Multiple Integrals 6.1, DOUBLE INTEGRALS o The definite integral [ flx) de is defined as the limit of the sum flx,)8r, + fle,)Bx, + ona. + A,B, when n— and each of the lengths dt,, 8t),......,8x,, tends to zero. Here dx,, dty,......, 5x, aren sub-intervals into which the range 6—a has been divided and x, x)... ,, are values of lying respectively in the first, second, ......,m'™ sub-interval. % pe le dx, Pe ix, A double integral is its counterpart in two dimensions. Let a single-valued and bounded function fix, y) of two independent variables x, y be defined in a closed region R of the xy-plane. Divide the region R into sub- regions by drawing lines parallel to co-ordinate axes. Number the rectangles which lie entirely inside the region R, from 1 to n. Let (x,, y,) be any point inside the rth rectangle whose area is 5A, Consider the sum Ploeg, My)BA, + Aba, I IBMy + eee + Ay I,J, => fe, yp d4, “D9 K rt Let the number of these sub-regions increase indefinitely, such that the largest linear dimension (i.e., diagonal) of 8A, approaches zero. The limit of the sum (1), ifit exists, irrespective of the mode of sub-division, is called the double integral of fix, y) over the region R and is denoted by Sh. fx, yy dA Inother words, lim) fx,.¥)d,= ff Auda ily ea * which is also expressed as Jf.ne ydxdy or Jfr y) dy de 427428 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 6.2. EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS ‘The methods of evaluating the double integrals depend upon the nature of the curves bounding the region R. Let the region R be bounded by the curves x =x,,x =x, andy =), Y=Ye (i) When x,, x, are functions of y and y,, yo are constants. Let AB and CD be the curvesx, and x, = 6,(¥). Take a horizontal strip PQ of width Sy. Here the double integral is evaluated first w.r-t. x (treating y as. aconstant). The resulting expression which is a function of y is integrated w.r.t. y between the limits y=y, and y =, Thus Jf, feorae dy =| f° f HO) es yyde| dy 7 ey =O109) the integration being carried from the inner to the outer rectangle, Geometrically, the integral in the inner rectangle indicates that the integration is performed along the horizontal strip PQ (keeping y constant) while the outer rectangle corresponds to the sliding of the strip PQ from AC to BD thus covering the entire region ABDC of integration. (ii) When yy yp are functions of x and x,, x, are constants. Let AB and CD be the curves 9, 6,00 and y, = 0,(x). Take a vertical strip PQ of width dv. Here the double integral is evaluated first w.r-t. (treating x as constant). The resulting expression which is a function of x is integrated w.r.t. x between the X=% limits x = x, and x = x», Thus, ve a) Sh, flx,y) dx dy = the integration being carried from theinnertothe outer rectangle. Geometrically, the integral in the inner rectangle indicates that the integration is performed G| Y=¥e Q D along the vertical strip PQ (keeping x constant) while the outer rectangle corresponds to the sliding of the strip XX PQ from AC to BD thus covering the entire region ABDC of integration. P la (iii) When x,, x,y, ¥, are constants. Here the region of integration R is the rectangle ABDC. It is im- material whether we integrate first along the horizontal strip PQ and then slide it from AB to CD; or we integrate first along the vertical strip P’Q’ and then slide it from AC to BD. Thus the order of integration is immaterial, provided the limits of integration are changed accordingly.