Resistance (R) ..................... R;=3.48 Rs=6.90 R;=3.64 Rs=7.12 1.38 1.38
Construction No. 3:U;= 1/3.48 = 0.287; Us= 1/6.90 = 0.145. With IO"lo framing lypicalof 2-in. rafters@ 16-in. o.c.), u.,= 0.9 (0.287)+ 0.1
(0.145) = 0.273
Construction No. 4:U,= 1/3.64 = 0.275; Us= 1/7.12 = 0.140. Wilh framing unchanged, u.,= 0.9(0.275) + 0.1 (0.140) = 0.262
Pitch of roof-45 deg. ns.
*Air space value at 90 F mean, 10 deg f:' temperature difference.
**7.5-mph wind.
3.12 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.3 Surface Conductances and Resistances for Air

2
All conductance values exp~essed in Btu/(hr · ft • F).
A surface cannot take credit for
both an air space resistance value and a surface resistance value.
No credit for an air space value can be taken for any surface facing an air space of less than 0.5 in.

SECTION A. Surface Conductances and SECTION B. Reflectance and Emittance Values or'Various Surfaces and
Resistances a,b Effective Emittances of Air Spaces
Surface Emittance Effective Emittance E
of Air Space
Position of Direction Non- Reflective Reflective One
of Heat reflective E ==.0.20 E = 0.05 ' Surface Reflectance Average surface Both
Surface
E = 0.90 in Percent Emittance[ emit- surfaces
Flow
tance E; emit-
the other tances f
---~--
h; ~ h; R h; R 0.90

STILL AIR
Horizontal ..... Upward 1.63 0.61 0.91 1.10 0.76 1.32 Aluminum foil, bright .... 92 to 97 0.05 0.05 0.03
Sloping-45 deg Upward 1.60 0.62 0.88 1.14 0.73 1.37 Aluminum sheet ........ 80to 95 0.12 0.12 0.06
Vertical. ....... Horizontal 1.46 0.68 0.74 1.35 0.59 1.70 Aluminum coated paper,
Sloping-45 deg Downward 1.32 0.76 0.60 1.67 0.45 2.22 polished ............. 75 to 84 0.20 0.20 0.11
Horizontal ..... Downward 1.08 0.92 0.37 2.70 0.224.55 Steel, galvanized, bright ... 70to 80 0.25 0.24 0.15
Aluminum paint ........ 30to 70 0.50 0.47 0.35
MOVING AIR hn R hn R hn R Building materials: wood,
(Any Position) paper, masonry,
15-mphWind Any 6.00 0.17 nonmetallic paints .... ~ 5 to 15 0.90 0.82 0.82
(for winter) Regular glass 5 to 15 0.84 0.77 0.72
7 .5-mph Wind Any 4.00 0.25
(for summer)
"For ventilated attics or spaces above ceilings under summer conditions (heat flow down) see Table 3.5.
hCond1.1ctances are for surfaces of the stated emmitance facing virtual blackbody surroundings at the same temperature as the ambient air.
Values are based on a surface-air [Link] of 10 deg F and for surface temperature of 70 F.

Table 3.4 Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Spaces•• d, e •

All resistance values expressed in (hour) (square foot) (degree Fahrenheit temperature difference) per Btu
Values apply only to air spaces of uniform thickness bounded by plane, smooth, parallel surfaces with no leakage
of air to or from the space. Thermal resistance values for multiple air spaces must be based on careful estimates
of mean temperature differences for each air space.
Position Direction Air Space 0.5 in. Air Space 0.75-in. Air Space· c
of of Mean Temp
Air Heat Temp• Diff. 8 ---~ueofE•,b ValueofE••b
Space Flow (F) (deg F) 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.82 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.82

90 10 2.13 2.03 1.51 0.99 0.73 2.34 2.22 1.61 1.04 0.75
so 30 1.62 1.57 1.29 0.96 0.75 1.71 1.66 1.35 0.99 0.77
50 10 2.13 2.05 1.60 1.11 0.84 2.30 2.21 1.70 1.16 0.87
Horiz. Up 0 20 1.73 1.70 1.45 1.12 0.91 1.83 1.79 1.52 1.16 0.93
0 10 2.10 2.04 1.70 1.27 1.00 2.23 2.16. 1.78 1.31 1.02
-so 20 1.69 1.66 1.49 1.23 1.04 1.77 1.74· 1.55 1.27 1.07
-50 10 2.04 2.00 1.75 1.40 1.16 2.16 2.11 1.84 1.46 1.20
-· ·-
90 10 2.44 2.31 1.65 1.06 0.76 2.96 2.78 1.88 [Link] 0.81
so 30 2.06 1.98 1.56 1.10 0.83 1.99 1.92 1.52 1.08 0.82
45° 50 10 2.55 2.44 1.83 1.22 0.90 2.90 2.75 2.00 1.29 0.94
Slope Up 0 20 2.20 2.14 1.76 1.30 1.02 2.13 2.07 1.72 1.28 1.00
0 10 2.63 2.54 2.03 1.44 1.10 2.72 2.62 2.08 1.47 1.12
-so 20 2.08 2.04 1.78 1.42 1.17 2.05 2.01 1.76 1.41 1.16
-so 10 2.62 2.56 2.17 1.66 1.33 2.53 2.47 2.10 1.62 1.30
-
90 10 2.47 2.34 1.67 1.06 0.77 3.50 3.24 2.08 1.22 0.84
50 30 2.57 2.46 1.84 1.23 0.90 2.91 2.77 2.01 1.30 0.94
so 10 2.66 2.54 1.88 1.24 0.91 3.70 3.46 2.35 1.43 1.01
Vertical Horiz. 0 20 2.82 2.72 2.14 1.50 1.13 3.14 3.02 2.32 1.58 1.18
0 10 2.93 2.82 2.20 1.53 [Link] 3.77 3.59 2.64 1.73 1.26
-50 20 2.90 2.82 2.35 1.76 1.39 2.90 2.83 2.36 1.77 1.39
-50 10 3.20 3.10 2.54 1.87 1.46 3.72 3.60 2.87 2.04 1.56
90 10 2.48 2.34 1.67 1.06 0.77 3.53 3.27 2.10 1.22 0.8~
50 30 2.64 2.52 1.87 1.24 0.91 3.43 3.23 2.24 1.39 0.99
45° so 10 2.67 [Link] 1.89 1.25 0.92 3.81 3.57 2.40 1.45 1.02
Slope Down 0 20 2.91 2.80 2.19 1.52 1.15 3.75 3.57 2.63 1.72 1.26
0 10 2.94 2.83 2.21 1.53 1.15 4.12 3,91 2.81 1.80 1.30
-50 20 3.16 3.07 2.52 1.86 1.45 3.78 3.65 2.90 2.05 1.57
-50 10 3.26 3.16 2.58 1.89 1.47 4.35 4.18 3.22 2.21 1.66
90 10 2.48 2.34 1.67 1.06 0.77 3.55 3.29 2.10 1.22 0.85
50 30 i.66 2.54 1.88 1.24 0.91 3.77 3.52 2.38 1.44 1.02
50 10 2.67 [Link] 1.89 1.25 0.92 3.84 3.59 2.41 1.45 1.02
Horiz. Down 0 20 2.94 2.83 2.20 1.53 1.15 4.18 3.96 2.83 1.81 1.30
0 10 2.96 2.85 2.22 1.53 1.16 4.25 4.02 2.87 1.82 1.31
-so 20 3.25 3.15 2.58 1.89 1.47 4.60 4.41 3.36 2.28 1.69
-50 10 3.28 3.18 2.60 1.90 1.47 4.71 4.51 3.42 2.30 1.71
 Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.13

Table 3.4 Thermal Resistances of Plane• Air Spacesd·•• (concluded)

Posilion Direclion Air Space l.S-ln. Air Spaced 3.S-in. Air Spaced
of or Mean Tem~
Air Heal Temp,h om, Value of £h,c Value of £h,c
Space flow (f) (deg f) 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.82 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.82
90 10 2.55 2.41 1.71 1.08 0.77 2.84 2.66 1.83 1.13 0.80
50 30 1.87 1.81 1.45 1.04 0.80 2.09 2.01 1.58 1.10 0.84
50 10 2.50 2.40 1.81 1.21 0.89 2.80 2.66 1.95 1.28 0.93
Horiz Up 0 20 2.01 1.95 1.63 1.23 0.97 2.25 2.18 1.79 1.32 1.03
0 10 2.43 2.35 1.90 1.38 1.06 2.71 2.62 2.07 1.47 1.12
-so 20 1.94 1.91 1.68 1.36 1.13 2.19 2.14 1.86 1.47 1.20
-so 10 2.37 2.31 1.99 1.55 1.26 2.65 2.58 2.18 1.67 1.33

90 10 2.92 2.73 1.86 1.14 0.80 3.18 2.96 1.97 1.18 0.82
50 30 2.14 2.06 1.61 1.12 0.84 2.26 2.17 1.67 1.15 0.86
45° 50 10 2.88 2.74 1.99 1.29 0.94 3.12 2.95 2.10 1.34 0.96
Slope Up 0 20 2.30 2.23 1.82 1.34 1.04 2.42 2.35 1.90 1.38 1.06
0 10 2.79 2.69 2.12 1.49 1.13 2.98 2.87 2.23 1.54 1.16
-so 20 2.22 2.17 1.88 1.49 1.21 2.34 2.29 1.97 1.54 1.25
-so 10 2.71 2.64 2.23 1.69 1.35 2.87 2.79 2.33 1.75 1.39

