Wind and Small Hydro Technology
Type: PG Core & UG/PG Elective (ES61201)
L-T-P: 3-1-0
Credits: 4
Semester: Autumn
Instructors: Dr. C. Bakli (SES&E), Prof. D. Kastha(EE)
Name(s) of the Programme(s) in whose curricula this subject will be included: Core ES/Elective All
Objective:
Module A: Wind Energy
To offer a multi-disciplinary course on an emerging field of engineering, i.e. wind turbine technology.
On successful completion of the course, a student shall be able to do the following
1. Analyze wind energy potential.
2. Differentiate between various wind energy harvesting mechanisms.
3. Develop concept and preliminary design of wind turbine.
4. Develop an understanding of control strategies and structural components.
5. Evolve concepts for power generation with respect to turbines and wind farms.
Module B: Small Hydro
To offer a fundamental understanding of fluid power and engineering to utilize hydroelectric power as a
renewable energy source.
On successful completion of the course, a student shall be able to do the following
1. Classification of fluid machines and understanding of rotodynamic machinery
2. Understanding working of turbines
3. Differentiating and developing concepts of impulse and reaction machines
4. Developing concepts of pumps
5. Understanding concepts of fluid system designs in small hydro applications
Contents (100-150 words): Module A: Wind Energy
Wind energy content, Wind spectrum, Wind potential, Anemometer, forecasting, and prediction. History
of wind turbines, Classification of wind turbines and their commercial viability. Energy capture, power
coefficient, Tip speed ratio, Aerodynamics, Axial momentum theory, blade element theory. Horizontal axis
wind turbine: Components and their functions. Electrical design: main machinery, gearbox, relays,
electrical protection, power take-off, power factor, load-mapping. Control systems design: Pitch control,
yaw control, extreme weather protection, constant and variable speed machines. Cost analysis, Social and
environmental impact analyses, non-conventional energy capturing devices.
Module B: Small Hydro
Introduction to Fluid Machines and basic principles of energy conversion and transfer, Principles
of similarity and specific speed, Turbines: Impulse, Reaction, Axial Flow Turbines; Concept of
performance characteristics for water turbines, Pumps: Rotodynamic Pumps, Energy Transfer in
Centrifugal Pumps, Cavitation, Axial Flow Pump, Reciprocating Pumps.
Recommended Text Books/References Books:
1) Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines by Martin O. L. Hansen.
2) Wind Energy handbook by Burton, Sharpe et al.
3) Wind Turbines: Theory and Practice by Colin G. Anderson Cambridge University Press.
4) Wind Electrical Systems by S.N Bhadra, D. Kastha and S. Banerjee Oxford University Press.
5) Fox Robert W., Mcdonald, Alan T. and Pritchard, Philip J. Introduction to fluid mechanics, Wiley
India, 2010 ISBN: 9788126523177
6) Kundu, Pijush K., and Ira M. Cohen. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, 2004. ISBN:
9780121782535.
7) Som, S.K., Biswas, G and Chakraborty, S. Introduction to fluid mechanics and fluid machines. 3rd ed.
Tata McGraw-Hill 2012 ISBN: 9780071329194
APPENDIX
LECTURE-WISE BREAK-UP OF THE PROPOSED SUBJECT ENTITLED
“Wind and Small Hydro Technology”
TOTAL LECTURE-HOURS = 56
Module A: Wind Technology
Wind Potential and historical development of wind as an energy resource (3 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Wind Energy. Weibull Distribution, Wind Spectrum, Terrain characteristics, 1 hour
Boundary Layer, Average and Design Wind Speed, Turbulence, Kaimal
Spectrum. Extreme wind speeds.
History of wind turbines (Classification and Commercial viability). 1-hour
Anemometer, forecasting, & prediction (wind potential, maps, data modeling) 1 hour
Energy Capture (5 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Available power, Power Curve. Cut-in wind speed. Cut-out wind speed. Power 1hours
coefficient, Tip Speed Ratio. Rated power. Mechanical and Electrical power.
Aerodynamics. Axial momentum theory, Betz limit. Axial Induction factor. 2 hours
Angular momentum theory.
Blade Element Momentum (BEM) Theory, Lift, Drag, Thrust, Torque, pitch, 2 hours
angle of attack, stall. Basic Blade design.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Geometry 1 hour
Main parameters (Rated Power, Blade length, Tower Height) 1 hour
Components and their functions (Tower, foundation, Blade, Hub, Nacelle, Bed 2 hours
plate, Drive train, Braking system, Yawing system, Pitch control, Main
Machinery).
Power Control and Controller Design in HAWT (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Functions of Wind-turbine controller 1 hour
Closed-loop control: objectives and techniques Pitch control, Yaw control, 1 hour
Extreme weather protection and safety, sensors and actuators, implementation.
Pitch control, Yaw control, Extreme weather protection and safety, sensors and 2 hours
actuators, implementation
Structural Design (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Structural Design of Tower and Foundation : loads, dynamic response to 2 hours
turbulence and gust, fatigue, extreme loads, design and life estimate.
Structural Design of Blades : loads, dynamic response to turbulence and gust, 2 hours
fatigue, extreme loads, design and life estimate. Failure modes.
Electrical Design (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Main m/c, gearbox, relays, electrical protection, power take-off, power factor. 3 hours
Load-mapping, grid-connected and stand-alone machines 1 hour
Costing, Impact, and Future Applications (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Cost analysis (NREL model) SIA & EIA 1 hour
Environmental and Social Impact Analysis 1 hours
Non-conventional energy capturing devices, Wind farms, off-shore wind turbines 2 hours
Module B: Small Hydro Technology
Classification of Fluid Machines and Energy Conservation in Rotodynamic Machines (6
hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
1 hour
Introduction to Fluid Machines
2 hours
Basic principles of energy conversion and transfer
3 hours
Principles of similarity and specific speed
Introduction to Turbines ( 6 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
3 hours
Impulse, Reaction, Axial Flow Turbines
3 hours
Concept of performance characteristics for water turbines
Pumps (5 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
1 hour
Rotodynamic Pumps
1 hour
Energy Transfer in Centrifugal Pumps
1 hour
Cavitation
1 hour
Axial Flow Pump
1 hour
Reciprocating Pumps.
Hydroelectric Power Plant (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Small hydro systems 2 hours
Load management and control strategies. 2 hours
Microhydro Power Generation (4 hours)
Topic Lecture-hours
Electrokinetic Energy Generation and Blue Energy 4 hours