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 429 JJ, Ae ndedy = P i fx, y)dx |dy | = LP i fie, ydy| de Note 1. From cases (i) and (ii) above, we observe that éntegration is to be performed w.r.t. that variable having variable limits first and then w.r.t. the varéable with constant limits. Note 2. If /ix, y) has discontinuities within or on the boundary of the region of integration, then the change of the order of integration does not result into the same integrals. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Prove that ff fferreray dx = [i Pooreraray. 1 ds Jo Je Sol. [i forreraare f/f tay +6") dy » 7 521 ; a ee eee =7 + ete) a (et -e?) ae 2 42 af 92 “4 yx? P +e") dx dy = dx | dy = (‘|= 4 x0" | a [ [ore aay [ [Servers] . [3 | aw -f{' y Yor) ay = [* (409 = [{ (eer a= fi Boe} Hence the result. Example 2. Evaluate j i j dx dy a do Va-x)a-y?) [at 1 a} pt dx aod pa erp | Gi int d) v(l= 2") y*) i fi mil Y if yi-y* [se ‘| ”430 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 3. Show that ff de fe eit dyz fo vfs eye 1 2x — (x+y) 1 1 2x 1 Sol. LHS.= dy= [ide [| -1 la ° fie ef “ary Kf a ctl . ‘i -2 17 i 1 =f far ep ee) = ff oth] 0 -2 why le L@tyy ety], 1 leveet1), fd Alden [ott Ftl ye ad 4 r= [ aap I Gee 1 1 (wty)-2y 1 Hi REGS fa yf, Gey Let wae wee 1 1 (x+y) (a+ yy?] y = ———_ - 2y .————| dy dy | Sy reg, | fl zty @tyF | afooa y 1 1-1-y+y 1 afl 4% 5 A Daya PEPE? aye if Thy (ty? y 3] y= OF if 1 x all ete! ity|, 2 2 ‘The two integrals are not equal. Jee dydx Tea? + yy? fairy Sol. I= J, If aa dx 1 za (ty)? Example 4. Boaluate [! j =[ 2 i dx Ie [1 iI, x a 4 4 Ep de “haar neta g a 1 =4 [tog + 1+3)| =F og (2 + (2) —tog 1) = F tog (V2 +b. loMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 431 a para Example 5. Evaluate [ f [FF bed, fg Ir (a? = y®) =? «| ‘dy Sol. 37 3 3 T 2 Tt B laiy | © |gt_ S|) ma 4 3), 4 3 6 lo Example 6. Evaluate Sh, e243) dx dy over the triangle bounded by x=0, y=0 and xtysl Sol. The region R of integration is the triangle y OAB. Here x varies from 0 to 1 and y varies from x- axis upto the linex + =1i.e., from 0 to 1—x. ‘The region R can be expressed as O or y=a? g?_y? @ a ole ‘The region of integration R can be expressed as b b wasxsa,—— Jy? 42 sy<— fq? x? q@ VO 8" SYST aoe Jfeen? dx dy = She +9? + 2Qxy) dx dyMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 433 “ff. pe Ax? +y*)dy dx +0 [since (x? + y?) is an even function of y and 2xy is an odd function of y] “ fe 3 =4 j “at x? a? ~ x? a (a? ota Putx =a sin® i Bos «PE: a? sin? 0.0 cos 0+ .a° eos? 8 la cos0d8 | a. cos 6d 3 is °b sin” 6 cos ‘ese oan of -+[ TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Evaluate the following integrals (I—10) : 1. fhe +3y?) dy de. 2. [foo x+y) dy de. = free. [ee 5. i de ik e* dy. 6. LG (x? + By +2) dy de. 1 f t o!* dy de, 8 ne "By dx dy % ree (22 + 9) dy dx. 10. [pe +y) dy de. 11. Evaluate ff (x? + y) dx dy over the region in the positive quadrant for which x+y <1. 12. Evaluate |I.x2y?dx dy over the circle x? +y?=1. 13. Evaluate f| xy ds dy over the positive quadrant of the cirele x? +434 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 14, 13. 