90 10 3.99 3.66 2.25 1.27 0.87 3.69 3.40 2.15 1.24 0.85
50 30 2.58 2.46 1.84 1.23 0.90 2.67 2.55 1.89 1.25 0.91
50 10 3.79 3.55 2.39 1.45 1.02 3.63 3.40 2.32 1.42 1.01
Vertical Horiz. 0 20 2.76 2.66 2.10 1.48 1.12 2.88 2.78 2.17 1.51 1.14
0 10 3.51 3.35 2.51 1.67 1.23 3.49 3.33 2.50 1.67 1.23
-so 20 2.64 2.58 2.18 1.66 1.33 2.82 2.75 2.30 1.73 1.37
-50 10 3.31 3.21 2.62 1.91 1.48 3.40 3.30 2.67 1.94 1.50

90 10 5.07 4.55 2.56 1.36 0.91 4.81 4.33 2.49 1.34 0.90
50 30 3.58 3.36 2.31 1.42 1.00 3.51 3.30 2.28 1.40 1.00
45° 50 10 5.10 4.66 2.85 1.60 1.09 4.74 4.36 2.73 1.57 1.08
Slope Down 0 20 3.85 3.66 2.68 1.74 1.27 3.81 3.63 2.66 1.74 1.27
0 10 4.92 4.62 3.16 1.94 1.37 4.59 4.32 3.02 1.88 1.34
-so 20 3.62 3.50 2.80 2.01 1.54 '3.77 3.64 2.90 2.05 1.57
-so 10 4.67 4.47 3.40 2.29 1.70 4.50 4.32 3.31 2.25 1.68

90 10 6.09 5.35 2.79 1.43 0.94 10.Q7 8.19 3.41 1.57 1.00
50 30 6.27 5.63 3.18 1.70 1.14 9.60 8.17 3.86 1.88 1.22
50 10 6.61 5.90 3.27" 1.73 1.15 11.15 9.27 4.09 1.93 1.24
Horiz. Down 0 20 7.03 6.43 3.91 2.19 1.49 10.90 9.52 4.87 2.47 1.62
0 10 7.31 6.66 4.00 2.22 1.51 11.97 10.32 5.08 2.52 1.64
-so 20 7.73 7.20 4.77 2.85 1.99 11.64 10.49 6.02 3.25 2.18
-so 10 8.09 7.52 4.91 2.89 2.01 12.98 11.56 6.36 3.34 2.22

"Interpolation is permissable for other values of mean temperature, temperature differences, and effective emittance£. Interpolation and
moderate extrapolation for air spaces greater than 3.5 in. are also permissable.
hEffective emittance of the space £ is given by 1/ £ = 1/ e 1 + 1/ e, - l, where e1 and e, are the emittances of the surfaces of the air space (See
section B of Table 3.3)
'Credit for an air space resistance value cannot be taken more than once and only for the boundary conditions established.
"Resistances of horizontal spaces with heat flow downward are substantially independent of temperature difference.
'Thermal resistance values were determined from the relation R = l / C, where C = h, + Eh,, h, is the conduction-convection coefficient, Eh,
is the radiation coefficient :ee0.00686 E [(460 + tm)] 3, and Im, is the mean temperature of the air space. For interpolation from Table 3.4 to air
space thicknesses less than 0.5 in. (as in insulating window glass), assume h, = 0.795 (+ 0.0016) and compute R values from the above relations
for an air space thickness of 0.2 in.
*Based on National Bureau of Standards data presented in Housing Research Paper No. 32, Housing and Home Finance Agericy 1954, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 20402.
3.14 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.5 fflective Resistance of Ventilated Attics8 -(Summer Condltloa)5 solar radiation absorptance to the convective film coeffi-
PART A. NONREFLECTIVE SURFACES
cient (a/ h) of 0.30.
No. Vent. INatunl Vent j Po1'er Vent. 2) Indoor air temperature of 78 F, db.
3) Outdoor air maximum temperature of 95 F db with
Veolilation Rate, cfm/fl'
outdoor mean temperature of 85 F and an outdoor daily
~- 0 [Link] o.s 1.0 I.S range of 21 deg F.
Ventilation I/UC
4) Solar radiation typical of 40 deg North latitude on July 21
Air Temp, F 10 20 10 20 20 10 20 10 20 with a clear sky.
5) For the roof and wall tables (Tables 3.8 and 3.10), outside
80
90
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.8
2.6
3.S
3.1
10
7.9
9.8
7.6
17
12
12
8.6
21
IS
surface film resistance is R = 0.33 (hr· ft 2 • F)/ Btu and
100 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.7 6.1 S.8 8.7 6.S IO inside surface film resistance is R = 0.685 (hr· ft 2 • F)/ Btu.
PART B. REFLECTIVE SURFACES•
Adjustments to the tabulated CLTD are to be made by
following the guidelines given in the form of notes attached to
&) 6.S 6.S 8.2 18 18 26 20 31
90 6.S 6.S 7.7 IS 14 20 16 22
each of the CLTD tables.
100 6.S 6.S 7.3 12 II IS 12 16 • Table 3.7 gives the roof construction code for use with
a The term effective resistance is used when there is attic ventilation. A value for no
Table 3.8.
ventilation is also lllcluded. The effective resistance of the attic may be added to the resistance • Table 3.9 gives the wall construction group description for
(I/ U) of the ceiling to obtain the effective resistance of the combination. These values apply to use with Table 3.10.
wood frame construction with a roof deck and roofing having a conductance of 1.0
Btu/(hr • fl'. F). • Table 3.11 gives thermal properties and code numbers for
b When attic ventilation meets the usual requirements, 0.1 cfm/ft? may be assumed as the Tables 3.8 and 3.10.
natural summer ventilation rate for design purposes. • Table 2.1 gives climatic conditions.
c Resistance is (hr • ff · F)/Btu. Determine ceiling resistance and adjust for framing. Do not • Table 3.13 gives CLTD adjustments for inside and outside
add the effect of a reflective surface facing the attic to the ceiling resista11ce, as it is accounted for
in Part 8. design conditions.
d Based on air discharging outward from attic. • Table 3.12 gives the CLTD adjustment for month and
e Surfaces with effective emittance E of 0.0S between ceiling joists facing the attic space. latitude based on a dark surface, a/ h = 0.30.
CLTD values for roof and wall constructions other than those
used in Tables 3.8 and 3.10 can be approximated by using the
following procedure.
1) Obtain for the roof or wall under consideration the U-
value, the weight in lb/ ft2 which is the sum of density times
thickness for each layer, and the thermal capacity in
Btu/(ft2 · F) which is the sum of the product of density,
thickness and specific heat for each layer. These values are
obtainable from Table 3.1 for typical building and
Table 3.6 Coefficients of Transmission (U) for Slab Doors insulating materials.
Btu per (hr, ft 2 -F)
2) Compare the given construction to a construction in Table
Winter Summer 3.8 or 3.10 on the basis of the three parameters: Heat
Storm Doorb capacity, weight, and U-value. These are-listed in the order
Solid Wood, of consideration for equivalence in selection of CLTD
Thickness• No Storm Door Wood Metal No Storm Door
values.
I-in. 0.64 0.30 0.39 0.61 3) After establishing an acceptable thermal equivalence, use
1.25-in. 0.55 0.28 0.34 0.53 the CLTD table with necessary adjustments for the design
1.5-in. 0.49 0.27 0.33 0.47 conditions.
2-in, 0.43 0.24 0.29 0.42 4) To calculate q = UXA X CLTD, use the actual U-value
Steel Door of the actual construction not the approximate reference
1.75 in. values listed in the CLTD tables.
Ac 0.59 - - 0.58
Examples for the Calculation of CLTD Factors for Roofs, Walls and
.Bd 0.19 - - 0.18
c• 0.47 - - 0.46 Glass and the Use of the Related Tables

•Nominal thickness. • Exam pie 3.4 Calculation of CLTD and q / A for a typical flat roof
bvalues for wood storm doors are for approximately 500fo glass; for metal construction. of Table 3.8 with the adjustments for design
storm door values apply for any percent of glass. conditions.
cA = Mineral fiber core (2 lb/ft3). • Example 3.5 Calculation of CLTD and q/ A for a flat roof not
dB = Solid urethane foam core with thermal break. having a construction listed in Table 3.8 but with selection of a
•c = Solid polystyrene core with thermal break. thermally equivalent roof of the table with adjustments for
design conditions.
• Example 3.6 Calculation of CLTD and q / A for a pitched roof using
Tables 3.3 and 3.5 to get U, Table 3.8 for CLTD and an
3.2 COOLING LOAD TEMPERATURE adjustment of CLTD for design conditions from Table 3.12.
DIFFERENCE (CLTD) • Example 3. 7 Calculation of cooling load through sunlit exterior
walls, using one construction listed in Table 3.9 and another not
The Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD), deg F, is listed in Table 3.9.
defined by Eq. (3.2) • Example 3.8 Calculation of CLTD and q / A for conduction
through glass by use of Table 3.23 with adjustments for design
CLTD=q/UA (3.2) conditions. This CLTD accounts for only the conduction part of
The values of CLTD in Table 3.8 for flat roofs, Table 3.10 for th<; total cooling load. Solar radiation transmitted through glass
sunlit walls, and Table 3.23 for conduction through glass were is handled by the solar heat gain concept.
obtained for the following design conditions.
1) Dark surface for the roofs and walls with a ratio of the
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.15

