What was the main objective of the Commonwealth government Philippines?

The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for
the withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. It was not until the
Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual independence—once Filipinos were
ready for self-governance—was made.

How will you describe the Philippine Commonwealth?

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the administrative body that governed
the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second
World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country.

Why is it important for Filipinos to have a Commonwealth government?

It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular
Government, a United States territorial government. The Commonwealth was designed
as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of
independence.

When did the Philippines become a Commonwealth?

November 15, 1935
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15,
1935. Legislative elections were held on November 8, 1938, and the PN won 98 out of
98 seats in the House of Representatives.

What are the significant features of the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution?

The 1935 Constitution, which featured a political system virtually identical to the
American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be elected at
large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral Congress, and an
independent Judiciary.

What are the salient developments in the Philippine educational system during the
Commonwealth period?
Under the Commonwealth, vocational and adult education were given emphasis. It
was also during the Commonwealth regime that an organized effort to develop a
common national language was started in compliance with the mandate of the 1935
constitution.
How did the economy of the Philippines develop during the Commonwealth era?
The export-driven economy. In 1936, when the country had experienced its first year
of the Philippine Commonwealth, the country's total exports were $136.4 million and
imports $101.2 million, so that total trade was $237.6 million.

What Constitution established the Commonwealth of the Philippines?

ARTICLE XVII. —THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE REPUBLIC

SECTION 1. The government established by this Constitution shall be known as the

Commonwealth of the Philippines.

What are the salient developments in the Philippine educational system during the
Commonwealth period?
Under the Commonwealth, vocational and adult education were given emphasis. It
was also during the Commonwealth regime that an organized effort to develop a
common national language was started in compliance with the mandate of the 1935
constitution.

What is the importance of the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution?

The 1935 constitution seemed to serve the nation well. It gave the Philippines twenty-six
years of stable, constitutional government during a period when several other Asian
states were succumbing to military dictatorship or communist revolution.
Who made the 1935 Philippine Constitution?
Delegate Manuel Roxas signs the Constitution. He was the leading member of the
Committee on Style, also known as the Seven Wise Men, who had a significant impact
on the final draft of the 1935 Constitution.

What are the Commonwealth values?

Reaffirming the core values and principles of the Commonwealth as declared by
this Charter:
 Democracy Read more. ...
 Human rights Read more. ...
  International peace and security Read more. ...
 Tolerance, respect, and understanding Read more. ...
 Freedom of Expression Read More. ...
 Separation of Powers Read more. ...
 Rule of Law Read more.

What are the problems of the Commonwealth?

(i) Economic inequality among member states. (iii) Divided loyalty resulting from the
membership of other international organizations. (iv) Ideological differences of members
states. (v) Political instability of some member states.

What is the difference between Republic and Commonwealth?

A Commonwealth refers to an independent state created for the common good and
includes various forms of government such as republics, constitutional monarchies,
federations, and confederations. A Republic is a form of government, one that does not
have a monarch as its head of state.

The Philippine Commonwealth Era

 
The Commonwealth era is the 10-year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935
to 1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under
the Philippine Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie
Law. The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the
Philippines on January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government, led by Manuel L.
Quezon and Sergio S. Osmeña went into exile in the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis
while in exile and Osmeña took over as president. At the same time, the Japanese
forces installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president.
This government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the
Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate
the Philippines from the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945.
 
After liberation, the Commonwealth government was restored. Congress convened its
first regular session on July 9, 1945. It was the first time the people’s representatives
have assembled since their election on November 11, 1941. Manuel Roxas was elected
Senate President, and Elpidio Quirino was chosen, President Pro Tempore. Jose
Zulueta was the speaker of the house, while Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro
Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act 672, organized
the central bank of the Philippines. The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of
collaboration. In September 1945 the counter-intelligence corps presented the people
who were accused of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese. Included
were prominent Filipinos who had been active in the puppet government that the
Japanese had established. ”A Peoples Court" was created to investigate and decide on
the issue.

Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were held on April 23,
1946. Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won thus
becoming the last president of the Philippine Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era
formally ended when the United States granted independence to the Philippines, as
scheduled on July 4, 1946. 
Important legislations and events during the American period that made the Philippines
a commonwealth of the United States:

The Philippine Bill of 1902 - Cooper Act

 
United States Congressman Henry Allen Cooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1902,
also known as the Cooper Act. The bill proposed the creation and administration of a
civil government in the Philippines. President Theodore Roosevelt signed it into law on
July 2, 1902.
Here are some of the more important provisions of the Cooper Act:
▪ Ratification of all changes introduced in the Philippine government by the president of
the U.S., such as the establishment of the Philippine Commission, the office of the civil
governor, and the Supreme court
▪ Extension of the American Bill of Rights to the Filipinos except for the right of trial by
jury
▪ Creation of a bicameral legislative body, with the Philippine Commission as the upper
house and a still-to-be-elected Philippine Assembly as the Lower House
▪ Retention of the executive powers of the civil governor, who was also president of the
Philippine Commission
▪ Designation of the Philippine Commission as the legislating authority for non-Christian
tribes
▪ Retention of the Judicial powers of the Supreme court and other lower courts
▪ Appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners who would represent the
Philippines in the US Congress but would not enjoy voting rights
▪ Conservation of Philippine natural resources
 
The bill contained 3 provisions that had to be fulfilled first before the Philippine
Assembly could be established these were:
 
▪ Complete restoration of peace and order in the Philippines
▪ Accomplishment of a Nationwide census
▪ Two years of peace and order after the publication of the census
 
The Philippine Assembly
 
The assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907, at the Manila Grand Opera
House, with US secretary of War William Howard Taft as the guest of honor. Sergio
Osmeña was elected Speaker while Manuel Quezon was elected Majority Floor leader.
The Recognition of the Philippine Assembly paved the way for the establishment of the
bicameral Philippine Legislature. The Assembly functioned as the lower House, while
the Philippine Commission served as the upper house.
 
Resident Commissioners
 
Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo were the first commissioners. Other Filipinos who
occupied this position included Manuel Quezon, Jaime de Veyra, Teodoro Yangco,
Isaro Gabaldon, and Camilo Osias.
 
The Jones Law
 
To further train the Filipinos in the art of government, the U.S. Congress enacted the
Jones Law on August 29, 1916. It was the first official document that promised
Philippine independence, as stated in its preamble, as soon as a stable government
was established. The Jones Law or the Philippine Autonomy act, Replaces the
Philippine bill of 1902 as the framework of the Philippine government. It provides for the
creation of executive powers. The vice governor general, assisted by his Cabinet, would
exercise executive powers. The vice governor would act concurrently as the Secretary
of Education.
 
Creation of the Council of State
 
Upon the recommendation of Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña, Governor
General Francis Burton Harrison issued an executive order on October 16, 1981,
creating the first Council of State in the Philippines. It was the Council’s duty to advise
the governor general on matters such as the creation of policies for administering
government offices.
 
The Council held meetings once a week and whenever the governor general called for
one. It was composed of the governor-general, the department secretaries, the speaker
of the Lower House, and the Senate president. During Harrison’s term, the executive
and legislative branches of government worked harmoniously with each other.
 
The Os-Rox Mission
 
One delegation, however, that met with partial success was the Os-Rox Mission, so
called because it was headed by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. The Os-Rox
group went to the United States in 1931 and was able to influence the U.S. Congress to
pass a pro-independence bill by Representative Butter Hare, Senator Henry Hawes,
and Senator Bronso Cutting. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year
transition period before the United States would recognize Philippine independence.
U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill, but both Houses of Congress ratified
it. When the Os-Rox Mission presented the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law to the Philippine
Legislature, it was rejected by the American High Commissioner representing the US
president in the country and the Philippine Senate, specifically the provision that gave
the U.S. president the right to maintain the land and other properties reserved for
military use. Manuel Quezon was tasked to head another independence mission to the
United States.
 
The Tydings-McDuffie Law

In December 1933, Manuel L. Quezon returned to the Philippines from the United
States with a slightly amended version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill authored by
Senator Milliard Tydings and representative McDuffie. President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, the new U.S. president, signed it into law on March 24, 1934. The Tydings-
McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act of the United States Congress;
Public Law 73-127) or more popularly known as The Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for
the establishment of the Commonwealth government for ten years preparatory to the
granting of Independence. See the full text of the Tydings-McDuffie Law or Continue
to Japanese Occupation, Allied Liberation.