17. Compute the value of Sf y dx dy, where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the Ne 2 2 4 x Zz i St Semcls ellipse “3+ Evaluate Sf fey —y?dx dy, where Sis a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and (, 0). Evaluate Sf ay (x +) dx dy over the area between y =? andy =x. B Evaluate Si xy dx dy, where A is the domain bounded by x-axis, ordinate x = 2a and the curve Ja Answers 12 2, 08 8. loga log’ 4, Flog? Fe-v at 24 a i 10. = i. z 2. = 14, ae 15.6 16. ra at 6.3. EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR CO-ORDINATES 6 = 6, and the curves r =r), r=rp, we first integrate w.r.t.r between the limits r=r, and r=r, (treating @ as a constant). The resulting expression is then integrated w.r.t. 0 between the limits 0 = 0, and 0 = 05. and r = (0) bounded by the lines 0 = 0, and 0 = 6, so that ACDBis the region of integration. PQ is a wedge of angular oy thickness 60, Then " /(r,0)dr indicates that the 7 integration is performed along PQ (i.e., rvaries, @is constant) and the integration w.r.t. 0 means rotation of this strip PQ ee To evaluate i J f(r,8) dr d® over the region bounded by the straight lines @ = 0,, 1 or Geometrically, AB and CD are the curves r = /(0) from AC to BD.MULTIPLEINTEGRALS 435 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Evaluate ek we fat ar 0. lo \Jo 0 pian Sol. I= ff [f ~ fe Py" anar|ao - i 1 ett i 0 2 v2 o 2 3 3 en: (a? sin?9 0°) go=-£ [2-2]. (ana, 3 Jo 3[3 2] 18 Example 2. Evaluate Ilr dr d0, over the area bounded between the circles 2 cos @and r= 4 cos 8. Sol. The region of integration R is shown shaded. Here r varies from 2.cos 0 to 4 cos Owhile Ovaries from — = to =. 2°2 mi pAcos 5 J rar ao « Jipara-l., arene =f" [= do | aval a 12008 0 2 cos 0 i = [7 (256 cos" 0-16 cos") do | 5124 an " = 60 [” cos! 90 = 120 f"” cos! odo | 8 0 3x1 n_ 45 =12 a= Ox 2 2 2 Example 3. Evaluate {J rsin 0 dr d0 over the area of the cardioid r = a (1 +.cos 0) above the initial line. rs Sol. The region of integration R is covered by a7. < radial strips whose ends are r= 0 and r=a(1+cos@), the 8 gy strips starting from 0 = 0 and ending at 0 =n. 1 pa(1 + e066) v ffrsinodrao= ff sin 0 dr d0- RK 0 6=r O e=0 x lo a waseen fisn 5 d= Sfisin 6.a(1+ cos 0)? do 0 ar, 0 8 20) 9 got: 6 50 = [fesin cos 2. (200s 8) do = 4a [[sin eos 3 2436 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [Puttine S = and do = 2a0] 2/2 6 oh? 2 :] =~ 80° [ cos 9 (- sin 9) do =o [2] --Zo-v-%. 4 lo Example 4. Evaluate SJ over one loop of the lemniscate r? = a? co 20. Sol. The region of integration R is covered by radial strips whose ends are r=0 and r =a ,{cos 20, the strips starting from 6 7 = and ending at @ == 4 4 fi ce%-f" or seer areas ya? +r’ ald —_ 22 Neem -[" 1 @ +r “haa[2 172 nid 7/4 : S af [(1+ cos 20)" — 1) do = af Ae cos” 6)!” — 1) do Lars Ln wy , a0-= J" a* + a4 cos 20)" — al do La lo 4 4 vi = af" (W2eos0— 1) d0 = 2a f” (a2 cos 0-1) d0= 2 [y2 sin 0 of” Less 0 lo oie fF A ™| wy (et a *). TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE -————————_—_—__- Evaluate the following integrals (1— 4) eas 2/2 paced L J j rdrd@ 2. j j rsin 6 drd0_ 22 pa mt pa(1+ cos) a Py rdrdo aff 7 cos 0 drd lo Jair eos) lo JoMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 437 . where R is the region bounded by the semi-circle r = 2a cos 5. Show that ff 7 sin 0 dr d0=2 6, above the initial line, 6. Evaluate {fr dr d0 over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin @ and r= 4sin 0, 1% a 1+— * (4) Answers 6.4. CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION Ina double integral, ifthe limits of integration are constant, then the order of integration is immaterial, provided the limits of integration are changed accordingly. Thus [i [tesoraedy= PP fe) dy de. But if the limits of integration are variable, a change in the order of integration necessitates change in the limits of integration. A rough sketch of the region of integration helps in fixing the new limits of integration. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Change the order of integration in j, [3 xdx Edidy yx ty? and hence evaluate the same. Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that the region of integration is bounded by x=, x =a,y = 0 andy =a. Thus the region of integration is the AOAB and is divided into horizontal strips. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration into verti- cal strips. The new limits of integration become : y varies from 0 tox and x varies from 0 toa. Cia lla = x i ee dx ies Example 2. Change the order of integration in I = J f xy dy dx and hence evaluate dx? the same.438 Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first with respect to y which varies from y a=at toy =2—x and then with respect to x which varies from x = 0 tox =1. The region of integration (shown shaded) is divided into vertical strips. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration into horizontal strips. Solvingy =x? andy =2—x, the co-ordinates of A are (1, 1). Draw AM 1 OY. The region of integration is divided into two parts, OAM and ‘MAB. ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS For the region OAM, x varies from O to y andy varies from 0 to 1. For the region MAB, x varies from 0 to 2—y and y varies from 1 to 2 © [formar fear ff te 1 2°| 3 sa 1) | AP ay 452 45% ay ot i [ake 4y? + ydy= e+ dee-B-4)-6-4-9} 2 Sep? Pek? in, ae , te] dy+foy. 3, dy =], stay +3 f vO- a ay Example 3. Change the order of integration in the following integral and evaluate : [fee de. Fa Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first w.r.t. y which varies from integration is first performed along the vertical strip PQ which extends from a point P on the parabola 2 ay = (ie., x2 = day) to the point Q on the parabola y a =2,ax (i.e., y? =4ax). Then the strip slides from O to A (4a, 4a), the point of intersection of the two parabolas. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration OPAQO into horizontal strips P'Q/ which extend from P’ on the parabola y? = 4ax i.e, 2 ae a to Q on the parabola x? = day ie, x=2Vay a ‘Then this strip slides from O to A(4a, 4a), i.e., varies from 0 to 4a. 2 =a toy = 2¥ax and then w.r+. x which varies from x = 0 to x = 4a. Thus aMULTIPLE INTEGRALS: oe th etheg ytida 3/2 i 3 - [ao 2] = $V (4a)? - Se v2 12a), 3 3 =4 sm _ 16a" _ 32a 16a* _ 16a" == Va. 8a a ar Example 4. Change the order of integration in the integral [ eo 439 * fs ydx dy. Sol. From the limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first w.r.t. x which varies from x =0 tox = Ja?—y? and then w.r.t. y which varies from y = —a toy = a, Thus integration is first performed along the horizontal strip PQ which extends from a point P on x = 0 (i.e., y-axis) to the point Qon the circle x= ya” - y? (i.e, x2=a2—y? orx? +52 =a), Then the strip slides from B’ to B. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration B’AQBPB’ into vertical strips P’Q’ which a? — x? toQ’on the circle = y=+ Ja* —x2 ;for points a” —x” and for points in the first quadrant, y= J/g? — x2] . Then this strip slides from y-axis (x = 0) to A, where x =a. extend from P’ on the circle y = 2 ye a?-x?. be+y'= in the IV quadrant, y = f CO fay) dedy =| fog Flxy) dy de. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration : Cor ree “4 . LOS . LP aes 1b pal 6" = y? fer Peay, bh e440 ATEXTBQOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ff Soa ior (° ("> wae lode y . ° [ if a 3p Jtny vita ae PP e+ nae ay 1. cr: (a? +y) dy dx Jos Jo dese Answers 2 Lis da’ . & , Ae) . if 2. Ge Bn 4 at AL og: na 8. oo 1. gab 8 1 2a aa 9% 1 10. 