EXAMPLE 3.4 - Calculation of CLTD and q/A for a Typical Roof Month-Latitude'/ Table3.8 Note (2) Use Table 3.12, hor.
Construction Identical to One in Table 3.8 (Roof No. 12, Table 3.7) with North
Corrections as Required by Notes of Table 3.8. Lat. Lat-Month Hor.
Determine the CLTD and q/A for a 6 in. H. W. concrete flat roof with -
-IO
32 October
1 in. insulation as used in Roof No.12, Tables 3.7 and 3.8 and adjusted (33.7) October Approx. (-11)
as necessary for the following conditions: 40 October -14
Time: 1900 (19 hr) CLTD Corrected Table 3.8 CLTDcon = (CLTD + Lat. &
Inside Design: 75 F Mo. Corr.) K
Month: October + Inside Design Corr.
Roof: Light-colored (marble chips), without suspended ceiling + Outside Temp. Corr.
Location: Atlanta, Georgia (surburban area) = (45 - 11) (0.5)
+ 3 - 2.5
Item Table Explanation and Notes = 17.5 deg F

q= UXA XCLTD Table l.2 Cooling Load Roof q/A = UX CLTD q/A = 0.193 X 9.5
= 3.38 Btu/ (hr· ft 2)
Climatic Table 2.1 Summer
Conditions Outside Design Table 2.2 Design conditions for a month
- -----
Col. 1 Col. 2 in October other than the summer (June, July,
State & Latitude August, September) are indicated
Station in Table 2.2. The nearest weather
Georgia station listed is Augusta, Georgia.
Atlanta AP 33°40' If this is sufficiently accurate, the
design db is 84 F for October. The
Col. 6
--·--
Col. 7 correction to the CLTD for average
Design -Daily
outside db would be (84 - 19/2)
db/wb Range - 85 = -10.5 deg F. The previous
2 1/2% correction for outside db was only
92/74 19 -2.5 deg F. Therefore, an add-
Roof Construction Table 3.8 Roof No. 12, 6 in. H.W. concrete itional correction of -8 deg F
and Thermal with I in. insulation, layers Ao, should be made to the CL TD for
Properties E,, E,, 11,, C1,. Eo. Without sus- July.
pended ceiling: wt= 75 lb/ft2, CLTD = 17.5 - 8 = 9.5 deg F
heat capacity= 15.9 Btu/(ft 2 • F)
October q/A = 9.193 X 9.5
q/A = UX CLTD = 1.83 Btu/ (hr· ft 2)
Table [Link] Description Code Resistance
No. (R)
Outside surface Ao 0.333
resistance
I/ 2 in. slag or stone E, 0.050
3/8 in. felt E, 0.285
EXAMPLE 3.5 - Calculation of CL TD and q/A for a Flat Roof
& membrane Construction Not in Table 3.8.
I in. insulation B, 3.330 Calculate the CLTD and q/A fora6 in. L.W. concreteflatroofwith2
6 in. H. W. concrete c" 0.500 in. insulation, density = 5.7 lb/ft'. Similar to construction No. 6 with
Inside surface Ea 0.685 insulation added.
resistance
Location: Beatrice, Nebraska (rural area)
Uand R R, = Sum R = 5.18
Time: 1700 (17 hr)
u, = 1/5.18 Inside Design: 78 F
= 0.193 Btu/(hr·ft 2 ·F) Month: July
Roof: Dark-colored without suspended ceiling, no attic.
CLTD Table 3.8 For Roof No. 12 without a sus-
Uncorrected Upper pended ceiling at 19 hr, the
Section CLTD is 45 deg F
Item Table Explanation and Notes
Corrections to Table 3.8 Note (I) explains general use of ·-· --
be made to CLTD? Notes Table 3.8 q= UXA XCLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load for Roof
Climatic Table 2.1
Indoor Design? hable 3.13 Note (2a) Indoor temperature Conditions Summer
Part a) correction required; Table 3.13, Col. 2
Col. 1
Part a, gives correction = 3.0 deg
F for an indoor db of 75 F State & Latitude
Station
Outdoor Design? (Table 3.13 Note (2b) Correction required for Nebraska
Part b) outdoor design; using climatic Beatrice 40°20'
--
conditions of 92 F (2 1/2% db) Col. 6 Col. 7
and 19 F daily range, Table 3.13 Design Daily
Part b, gives correction = 2.5 deg F -db/wb Range
Attic,/? Note (2) f= l.O, no attic 2 1/2%
Table 3.8
95/74 24
Color, K? Table 3.8 Note (2) K = 0.5, light-colored
roof in suburban area and ex-
pected to maintain condition
3.16 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Item EXAMPLE 3.6

Table Explanation and Notes
Determine the cooling load at 4:00 PM daylight savings time in
Roof Construction Table 3.11 Roof not listed in Table 3.8 but August for a combination pitched roof over a ceiling for an apartment
and Thermal using construction layers listed in building in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Properties Table 3.11
Inside Design Temperature = 78 F
Code WT
iDescription No. R WT
Roof Pitch Approx. 30°; with asphalt shingles and building paper
X
on 5/8 in. plywood
Outside sur- SH
Attic space with natural ventilation
face resist- Ao 0.333
ance Ceiling: metal lath and lightweight aggregate plaster on
1/2 in. slag wood joists with R-19 insulation betwe_en joists.
E, 0.050 2.29 0.92
or stone
3/8 in. felt and Item Table Explanation and Notes
E, 0.285 2.19 0.88
membrane
2 in. insulation q= UXA X CLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load Equation for Roof
B, 6.680 0.95 0.19
(p = 5.7)
Climatic Table 2.1 Outside design conditions for
6 in. L. W. con- c,, 5.000 20.00 4.00 Conditions Charlotte are db/wb (Col. 6)
crete
Inside surface 93/74 F with a daily range of 20
Eo 0.685 deg F (Col. 7) at a latitude of 35
resistance
deg N (Col. 2)
R, and U Totals = 13.033 25.43 5.99 --

U= I/RT= 1/13 U-Ceiling Table 3.20 U., value from Table 3.2G i_s 0.053_
= 0.077Btu/ (hr· ft
2
• F) and Btu/ (hr · ft' · F) based on air films
Table 3.4 for winter conditions of R = 0.61
Equivalent Roof Table 3.8 This roof is similar to roof No. 6 for top and bottom surfaces. For
Notes 3 & 4 with insulation R = 6.68 added. summer, air film R = 0.92
Notes 3 & 4 indicate that the
thermally equivalent roof would R, = I /0.053 = 18.9
be one that peaks 2 hr later than Summer R, = 18.9 - (2 X 0.61)
roof No. 6. Peak time = 18 + 2 = + (2 X 0.92) = 19.5
20 hr. Roof No. 8 peaks at 20 hr
although it does have a higher U., = 1/19.5
heat capacity and mass. It is also = 0.051 Btu/ (hr· ft2 · F)
possible to use roof No. 6 with a The difference between summer
suspended ceiling for it also and winter U-values is small,
peaks at 20 hr. Roof 8 without a when there is a large resistance
suspended ceiling and Roof 6 with from insulation. Usually the dif-
a suspended ceiling have almost ference is neglected.
identical CLTD characteristics.
Combined U for Table 3.5 For roof-attic effective resistance
CLTD Table 3.8 Use Roof No. 8, without roof-ceiling with no reflective surfaces in the
suspended ceiling attic, use Part a; with ceiling R =
CLTD @ 17 hr = 46 deg F 19.5 and a design db of 93 F,
Corrections to be Table 3.8 Note (I) Explains general use estimate the effective resistance
made to CLTD? Notes of the attic and roof equal to 3.0,
about one third between 3.1 and
(Table 3.13 Note (2a) Indoor temperature 2.7 under natural ventilation.
Part a) correction, Table 3.13, Part a,
Total effective R = 3.0 + 19.5
gives a correction = 0 deg F at
78 F db indoor design = 22.5
Outdoor Design? (Table 3.13 Note (2b) Correction for out- U = 1/22.5
Part b) door design. Using climatic data = 0.044 Btu/ (hr· ft 2 • F)
of 95 F and 24 deg F daily range, based on ceiling area
.. Table 3.13 gives a correction=
-2 deg F CLTD Table 3.8 This roof/ceiling construction can
be approximated best by roof
Attic,/? Note (2) f= 1.0, no attic Number 2 with_ a suspended ceiling.
Color, K? Note (2) K = 1.0, dark-colored U = 0.115 and R = 8.7. The re-
Note 4
roof ··stance is greater than roof 2 by
22.5 - 8.7 = 13.8. This represents
Month-Latitude? Note (2) No correction, m-orith (13.8/7) X 2 hr= 4 hr delay in
is__.July a_t 40 deg N lat the peak time over the tabulated

CLTD'°" CLTD'°" = 46 deg F - 2 deg F .

peak time of 1700 solar time.
The construction which is nearest
= 44 deg F
to that description is Number 10.
q/A = UX CLTD q/A = 0.077* X 44 CLTD for roof Number 10 at
= 3.39 Btu/ (hr· ft 2) 4:00 PM DST (1500 solar time) is
28 deg F.
*actual U of given roof
Table 3.12 The latitude and month correc-
tion for August and using an
equivalent horizontal surface is -2
deg F at 35 deg N lat (halfway be-
tween 32 and 40 deg N lat values.)
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.17

Item Table Explanation and Notes Item Table Explanation and Notes
--·-
Table 3.13 Correction for outside conditions CLTD Table 3. IO For a wall facing West at 19 hr,
with design db = 93 F and 20 deg F Uncorrected a Group F wall has a CLTD =
daily range is -2 deg F 60 deg F
Net correction = (-2 - 2)
= -4 deg F Corrections to be Table 3.10 Note (I) Explains general use of
CLTD = 28 - 4 = 24 deg F made to CL TD? Notes Table 3.10
2 Indoor Design? Table 3. 13 Note (2) Indoor temperature cor-
q/A = UX CLTD q/A = 0.044 Btu/(hr·ft ·F) Part a rection required; Table 3.13, Part
X 24 deg F a, gives correction = 4.0 deg F
= 1.06 Btu/ (hr· ft') Outdoor Design? Table 3.13 Note (2) Correction required for
of ceiling area. Part b outdoor design; using climatic
conditions of 88 F (2 I/ 2% db)
and 20 deg F daily range, Table
EXAMPLE 3.7 - Calculation of Cooling Load Through Sunlit 3. I 3 Part b, gives correction =
Exterior Walls. -7 deg F
a. 4 in. L.W. concrete block wall with air space and 3/4 in. plaster fin- Color, K? Note (2) K = 0.65, light-colored
ish on inside and stucco on outside. This is exactly similar to wall in suburban area. If this is
construction listed in Table 3.9. in the city or in an industrial
area, the permanence of the light
b. 6 in. H.W. concrete wall with 1 in. urethane insulation and air color would be questionable and
space and gypsum board, similar to construction in Example 3.2. K would be taken as 1.0
This construction is not listed in Table 3.9.
Month-Latitude? Table 3.12 Note (2) Use Table 3.12 for
Location: Suburban area of Windsor, Ontario, Canada correction
Wall Surface: Light colored exterior surface
Inside Design: 74 F Table 3.12 Latitude and
Time and Month: 1900 (7:00 PM) in August Month Correction