 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945 when
Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack
on Pearl Harbor.
invasion of the Philippines
The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack
on Pearl Harbor. At Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial
Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines
withdrew to Java on 12 December 1941.
Why the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese?
The reason why Japan invade the Philippines

The Philippines was an important location for transporting oil from the Dutch
East Indies and French Indochina to Japan. In addition, the war between the U.S.
and Japan made it necessary to invade the Philippines, because it was an American
colony.
How did Filipinos react to the Japanese occupation?
During the Japanese occupation of the islands in World War II, there was an extensive
Philippine resistance movement (Filipino: Kilusan ng Paglaban sa Pilipinas),
which opposed the Japanese and their collaborators with active underground and
guerrilla activity that increased over the years.
How did Filipinos react to the Japanese occupation?
What kind of government do the Philippines have during the Japanese occupation?
During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, the country faced a situation where
two governments existed: one, a de facto government sponsored by the Japanese,
and the other, the Commonwealth government in exile in the United States (US).
-De Facto Government means a government that comes into or remains in, power by
means not provided for in the Member’s constitution or other applicable laws of the
country, such as by a coup d’état, revolution, usurpation, abrogation, or suspension of
the constitution or other relevant laws.
How did the Japanese occupation affect education in the Philippines?
On October 14, 1943, the Japanese – sponsored Republic created the Ministry of
Education. Under the Japanese regime, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History,
and Character Education was reserved for Filipinos. Love for work and dignity of
labor was emphasized.
What was the reason why Manila was declared an open city during the Japanese
occupation?
To spare the Metropolitan area from the possible ravages of attack, either by air
or ground, Manila is hereby declared an open city without the characteristics of a
military objective.
Who led the Japanese invasion of the Philippines?
General Masaharu Homma
The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines

On December 8th, 1941, approximately 17 hours after Pearl Harbor, led by

Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma, Japanese air forces began bombing Clark
Field, a major American air base on the island of Luzon.

How did the Philippines gained independence from Japan?

In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during World War II, and US forces
and Filipinos fought together during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946, the
Republic of the Philippines attained its independence.”
What resources did the Japanese need from the Philippines?
Investments included extensive agricultural holdings and natural resource development.
By 1940, some 40% of Philippine exports to Japan were iron, copper, manganese,
and chrome.
What happen when Japan attacked the Philippines and defeated American forces
there?
On May 6, 1942, U.S. Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright surrenders all U.S.
troops in the Philippines to the Japanese. The island of Corregidor remained the last
Allied stronghold in the Philippines after the Japanese victory at Bataan (from which
General Wainwright had managed to flee, to Corregidor)
Why do the government of the Philippines during the Japanese period was called a
puppet government?
The Japanese sponsored the creation of the Philippine Republic per the mandate of a
new constitution. These political changes did not hide the dependence of the
Philippine government on the Japanese military authorities, for it was essentially a
puppet Republic.
Where did the Japanese land in the Philippines?
The Japanese invasion of the islands was multi-pronged to secure the airstrips and
support the ground offensives. Besides the main force being landed at Lingayen Gulf,
the Japanese landed at Formosa, Luzon, and Palaus, with the main objective of
capturing Manila.
Who fought the Japanese in the Philippines?
American and Filipino troops fought against the 20,000 Japanese left on Leyte for the
rest of the year. Mopping-up operations continued into 1945 until almost 75,000
Japanese had been killed or captured.
Who defeated the Japanese in the Philippines?
The battle ended almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the Philippines
(1942–1945). The city's capture was marked as General Douglas MacArthur's key to
victory in the campaign of reconquest. To date, it is the last of the many battles fought in
Manila's history.
Why was Yamashita hanged?
His forces were badly defeated in both the Leyte and the Luzon campaigns, but he held
out until after the general surrender was announced from Tokyo in August 1945.
Yamashita was tried for war crimes, and, though he denied knowing of atrocities
committed under his command, he was convicted and eventually hanged.
How was school life during the Japanese Occupation?
Education came to a near-complete standstill, during the years of the Japanese
Occupation from 1942 to 1945. The war interrupted schooling for most, as schools were
destroyed or seized for military use.
When did the Japanese take Manila?
January 2, 1942
The Japanese entered Manila on January 2, 1942, and terror was rife throughout the
city. Oct 18, 2019
What are the 3 main reasons why Japan invaded the Philippines?
To prevent the use of the Philippines as an advanced base of operations by
American forces. To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance operations
against the Dutch East Indies and Guam. To secure the lines of communication
between occupied areas in the south and the Japanese Home Islands.
Philippines--History--Japanese occupation, 1942-1945.