2 1. 60 12. 93 20 6.5. TRIPLE INTEGRALS Consider a function f(x, y,z) whieh is continuous at every point of a finite region V of three dimensional space. Divide the region V into n sub-regions of respective volumes 5V,, 9Vy, «5 aV,,. Let (x, y,, 2,) be an arbitrary point in the rth sub-region. Consider the sum Plt, sIn2 BV, . a The limit of this sum as n ->o and 8V, — 0, ifitexists, is called the triple integral of fix, y,2) over the region V and is denoted by Sy fx, y,2dV hy For purposes of evaluation, it can be expressed as the repeated integral [ERE renoneraxay at, A) the order of integration depending upon the limits, Let x,, x, be function of y, 2 ; 7, ¥» be function of 2 and 2,, 2, be constants, i.e., Let x =F, 2), %2 =A 29, = O42 y = O4(2) and z, =a, 2,=6 Then the integral (1) is evaluated as follows : First fx, y, 2) is integrated w.r.t. x (keeping y andz constant) between the limits x, and x,. ‘The resulting expression, which is a function of y and z is then integrated w.r.t. y (keeping z constant) between the limits y, and yy. The resulting expression, which is a function of z only is then integrated w.r-t. z between the limits z, andz,. The order of integration is from the innermost rectangle to the outermost rectangle.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 441 Limits involving two variables are kept innermost, then the limits involving one variable and finally the constant limits. If), $3 p.3g and 21, 2, are all constants, then the order of integration is immaterial, provided the limits are changed accordingly. Thus [ELLE pennaeayde = [PEP rene ay deas = [Pf pasadeaver —————— ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES |____ “ff z a tear tt vs Lf" fava fof a 1, . +ssin’ 2 log y pe Example 2. Evaluate {J me ff tog 2 de dxdy. hdd Sol. =f [P| frees ae] aay ff fe toge—v) dx dy = gee {x-De* +D}ax ay 1 seep 1a Now ww fi "fe Dera tide =f @-Derdr+|* 1 log y = [«- d “| = H = ydlog y — 1) — (e'# — e) + log y—1 [es ekey ey] log y 1. ede +logy-1442 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, 9 ds =ylogy - I) -y +e +logy—1=(y + Dlogy-2y +e-1 T= J llog y (+ 1) -2y #e I dy [o> (5+3)] -f 4[S+s)a0- 2] +(e- of>] u TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Evaluate the following integrals (ILD + GEL ett) *? dedy de 2. Jf c= tees de ay dz. f i {- Gry telddea 4. PI oe dz dy dx. f f “fl *°" edeidy da. 6. py. f* dz dx dy. LEE 6 PE err ear [of sin “af 2 Ne ie re cos ve Answers (e- 18 4 Bodog a5 8 Slog2-2 Sut 6.6, CHANGE OF VARIABLES Quite often, the evaluation of a double or triple integral is greatly simplified by a suitable change of variables.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 443 Let the variables x,y in the double integral ff) x,y) d dy be changed tou,v by means ofthe relations x= (u, v),y = wu, v), then the double integral is transformed intof Ie Flotu, v), ax ae _ [ou av =|% ¥ au dv is the Jacobian of transformation from (x, y) to (u,v) co-ordinates and R’ is the region in the uv-plane which corresponds to the region R in the xy-plane. ( To change cartesian co-ordinates (x, y) to polar co-ordinates (r, 0). Here we have x =r cos 0, =r sin 0 so that x? + y? =r? we, v)} | J | ded, where J = 2059? Be ox . 