EXAMPLE 3.7a North

Lat. E
Item Table Explanation and Notes Lat. Month w
q = U X A X CLTD Table 1.2 Cooling Load for External Wall 40 August 0
(42) August (0)
Climatic Table 2.1 )
August
Summer 48 -I
Conditions
Col. 1 C_ol. 2
-
CL TD Corrected Table 3.10 CLTD,m, = (CL TD + Lat. &
State & Latitude Month Corr.) X K
Note (2)
Station
+ (78 - TR) + (To - 85)
CANADA
Ontario 42° 16' = (60 - 0) (0.65) + 4.0
Windsor - 7.0 = 36.0 deg F
Col._~ 'Col. 7
Design db/wb Daily q/A = UX CLTD q I A = 0.263 (36.0)
2
2 1/2% Range, = 9.47 Btu/ (hr· ft )
88/73 20
(a) Wall Con- Table 3.9 First wall under heading: EXAMPLE 3.7b
struction and L.W. & H.W. concrete block Item Table Explanation and Notes
Thermal + (Finish) -
Properties
Group Descrip- Heat
U value Example 3.2 U = o: I I Btu/ (h~ · ft2: F)
No. lion WT Capacity U CLTD Table 3.9 H.W. concrete walls are listed for
_ll,_ Btu __filli__ 4 in. and 8 in. but not 6 in. The
ft' ft 2 • F hr· ft' · F 4 in. wall plus insulation is in
Group D and the 8 in. wall plus
F 4 in. 29 5.7 0.263 insulation is Group B. Therefore,
Block+ use Group C for 6 in. wall
airspace
Table 3.9 A Group C wall facing west and
- at 19 hr shows CLTD = 29 F.
Table 3.11 WT The corrections will be the same
Code X as in Part a of this example
Description No. R WT SH
(Check on Outside sur- CLTD,a,, = (CLTD + LM) X K
Ao 0.333 - -
Listing of face resistance + (78 - Ta)
Table 3.9) I in. Stucco A, 0.208 9.66 1.93
4 in. L.W. con- + (To - 85)
c, 1.510 12.70 2.54
crete block = (29 + 0) (0.65) + 4 - 7
Air space
resistance
B, 0.910 - - = 15.9 deg F
0. 75 in. plaster E, 0.149 6.25 1.25 Cooling Load q/ A = 0.11 Btu/(hr ·ft'· F)
Inside surface
Eo 0.685 - - X 15.9 deg F
resistance
Totals= 3.795 28.61 5.72
= 1.75 Btu/(hr · ft')
-
U = I/ RT = 0.263; Checks Table
3.9 exactly, which may not al-
ways be the case.
3.18 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

EXAMPLE 3.8 - Calculation of CLTD and q for Conduction EXAMPLE 3.8b

Through a Glass Window Unit.
Item Table Explanation and Notes
Determine the CLTD and q for a window unit for summer wind
conditions as below: U and UA Table 3.14A U = 0.56 for summer conditions
with no interior shading. Note (e)
Summer conditions
Time: 1600 (16 h) indicates I/ 4 in. glass with I /2
in. air space
Inside Design: 76 F
Month: July Table 3.15 Adjusts for inside air velocity
Location: Pampa, TX U = 0.64 at 185 fpm
a. Size 4 ft x 8 ft vertical window Table 3.14B Adjustment factor for wood sash
Glass, single clear is 0.95
Interior shading, by Venetian blinds U = 0.95 X 0.64
b. Size 4 ft x 8 ft wood sash - 80% glass = 0.61 Btu/ (hr· ft 2 • F)
Insulating glass unit with a 1/4 in. clear outer light and 1/ 4 in. clear UA = 0.61 X 32
inner light
= 19.5 Btu/(hr· F)
No interior shading
Air velocity sweeping inside surface of glass is approximately 200
CLTD,occ Same as Part a
fpm due to under-the-window supply air
CL TD'°"= 14 deg F

Conduction thru
glass q = 19.5 X 14 = 273 Btu/hr
q= UXA X CLTD

EXAMPLE 3.8a ---

Item Table Explanation and Notes

- ·-· ·- - -·

q= UXA X CLTD Table 1.4 Glass Conduction Cooling Load Table 3.7 Roof Construction Code
--

Climatic Table 2.1 Code Number

- --- Summer Roof No. Description of Layers
Col. 1 Col. 2 (see Table 3.11)
State & Latitude l Steel Sheet with I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, A3, EO
Station 2 I-in. wood with I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, B7, E0
3 4-in. I. w. concrete AO, E2, E3, C14, E0
Texas 4 2-in. [Link] I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, Cl2, E0
--
Pampa 35°30' 5 1-in. wood with 2-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, B6, B7, E0
6 6-in. l. w. concrete AO, E2, E3, CIS, E0
_C:ol. 6 Col. 7 7 2.5-in. wood with I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, BS, E0
Design Dry Daily 8 8-in, I. w. concrete AO, E2, E3, Cl6, E0
db/wb Range 9 4-in, h. w. concrete with I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, CS, E0
10 2.S-in. wood with 2-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, B6, B8, E0
2 1/2% 11 Roof terrace system AO, C!2, Bl, B6, E2, E3, CS, E0
96/67 26 12 6-in h. w. concrete with I -in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, Cl3, E0
13 4-in. wood with I-in. insulation AO, E2, E3, BS, B9, E0
Uand UA Table 3.14A U = 0.81 Btu/ (hr· ft'· F);
UA = 25.92 Btu/(hr· F)
CL TD Uncorrected Table 3.23 @ 16 hr CLTD = 14 deg F
Corrections to be Table 3.23 Inside temperature correction
made to CLTD? Notes from Table 3.13 is 2 deg. F
Table 3. 13 Using 96 deg F design db and 26
deg F daily range. Table 3.13
gives correction for outdoor design
= -2 deg F
Net correction = +2 - 2 = 0
CLTD corrected CLTD'°" = 14 deg F
q= UXA X CLTD q = 25.92 (14) = 363 Btu/hr
 Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.19

Table 3.8 Cooling Load Temperature Differences for Calculating Cooling Load from Flat Roofs
Hour
of
U-ulut Maxi- Mini• Maxi- Differ- Heal
Roof Description of Weight Btu/(h· Solar Time, hr mum mum mum ence Capacity
No Construction lb/11 2 11 2 -•F) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14
9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 [Link] CLTD CLTD CLTD Blu/(ft'•F)
Without Suspended Celling
I Steel sheet with I-in. 7 0.213 I -2 -J -3 -l -3 6 19 34 49 61 71 78 79 77 70 l9 4l 30 18 12 8 l 3 14 -l 79 84 2.13
(or 2-in.) insulation (8) (0.124)
2 [Link]. wood with I-in. 8 0.170 6 3 0 -I -3 -3 -2 4 14 27 39 l2 62 70 74 14 70 62 ll 18 28 26 14 9 16 -J 74 77 1.73
insulation
J 4-in. t .w concrete 18 0.213 9 l 2 0 -2 -3 -3 I 9 20 32 44 ll 64 70 73 71 66 l7 4l 34 2l 18 13 16 -3 73 76 4.4l
4 2-in. h.w. concrete with I-in. 29 0.206 12 8 l J 0 -I -I J II 20 30 41 ll l9 6l 66 66 62 l4 4l 36 29 22 17 16 -I 67 68 6.57
(or 2-in.) insulation (0.122)
l I-in. wood with 2-in. 19 O.l&J 3 0 -3 -4 -l -7 -6 -3 l 16 27 39 49 l7 63 64 62 l7 48 37 26 18 II 7 16 -7 64 71 3.83
lflsulation
6 6-in. I •w. concrete 24 O.ll8 22 17 13 9 6 3 I I J 7 ll 23 33 43 ll l8. 62 64 62 l7 lO 42 Jl 28 18 I l4 63 5.79
7 2.5-in. wood with 1-insu- 13 0.130 29 24 20 16 13 IO 7 6 6 9 13 20 27 34 42 48 ll ll l6 l4 49 44 39 34 19 6 l6 lO 6.51
ulation
8 8-in. I .w. concrete JI 0.126 3l JO 26 22 18 14 II 9 7 7 9 13 19 2l 33 39 46 lO l3 l4 l3 49 45 40 20 7 l4 47 7.13
9 4-in. h. w. concrete with I -in. l2 0.200 2l 22 18 ll 12 9 8 8 IO 14 20 26 33 40 46 50 53 53 l2 48 43 38 34 30 18 8 l3 45 11.21
(or 2-in.) insulation (l2) (0.120)
IO 2.S-in. wood with 2-in. insu- 13 0.093 30 26 23 19 .16 13 10 9 8 9 13 17 23 29 36 41 46 49 ll lO 47 43 39 3l 19 8 ll 43 6.61
insulation
II Roof terrace system (7l) 0.106 34 JI 28 2l 22 19 16 14 13 13 15 18 22 26 JI 36 40 44 4l 46 4l 43 40 37 20 13 46 33 15.98
12 6-in. [Link] I-in. 7l 0.192 31 28 2l 22 20 17 ll 14 14 16 18 22 26 31 36 40 43 4l 45 44 42 40 37 34 19 14 4l JI 15.89
(or 2-in.) insulation 15 (0.117)
13 4-in. wood with I-in. 17 0.106 38 36 33 JO 28 2l 22 20 18 17 16 17 18 21 24 28 32 36 39 41 43 43 42 40 22 16 43 27 9.27
(or 2-in) insulation (18) (0.078)
With SuspHded Celling
I Steel Sheet with 1-in. 9 0.134 2 0 -2 -3 -4 -4 -I 9 23 37 lO 62 71 77 78 74 67 l6 42 28 18 12 8 l ll -4 78 82 2.50
(or 2-in.) insulation (10) (0.092)
2 1-in. wood with I-in. IO 0.1 ll 20 15 II 8 5 3 2 3 7 13 21 30 40 48 l5 60 62 61 l8 51 44 37 30 2l 17 2 62 60 4.11
insulation
J 4-in. I . w. concrete 20 0.134 19 14 IO 7 4 2 0 0 4 IO 19 29 39 48 56 62 6l 64 61 54 46 38 30 24 17 0 65 6l 4.83
4 2-in. h. w. concrete with I -in. 30 0.131 28 2l 23 20 17 ll 13 13 14 16 20 2l 30 35 39 43 46 47 46 44 41 38 3l 32 18 13 47 34 6.94
insulation
l I-in. wood with 2-in. 10 0.083 2l 20 16 13 10 7 l 5 7 12 18 2l 33 41 48 l3 51 l7 l6 l2 46 40 34 29 18 l l7 52 4.21
insulation
6 6-in. I . w. concrete 26 0.109 32 28 23 19 16 13 IO 8 7 8 II 16 22 29 36 42 48 l2 54 l4 ll 47 42 37 20 7 l4 47 6.17
7 2.,-in. wood with I-in. ll 0.096 34 31 29 26 23 21 18 16 ll ll 1.6 18 21 2l 30 34 38 41 43 44 44 42 40 37 21 ll 44 29 6.89
insulation
8 8-in. l.w. concrete 33 0.093 39 36 33 29 26 23 20 18 ll 14 14 ll 17 20 2l 29 34 38 42 4l 46 4l 44 42 21 14 46 32 7.51
9 4-in. h.w. concrete with l3 0.128 30 29 27 26 24 22 21 20 20 21 22 24 27 29 32 34 36 38 38 38 37 36 34 33 19 20 38 18 11.58
I-in. (or 2-in.) insulation (l4) (0.090)
IO 2.,-in. wood with 2-in. ll 0.072 3l 33 JO 28 26 24 22 20 18 18 18 20 22 25 28 32 3l 38 40 41 41 40 39 37 21 18 41 23 6.98
insulation
II Roor terrace system 77 0.082 30 29 28 27 26 2l 24 23 22 22 22 23 23 25 26 28 29 JI 32 33 JJ 33 33 32 22 22 33 II 16.36
12 6-in. h.w. concrete with I-in. 77 0.l2l 29 28 27 26 2l 24 23 22 21 21 22 23 2l 26 28 30 32 33 34 34 34 33 32 JI 20 21 34 13 16.26
(or 2-in) insulation (77) (0.088)
13 4-in. wood with I-in 19 0.082 3l 34 33 32 31 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 22 22 24 2l 27 JO 32 34 3l 36 37 36 23 21 37 16 9.64
(or 2-in.) insulation (20) (0.064)

(I) Direc/ Applicalion of Table 3.8 Without Adjuslments: and daily range, as given in Column 6 (2 I/ 2%) and 7. Table 2.1,
Climatic Conditions.
Values in Table 3.8 were calculated using the following conditions: (e) f is a faclor for attic fan and/or ducts above ceiling and is applied
• Dark flat surface roof ("dark" for solar radiation absorption) after all other adjustments have been made.
• Indoor temperature of 78 F f'= 1.0 no attic or ducts
• Outdoor maximum temperature of 95 F with outdoor mean temperature of /=0.75, positive ventilation
85 F and an outdoor daily range of 21 deg F Values i'n Table 3.8 were calculated without and with a suspended
• Solar radiation typical of 40 deg North latitude on July 21 ceiling, but made no allowance for positive ventilation or return
• Outside surface resistance, R.. = 0.333 (hr· ft'· F)/ Btu ducts thru the space. If ceiling is insulated and a fan is used between
• Without and with suspendedcClfing, but no attic fans or return air ducts in ceiling and roof, CL TD may be reduced by25%(f= .75). Use of the
suspended ceiling space suspended ceiling space for a return air plenum or with return air
• Inside surface resislance, R, = 0.685 (hr· Ft'· F)/ Btu ducts should be analyzed separately.
(2) Adiustmenls to Table 3.8 Values: (3) Roof Constructions Not Listed In Table:
The following equation makes adjustments for deviations of design and solar The U-Values listed are to be used only as guides. The actual value of U as
conditions from those listed in ( I) above. obtained from tables such as Table 3.2 or as calculated for the actual roof
construction should be used.
CLTD,.," = [(CLTD + LM) X K + (78 - TR)+ (T,, - 85)] X.f An actual roof construction not in this table would be thermally similar to a
where CLTD is from this table roof in the table, if it has similar mass, m lb/ ft\ and similar heat capacity
(a} LM is latitude-month correction from Table 3.12 for a horizontal Btu/(ft' · F). In such a case, use the CLTD from this table as corrected by Note (2)
surface. above.
(b) J<.. is a color adjustment factor and is applied after first making month-
Example: A Oat roof without a suspended ceiling has properties m = 18.0 lb/ft 2 •
latitude adjustments. Credit should not be taken for light-colored U= 0.20 Btu/(hr ·ft'· F), and heat capacity= 9.5 Btu/(ft' · F). Use
roof except where permanence of light color is established, by CLTD,,,,,,.,, from Roof No. 13, to obtain CL TD,.,,, and use the actual U
experience, as in rural areas or where there is little smoke. value to calculate q/ A = U (CLTD),.,,, = 0.20 (CL TD,,,").
K = 1.0 if dark colored or light in an industrial area
K = 0.5 if permanently light-colored (rural area) (4) Additional Insulation
(c) (78 - T,d is indoor design temperature correction. For each R•7 increase in R•value due to insulation added to the roof structure
Table 3.13 can be used when indoor design is other than 78 F. (Table 3.7), use a CLTD for a roof whose weight and heal capacity are
(d) _(T,, - 85) is outdoor design temperature correction, where T.., is the approximately the same, but whose ClTD has a maximum value 2 hr later. If this
average outside temperature on design day. is not possible, because a roof with the longest time lag has already been selected,
Table 3.13 is based on the local design outside dry-bulb temperature use an effective CLTD in the cooling load calculation equal to 29 deg F.
 3.20 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.9 Wall Construction Group Description

Group U-Value Heat Capacity Code Numbers of Layers
No. Description of Construction Weight (lb/ft 2 ) Btu/(hr-ft 2-F) Btu/(ft 2.F) (SeeTable3.11)

4-in. Face Brick+(Brick)

C Air Space+4-in. Face Brick 83 0.358 18.3 AO, A2, Bl, A2, EO
D 4-in. Common Brick 90 0.415 18.4 AO, A2, C4, El, EO
C I-in. Insulation or Air space+4-in. Common Brick 90 0.174-0.301 18.4 AO, A2, C4, BI/B2, El, EO
B 2-in. Insulation+4-in. Common Brick 88 0.111 18.5 AO, A2, 83, C4, El, EO
B 8-in. Common Brick 130 0.302 26.4 AO, A2, C9, El, EO
A Insulation or Air spac~+8-in. Common Brick 130 0.154-0.243 26.4 AO, A2, C9, BI/B2, El, EO
4-in. Face Brick+(H. W. Concrete)
C Air Space+2-in. Concrete 94 0.350 19.7 AO, A2, Bl, CS, El, EO
B 2-in. lnsulation+4-in. concrete 97 0.116 19.8 AO, A2, B3, CS, EI, EO
A Air Space or Insulation+8-in. or more Concrete 143-190 0.110-0.112 29.1-38.4 AO,A2,Bl,Cl0/11 EI EO
4-in. Face Brick+(L. W. or H. W. Concrete Block)
E 4-in. Block · 62 0.319 12.9 AO, A2, C2, El, EO
D Air Space or Insulation+4-in. Block 62 0.153-0.246 12.9 AO, A2, C2, Bl/82, El, EO
D 8-in. Block 70 0.274 15.1 AO, A2, C7, A6, EO
C Air Space or J-in. lnsulation+6-in. or 8-in. Block 73-89 0.221-0.275 15.5-18.5 AO, A2, Bl, C7/C8, EI, EO
B 2-in. Insulation+8-in. Block 89 0.096-0.107 15.5-18.6 AO, A2, B3, C7/C8, El, EO
4-in Face Brick+(Clay Tile)
D 4-in. Tile 71 0.381 15.1 AO, A2, CJ, El, EO
D Air Space+4-in. Tile 71 0.281 15.1 AO, A2, CI, BI, El, EO
C lnsulation+4-in. Tile 71 0.169 15.1 AO, A2, CJ, B2, El, EO
C 8-in. Tile 96 0.275 19.7 AO, A2, C6, El, EO
B Air Space or I-in. Insulation+8-in. Tile 96 0.142-0.221 19.7 AO, A2, C6, 81/82, El, EO
A 2-in. Insulation+8-in. Tile 97 0.097 19.8 AO, A2, 83, C6, El, EO
H.W. Concrete Wall+(Finish)
E 4-in. Concrete 63 0.585 12.5 AO,Al,C5,El,EO
D 4-in. Concrete+l-in. or2-in. Insulation 63 0.119-0.200 12.5 AO, Al, CS, B2/B3, El, EO
C 2-in. Insulation+4-in. Concrete 63 0.119 12.7 AO, Al, B6, C5, El, EO
C 8-in. Concrete 109 0.490 21.9 AO, Al, ClO, El, EO
B 8-in. Concrete+l-in. or 2-in. Insulation 110 0.115-0.187 22.0 AO, Al, ClO, B5/B6, El, EO
A 2-in. Insulation+8-in. Concrete 110 0.115 21.9 AO, Al, 83, ClO, El, EO
B 12-in. Concrete 156 0.421 31.2 AO,Al,Cll,El,EO
A 12-in. Concrete+Insulation 156 0.113 31.3 AO, CII, B6, A6, EO
L. W. and H. W. Concrete Block+(Finish)
F 4-in. Block+Air Space/Insulation 29-36 0.161-0.263 5.7-7.2 AO, Al, C2, Bl/!l2, El, EO
E 2-in. Insulation+4-in. Block 29-37 0.105-0.114 5.8-7.3 AO, Al, Bl, C2/C3, El, EO
E 8-in. Block 41-57 0.294-0.402 6.3-11.3 AO, Al, C7/C8, El, EO
D 8-in. Block+Air Space/Insulation 41-57 0.149-0.173 8.3-11.3 AO, Al, C7/C8, B2, El, EO
Clay Tile+(Finish)
F 4-in. Tile 39 0.419 7.8 AO, Al, CI, El, EO
F 4-in. Tile+Air space 39 0.303 7.8 AO, Al, Cl, Bl,EI, EO
E 4-in. Tile+l-in. Insulation 39 0.175 7.9 AO, Al, Cl, 82, El, EO
D 2-in. Insulation+4-in. Tile 40 0.110 7.9 AO, Al, 83, Cl, El, EO
D 8-in. Tile 63 0.296 12.5 AO, Al, C6, El, EO
C 8-in. Tile+Air Space/I-in. Insulation 63 0.151-0.231 12.6 AO, Al, C6, 81/82, El, EO
B 2-in. Insulation+8-in. Tile 63 0.099 12.6 AO, Al, 83, C6, El, EO

With/without Air Space+ I-in ./2-in ./3-in. Insulation 5-6 0.091-0.230 0,7 AO, A3, B5/B6/B12, A3, EO
Frame Wall
G I-in. io 3-in. Insulation 16 0.081-0.178 3.2 AO, Al, Bl, B2/B3/B4, El, EO
-----------------------------------------------------------,
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.21

Table 3.10 Cooling Load Temperature Differences for Calculating Cooling Load from Sunlit Walls
Hrof
Maxi- Mini- Maxi• Differ-
Solar Time, hr mum mum mum ence
1 l 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 13 14 15 i6 17 18 19 10 11 12 23 14 CLTD CLTD CLTD CLTD
North Lalilude
Wall Facing Group A Walls
N 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 II II IO IO IO IO IO IO II II 12 12 13 13 14 14 2 IO 14 4
NE 19 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 15 15 15 IS 16 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 22 15 20 5
E 24 24 23 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 19 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 18 25 7
SE 24 23 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 18 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 22 18 24 6
s 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 20 23 14 20 6
SW 25 25 25 24 24 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 25 24 17 25 8
w 27 27 26 26 25 24 24 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 19 20 22 23 25 26 26 I 18 27 9
NW 21 21 21 ~o 20 19 19 18 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 I 14 21 7
Groupe Walls
N 15 14 14 13 12 II II IO 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 IO II 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 24 8 15 7
NE 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 20 20 21 12 21 9
E 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 15 15 15 17 19 21 22 24 25 26 26 27 27 26 26 25 24 20 15 27 12
SE 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 15 14 14 15 16 18 20 21 23 24 25 26 26 26 26 25 24 21 14 26 12
s 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 13 12 II II II II 12 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 22 22 21 23 II 22 II
SW 27 26 25 24 22 21 19 18 16 15 14 14 13 13 14 15 17 20 22 25 27 28 28 28 24 13 28 15
w 29 28 27 26 24 23 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 14 15 17 19 22 25 27 29 29 30 24 14 30 16
NW 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 13 12 12 12 II 12 12 13 15 17 19 21 22 23 23 24 II 23 9
GroupC Walls
N 15 14 13 12 II IO 9 8 8 7 7 8 8 9 IO 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 17 16 22 7 17 IO
NE 19 17 16 14 13 II IO IO II 13 15 17 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 22 21 20 20 IO 23 13
E 22 21 19 17 15 14 12 12 14 16 19 22 25 27 29 29 30 30 30 29 28 27 26 24 18 12 30 18
SE 22 21 19 17 15 14 12 12 12 13 16 19 22 24 26 28 29 29 29 29 28 27 26 24 19 12 29 17
s 21 19 18 16 15 13 12 IO 9 9 9 IO II 14 17 20 22 24 25 26 25 25 24 22 20 9 26 17
SW 29 27 25 22 20 18 16 15 13 12 II II II 13 15 18 22 26 29 32 33 33 32 31 22 II 33 22
w 31 29 27 25 22 20 18 16 14 13 12 12 12 13 14 16 20 24 29 32 35 35 35 33 22 12 35 23
NW 25 23 21 20 18 16 14 13 II IO IO IO IO II 12 13 15 18 22 25 27 27 27 26 22 IO 27 17
GroupDWalls
N 15 13 12 IO 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 IO 12 13 15 17 18 19 19 19 18 16 21 6 19 13
NE 17 15 13 II IO 8 7 8 IO 14 17 20 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 24 23 22 20 18 19 7 25 18
E 19 17 15 13 II 9 8 9 12 17 22 27 30 32 33 33 32 32 31 30 28 26 24 22 16 8 33 25
SE 20 17 15 13 II IO 8 8 IO 13 17 22 26 29 31 32 32 32 31 30 28 26 24 22 17 8 32 24
s 19 17 15 13 II 9 8 7 6 6 7 9 12 16 20 24 27 29 29 29 27 26 24 22 19 6 29 23
SW 28 25 22 19 16 14 12 IO 9 8 8 8 IO 12 16 21 27 32 36 38 38 37 34 31 21 8 38 30
w 31 27 24 21 18 15 13 II IO 9 9 9 IO II 14 18 24 30 36 40 41 40 38 34 21 9 41 32
NW 25 22 19 17 14 12 IO 9 8 7 7 8 9 IO 12 14 18 22 27 31 32 32 30 27 22 7 32 25
GroupEWalls
N 12 IO 8 7 5 4 3 4 5 6 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 20 21 23 20 18 16 14 20 3 22 19
NE 13 II 9 7 6 4 5 9 15 20 24 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 25 24 22 19 17 15 16 4 26 22
E 14 12 IO 8 6 5 6 II 18 26 33 36 38 37 36 34 33 32 30 28 25 22 20 17 13 5 38 33
SE 15 12 IO 8 7 5 5 8 12 19 25 31 35 37 37 36 34 33 31 28 26 23 20 17 15 5 37 32
s 15 12 IO 8 7 5 4 3 4 5 9 13 19 24 29 32 34 33 31 29 26 23 20 17 17 3 34 31
SW 5
w
NW
22
25
20
18
21
17
15
17
14
12
14
II
IO
II
9
8
9
7
6
7
6
6
5
6
5

5
6
6
5
7
7
6
9
9
8
12
II
IO
18
14
13
24
20
16
32
27
20
38
36
26
43
43
32
45
49
37
44
49
38
40
45
36
35
40
32
30
34
28
26
29
24
19
20
20
'
6
5
45
49
38
40
43
33
GroupFWaUs
N 8 6 5 3 2 I 2 4 6 7 9 II 14 17 19 21 22 23 24 23 20 16 13 II 19 I 24 23
NE 9 7 5 3 2 I 5 14 23 28 30 29 28 27 27 27 27 26 24 22 19 16 13 II II I 30 29
E IO 7 6 4 3 2 6 17 28 38 44 45 43 39 36 34 32 30 27 24 21 17 15 12 12 2 45 43
SE IO 7 6 4 3 2 4 IO 19 28 36 41 43 42 39 36 34 31 28 25 21 18 15 12 13 2 43 41
s IO 8 6 4 3 . 2 I I 3 7 13 20 27 34 38 39 38 35 31 26 22 18 15 12 16 I 39 38
SW 15 II 9 6 5 3 2 2 4 5 8 II 17 26 35 44 50 53 52 45 37 28 23 18 18 2 53 51
w 17 13 IO 7 5 4 3 3 4 6 8 II 14 20 28 39 49 57 60 54 43 34 27 21 19 3 60 57
NW 14 IO 8 6 4 3 2 2 3 5 8 10 13 15 21 27 35 42 46 43 35 28 22 18 19 2 46 44
GroupG Walls
N 3 2 I 0 -I 2 7 8 9 12 15 18 21 23 24 24 25 26 22 15 II 9 7 5 18 -I 26 27
NE 3 2 I 0 -I 9 27 36 39 35 30 26 26 27 27 26 25 22 18 14 II 9 7 5 9 -I 39 40
E 4 2 I 0 -I II 31 47 54 55 50 40 33 31 30 29 27 24 19 15 12 IO 8 6 IO -I 55 56
SE 4 2 I 0 -I 5 18 32 42 49 51 48 42 36 32 30 27 24 19 15 12 IO 8 6 II -I 51 52
s 4 2 I 0 -I 0 I 5 12 22 31 39 45 46 43 37 31 25 20 15 12 IO 8 5 14 -I 46 47
SW 5 4 3 I 0 0 2 5 8 12 16 26 38 50 59 63 61 52 37 24 17 13 IO 8 16 0 63 63
w 6 5 3 2 I I 2 5 8 II 15 19 27 41 56 67 72 67 48 29 20 15 II 8 17 I 72 71
NW 5 3 2 I 0 0 2 5 8 II 15 18 21 27 37 47 55 55 41 25 17 13 IO 7 18 0 55 55

( 1) Direct Application of the Table Without Adjustments:

Values in the table were calculated using the same conditions for walls as outlined for the roof CLTD table, Table 3.8. These values may be
used for all normal air conditioning estimates usually without correction (except as noted below) when the load is calculated for the hottest
weather.
For totally shaded walls use the North orientation values.
(2) Adjustments to Table Values:
The following equation makes adjustment for conditions other than those listed in Note CJ).
CLTDcon = (CLTD + LM) X K + (78 - TR)+ (To - 85)
where CLTD is from Table 3.10 at the wall orientation.
(a) LM is the latitude-month correction from Table 3.12
(b) K is a color adjustment factor and is applied after first making latitude-month adjustment
K = 1.0 is dark colored or light in an industrial area
K = 0.83 if permanently medium colored (rural area)
K = 0.65 if permanently light colored (rural area)
3.22 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Credit should not be taken for wall color other than dark except where permanence of color is established by experience, as in
rural areas or where there is little smoke.
Colors: Light - Cream
Medium - Medium blue, medium green, bright red, light brown, unpainted wood, and natural color concrete
Dark - Dark blue, red, brown and green
(c) (78 - TR) is indoor design temperature correction
Table 3.13 may also be used when indoor design is specified as other than 78 F.
(d) (To - 85) is outdoor design temperature correction where T0 is the average outside temperature on a design day.
Table 3.13 is based on the local design outside dry-bulb temperature and daily range, as given in Column 6 (2 1/2%) and 7,
Table 2.1, Climatic Conditions.
(3) Wall Construction Not Listed:
The U-values listed_are to be used only as guides. The value of U as obtained from tables such as Table 3.2 or as calculated for the actual wall
structure should be used.
An actual wall construction not listed in this table (or Table 3.9) would be thermally similar to a wall in the table, if it has similar mass, lb/ft 2 ,
and similar heat capacity, Btu/ (ft 2• F). In that case, use CLTD from this table as corrected by Note (2) above.
(4) Additional Insulation:
For each 7 increase in R-value due to insulation added to the wall structures in Table 3.9, use the CLTD for the wall group with the next
higher letter in the alphabet. When the insulation is added to the exterior of the construction rather than the interior, use the CLTD for the wall
group two letters higher. If this is not possible, due to having already selected a wall in Group A, use an effective CLTD in the load calculation as
given in the following table.
CLTD, Uncorrected, When Vertical Wall Structure is
"Thermally" Heavier than Group A due to Added Insulation
N NE E SE s SW w NW
II 17 22 21 17 21 22 17

Table 3.11 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Calculations of Coefficients for Roof and Wall
Code Thickness and Thermal Properties
Description Number L K D SH R WT WTXSH
Outside surface resistance AO 0.333
I-in. Stucco (asbestos cement or wood siding plaster, etc.) Al 0.0833 0.4 116 0.20 0.208 9.66 1.93
4-in. face brick (dense concrete) A2 0.333 0.75 130 0.22 0.444 43.3 9.53
Steel siding (aluminum or other lightweight cladding) A3 0.005 26.0 480 0.10 0.0002 2.40 0.24
Finish A6 0.0417 0.24 78 0.26 0.174 3.25 0.85
Air space resistance Bl 0.91
I-in. insulation B2 0.083 0.025 2.0 0.2 3.32 0.17 0.03
2-in. insulation B3 0.167 0.o25 2.0 0.2 6.68 0.33 0.07
3-in. insulation B4 0.25 0.o25 2.0 0.2 10.03 0.50 0.10
I-in. insulation BS 0.0833 0.o25 5.7 0.2 3.33 0.47 0.10
2-in. insulation B6 0.167 0.025 5.7 0.2 6.68 0.95 0.19
I-in. wood B7 0.0833 0.07 37.0 0.6 1.19 3.08 1.85
2.5-in. wood BS 0.2083 0.07 37.0 0.6 2.98 7.71 4.63
4-in. wood B9 0.333 0.07 37.0 0.6 4.76 12.3 7.38
2-in. wood BIO 0.167 0.D7 37.0 0.6 2.39 6.18 3.71
3-in. wood Bil 0.25 0.D7 37.0 0.6 3.58 9.25 5.55
3-in. insulation Bl2 0.25 0.025 5.7 0.2 10.0 1.42 0.28
4-in. clay tile Cl 0.333 0.33 70.0 0.2 1.01 23.3 4.66
4-in. 1.w. concrete block C2 0.333 0.22 38.0 0.2 1.51 12.7 2.54
4-in. h.w. concrete block C3 0.333 0.47 61.0 0.2 0.71 20.3 4.06
4-in. common brick C4 0.333 0.42 120 0.2 0.79 40.0 8.00
4-in. h.w. concrete C5 0.333 1.0 140 0.2 0.333 46.6 9.32
8-in. clay tile C6 0.667 0.33 70 0.2 2.02 46.7 9.34
8-in. 1.w. concrete block C7 0.667 0.33 38.0 0.2 2.02 25.4 5.08
8-in. h.w. concrete block cs 0.667 0.6 61.0 0.2 [Link] 40.7 8.14
8-in. common brick C9 0.667 0.42 120 0.2 1.59 80.0 16.00
8-in. h.w. concrete CIO 0.667 1.0 140 0.2 0.667 93.4 18.68
12-in. h. w. concrete Cit 1.0 1.0 140 0.2 1.00 140.0 28.00
2-in. h.w. concrete CI2 0,167 1.0 140 0.2 0.167 23.4 4.68
6-in. h.w. concrete Cl3 0.5 1.0 140 0.2 0.50 70.0 14.00
4-in. l.w. concrete Cl4 0.333 0.1 40 0.2 3.33 13.3 2.66
6-in. l.w. concrete Cl5 0.5 0.1 40 0.2 5.0 20.0 4.00
8-in. l.w. concrete Cl6 0.667 0.1 40 0.2 6.67 26.7 5.34
Inside surface resistance E0 0.685
0.75-in. plaster; 0.75-in. gypsum or other similar finishing
layer El 0.0625 0.42 JOO 0.2 0.149 6.25 1.25
0.5-in. slag or stone E2 0.0417 0.83 55 0.40 0.050 2.29 0.92
0.375-in. felt membrane E3 0.0313 0.11 70 0.40 0.285 2.19 0.88
Ceiling air space E4 1.0
Acoustic tile E5 0.0625 0.035 30 0.20 1.786 1.88 0.38
" Units: L = ft.; SH = Btu/(lb · deg F); K = Btu/(hr. ft • deg F); R = (hr · ft' • deg F)/Btu; D = lb/ft'; WT = lb/ft'; WT SH = Btu/(ft' • F)
Chapter3 External Load Factors 3.23

Table 3.12 CLTD Correction For Latitude and Month Applied to Walls and Roofs, North Latitudes
NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE
Lat. Month N NNW NW· WNW w WSW SW SSW s HOR
0 Dec -3 -5 -5 -5 -2 0 3 6 9 -I
Jan/Nov .-3 -5 -4 -4 -I 0 2 4 7 -I
Feb/Oct -3 -2 -2 -2 -I -I 0 -I 0 0
Mar/Sept -3 0 I -I -I -3 -3 -5 -8 0
Apr/Aug 5 4 3 0 -2 -5 -6 -8 -8 -2
May/Jul IO 7 5 0 -3 -7 -8 -9 -8 -4
Jun 12 9 5 0 -3 -7 -9 -IO -8 -5

8 Dec -4 -6 -6 -6 -3 0 4 8 12 -5
Jan/Nov -3 -5 -6 -5 -2 0 3 6 10 -4
Feb/Oct -3 -4 -3 -3 -I -I I 2 4 -I
Mar/Sept -3 -2 -I -I -I -2 -2 -3 -4 0
Apr/Aug 2 2 2 0 -I -4 -5 -7 -7 -I
May/Jul 7 5 4 0 -2 -5 -7 -9 -7 -2
Jun 9 6 4 0 -2 -:--6 -8 -9 -7 -2

16 Dec -4 -6 -8 -8 -4 -I 4 9 13 -9
Jan/Nov -4 -6 -7 -7 -4 -I 4 8 12 -7
Feb/Oct -3 -5 -5 -4 -2 0 2 5 7 -4
Mar/Sept -3 -3 -2 -2 -I -I 0 0 0 -I
Apr/ Aug -I 0 -I -I -I -3 -3 -5 -6 0
May/ Jul 4 3 3 0 -I -4 -5 -7 -7 0
Jun 6 4 4 I -I -4 -6 -8 -7 0

24 Dec -5 -7 -9 -IO -7 -3 3 9 13 -13

Jan/Nov -4 -6 -8 -9 -6 -3 3 9 13 -II
Feb/Oct -4 -5 -6 -6 -3 -I 3 7 10 -7
Mar/Sept -3 -4 -3 -3 -I -I I 2 4 -3
Apr/Aug -2 -I 0 -I -I -2 -I -2 -3 0
May/Jul I 2 2 0 0 -3 -3 -5 -6 I
Jun 3 3 3 I 0 -3 -4 -6 -6 I
32 Dec -5 -7 -10 -II -8 -5 2 9 12 -17
Jan/Nov -5 -7 -9 -II -8 -4 2 9 12 -15
Feb/Oct -4 -6 -7 -8 -4 -2 4 8 II -IO
Mar/Sep -3 -4 -4 -4 -2 -I 3 5 7 -5
Apr/ Aug -2 -2 -I -2 0 -I 0 I I -I
May/Jul I I I 0 0 -I -I -3 -3 I
Jun I 2 2 I 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 2

40 Dec -6 -8 -IO -13 -IO -7 0 7 IO -21

Jan/Nov -5 -7 -IO -12 -9 -6 I 8 11 -19
Feb/Oct -5 -7 -8 -9 -6 -3 3 8 12 -14
Mar/Sep -4 -5 -5 -6 -3 -1 4 7 IO -8
Apr/ Aug -2 -3 -2 -2 0 0 2 3 4 -3
May/ Jul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I
Jun I I I 0 I 0 0 -1 -1 2

48 Dec -6 -8 -11 -14 -13 -IO -3 2 6 -25

Jan/Nov -6 -8 -II -13 -11 -8 -1 5 8 -24
Feb/Oct -5 -7 -10 -11 -8 -5 I 8 II -18
Mar/Sep -4 -6 -6 -7 -4 -I 4 8 II -II
Apr/Aug -3 -3 -3 -3 -I 0 4 6 7 -5
May/ Jul 0 -I 0 0 I I 3 3 4 0
Jun I I 2 I 2 I 2 2 3 2

56 Dec -7 -9 -12 -16 -16 -14 -9 -5 -3 -28

Jan/Nov -6 -8 -II -15 -14 -12 -6 -I 2 -27
Feb/Oct -6 -8 -10 -12 -IO -7 0 6 9 -22
Mar/Sep -5 -6 -7 -8 -5 -2 4 8 12 -15
Apr/ Aug -3 -4 -4 -4 -I I 5 7 9 -8
May/Jul 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 6 7 -2
Jun 2 I 2 I 3 3 4 5 6 I
64 Dec -7 -9 -12 -16 -17 -18 -16 -14 -12 -30
Jan/Nov -7 -9 -12 -16 -16 -16 -13 -10 -8 -29
Feb/Oct -6 -8 -II -14 -13 -IO -4 I 4 -26
Mar/Sep -5 -7 -9 -IO -7 -4 2 7 II -20
Apr/ Aug -3 -4 -4 -4 -I I 5 9 II -II
May/Jul I 0 I 0 3 4 6 8 10 -3
Jun 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 7 9 0
(I) Corrections in this table are in degrees F. The correction is applied directly to the CL TD for a wall or roof as given in Tables 3.10 and 3.8.
(2) The CL TD correction given in this table is not applicable to Table 3.23, Cooling Load Temperature Differences for Conduction through
Glass.
(3) For South latitudes, replace Jan. through Dec. by July through June.
3.24 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

Table 3.13 CLTD Corrections for Inside and Outside Design Conditions, F
a) Correction for inside design temperature, F (See Note I)
Inside db, F 12 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Correction, F 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 -I -2
b) Correction for outside design conditions, F (See Note 2)
Design Daily Range, F
Outside
~--·.!!.!!,_ F 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
88 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -IO -II -12 -13 -14 -15
90 0 -I -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -IO -II -12 -13
92 2 I 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -IO -II
94 4 3 2 I 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
96 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 -1 -2 -3 --4 -5 -6 -7
98 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 -1 -2 -3 --4 -5
100 IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 -I -2 -3
102 12 II IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 -1
104 14 13 12 II 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
106 16 15 14 13 12 II IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
(I) Correction for inside design = (78 ,- TR), where TR is inside design db temperature, F
(2) Correction for outside design conditions = ( To - 85), where To is outside mean temperature given by
To= Design outside db - 1/2 X Daily Range
Normally, the design outside db is taken from Column 6, 2 1/2%, Table 2.1 and the daily range is taken from Column 7, Table 2.1.

Table 3.14A Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission (U-Factor) of Windows and Skylights, Btu/(hr,ft 2 •F)

Exterior Vertical Panels Exterior Horizontal

Panels (Skylights)
Description
Summer** Winter*
Summeri Winter i
No Indoor Indoor No Indoor Indoor
Shade Shade*** Shade Shade***
Flat Glass b
Single Glass 1.04 0.81 1.10 0.83 0.83 1.23
Insulating Glass, Double c
3/16 in. air spaced 0.65 0.58 0.62 0.52 0.57 0.70
I/ 4 in. air spaced 0.61 0.55 0.58 0.48 0.54 0.65
I /2 .in. air space• 0.56 0.52 0.49 0.42 0.49 0.59
I /2 in. air spa~e,
low emittance coating r
e = 0.20 0.38 0.37 0.32 0.30 0.36 0.48
e = 0.40 0.45 0.44 0,38 0.35 0.42 0.52
e = 0.60 0.51 0.48 0.43 0.38 0.46 0.56
Insulating Glass, Triple c
I/ 4 in. air spaced 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.31
I /2 in. air space g 0.39 0,36 0.31 0.26
Storm Windows
I in. to 4 in. air spaces d 0.50 0.48 0,50 0.42
Plastic Bubbles k
Single 0.80 1.15
Double 0.46 0.70

Table 3.14B Adjustment Factors for Various Window and

Siding Patio Door Types (Multiply U-Values in Part A by
These Factors)
"See Table 3.14B for adjustments for various windows and
Double or sl1d-ing patio doors.
Single Triple Storm h Emittance of uncoated glass surface = 0.84,
Description Glass Glass ~indpws c Double and triple refer to number of lights of glass.
Windows d0.125-in. glass.
All Glass" 1.00 1.00 1.00 e 0.25-in. glass

Wood Sash; 80% Glass 0.90 0.95 0.90 r Coating on either glass surface facing air space; all other glass
Wood Sash; 60% Glass 0.80 0.85 0,80 ·surfaces uncoated.
Metal Sash; 80% Glass 1.00 1.20m g Window design: 0.25-in. glass, 0.125-in. glass, 0.25-in. glass.
Sliding Patio Doors h Refers to windows with negligible opaque areas.
Wood Frame 0.95 1.00 '. For heat flow up.
1 For heat flow down.
Metal Frame 1.00 !.!Om
k Based on area of opening, not total surface area.

m Values will be less than these when metal sash and frame incorporate thermal breaks. In some thermal break designs Uvalues will be equal
to or less than those for the glass. Window manufacturers should be consulted for specific data.
*15 mph outdoor air velocity; 0 F outdoor air; 70 F inside air temp natural convection.
**7.5 mph outdoor air velocity; 89 F outdoor air; 75 F inside air natural convection; solar radiation 248.3 Btu/(hr · ft')
***Values apply to tightly closed venetian and vertical blinds, draperies, and roller shades.
The reciprocal of the above U-factors is the thermal resistance, R, for each type of glazing. If tightly drawn drapes (heavy close weave), closed
Venetian blinds, or closely fitted roller shades are used internally, the additional R is approximately 0.29 (hr· ft'· F)/ Btu. If miniature louvered
solar screens are used in close proximity to the outer fenestration surface, the additional R is approximately 0,24 (hr· ft'· F)/ Btu.
Chapter 3 External Load Factors 3.25

Table 3.15 U-Factors for Summer Conditions Table 3.17 Solar Optical Properties and Shading Coefficients
Btu/ (hr-ft2 , F) of Transparent Plastic Sheeting
Velocity of Air Sweeping Window, fpm Transmittance
Type* Still Air 185 275 365 Type of Plastic SC
Visible Solar
CL& CL 0.56 0.64 0.66 0.67 Acrylic
HA&CL 0.56 0.64 0.66 0.67 Clear 0.92 0.85 0.98
Refl & CL 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.38 Gray Tint 0.16 0.27 0.52
*CL = Clear 0.25-in. float; HA = Heat Absorbing 0.25-in. float; 0.33 0.41 0.63
Refl. = [Link] float. 0.45 0.55 0.74
0.59 0.62 0.80
0.76 0.74 0.89
Bronze Tint 0.10 0.20 0.46
Table 3.16 Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission 0.27 0.35 0.58
0.61 0.62 0.80
(U-Factor; Btu/(hr•ft 2 •F) for Transparent Acrylic and
0.75 0.75 0.90
Polycarbonate Sheeting of Vertical Windows Reflective* 0.14 0.12 0.21
U-Factor for Winter Heat Loss 1
Thickness, in. 1/8 in. Polycarbonate
3/16 in. 1/4 in. 3/8 in. 1/2 in. Clear (0.125-in.) 0.88 0.82 0.98
Single-Glazed 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.88 0.81 Gray (0.125-in.) 0.50 0.57 0.74
Reflective* 0.88 Bronz (0. I 25-in.) 0.50 0.57 0.74
Double-Glazed;
¼-in. *Aluminum metallized polyester film on plastic.
air s·pace 0.55 0.52 0.49
Double-Glazed;
½-in. air space 0.47 0.45
month, latitude and orientation and a conversion factor the
0.43
Cooling Load Factor, CLF, thus: '
U-Factor for Summer Heat Gain 2
Single-Glazed 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.82
q =A X (SC) X (SHGFmax) X (CLF) (3.4)
0.76
Reflective* 0.83 where
Double Glazed; q = cooling load due
to solar radiation through
¼-in.
glass, Btu/ hr
air space I 0.56 0.53 0.50
Double-Glazed; A = net glass area of the fenestration ft2
½-in. air space 0.50 0.48 0.45
SC = Shading Coefficient ·'
(SHGF)ma, = maximum SHGF for the month, latitude and
115 mph wind velocity. orientation, Btu/ (hr· ft 2)
27.5 mph wind velocity.
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
*Aluminum metalized polyester film on plastic.

3.3 GLASS SOLAR LOAD Shading Coefficie1_1ts for Typical Fenestrations

Table 3.18 gives Shading Coe