2 or go | |eo80 -rsind T=) ay dy|=|sino reoso |=" fea) ar 90 (0.0) o Sfp tessrae dy = Jf. e08 0. sin) rdrao i.e, replace x by rcos 0,y by rsin 0 and dx dy byr dr d®. (ii) To change cartesian co-ordinates (x, y, 2) to iz =rcos@ spherical polar co-ordinates (r, 0, $). ¥ Here, we have x= sin 0 cos 4 yersin 0 sing , z=rcos 0 sothat x24 y2 +2? x ox ae ax dr 8 00) |sin@cos@ rcos@cosd ~rsin sin > =| ®% %]_|sinosing rcosdsing rsinOcosd | -;2 sino ar 30 a a® * cos rsin® 0 ‘or 38 OO . JJ J fers2dde dy de Zz P(x, y, Z) = [JJ Fer sin 6 cos 0, sin 0 sin 0, cos 0) r® sin Odr do do. a (0.2) Gié) To change cartesian co-ordinates (x, y , z) to cylin- drical co-ordinates (r, 0, z). Here, we have x=rcos@, y=rsing and z=z a oe x e a) | cos -rsing 0 J= ar 3 az|~ sing reso 0 a de a] | 0 0 1 ar 3 de M444 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: =r (cos? + sin? 6) =r o JJ Pos s.2 ae dy de = SS f(rcos 6,r sin 6,2) r dr do dz. y Vy ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES I Example 1. Evaluate {J oe ds dy over the pouttive quadrant of the cirdle Yise?ey wey ad Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates by putting x = r cos 0, y =r sin 0; x? + y? =1 transforms into r = 1. For the region of integration R, r varies from 0 to 1 and 6 varies from 0 1= [hfe ee - an por rdr do | dx dy is replaced by r dr d0 - rh r=") 3, a0 yi-rt toe 2 i _ pay wf pit « [OS2OP saenset ed 0 fl = ein 7 ol ee = jn [+p0-0=3 5) a7a- 2/2 mite ( =] m_1)% I= 4_-\d9=|=-=||0| =/2-=]=. CG 3) 4 2)/"|, G s|3 Example 2. Evaluate [ {a®—x" 9" dx dy over the semi-circle x? + y? = ax in the positive quadrant. Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates, x* + y® = ax transforms into r = a cos 0, For the n 2 qa *4 region of integration R, r varies from 0 to a cos @ and @ varies from 0 toMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 445 of ve? =F =9? aeay . r=acos0 n/2 par cos: 8 Zz =f'F "(2 .rarao e w/2p099 1 yg ay =P her)? - an ardo lo Jo 2 wa_1 [(@t-ryep =f 4 , do 1pm gg wg 5h («sin 0-4?) do =— © (sin? 0- Dao -@[2_ -2(3 2) - ee aa 2 Example 8. Change into polar co-ordinates and evaluate Shee + dy dx. Sol. For the region of integration in cartesian co-ordinates, y varies from 0 to = and x also varies from 0 to o. Thus the region of integration is the plane XOY. Changing to polar co- ordinates by putting x =r cos 0, y = rsin 0 so that x? + y? = y. 72; for the region of integration r varies from 0 to » and 0 , ¥ e . r varies from 0 to z sf Lee ade offi? rae S ere ” ar dr do = fofdeta do,where t = r2 0 x fo 40 2 “pT ap 2d pr =f [ ze [=-3f (0-d9 2 ws 4] we, 2L |p 4 2 p\Be Example 4. Evaluate [ j Naso" ae dy dx lo Jo x? + y? Sol. In the given integral, y varies from 0 to 2x —x? and x varies from 0 to 2. by changing to polar co-ordinates. =2Qv-x? 3 x+y? =v. In polar co-ordinates, we have r? = 2r cos 0 or r = 2 cos 0. 1 For the region of integration, r varies from 0 to 2 cos 0 and 0 varies from 0 to >.446 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, r=2cos6 In the given integral, replacing x by r eos 0, y by r sin 0, dy dx by r.dr dO, we have ni2 (2080 pcos®.rdrd@ pr? p2eas0 1=[° j ae j reos 0dr dO % aye ms = J coso| = ao = [" 2e0sod0 =2, 2-4, lo, 2 lo 0 3° 3 Example 5. Evaluate jf) 2(x? + y? + 22) dx dy dz through the volume of the cylinder x2 + y? =a? intercepted by the planes 2 = 0 and 2 =h. Sol. Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates by changing x to r cos 6, y to r sin 6 and replacing dx dy dz by r dr do dz i ian 2242") rdrdodz = fi re Cr) +25) dr do dz dzdy dx LO Foe polar co-ordinates. Sol. Here the region of integration is bounded by 2=0, z=i-x?-»? (ie, 2 +9? +22=1) (ie, x2 +92 = 1) by changing to spherical y=0, x=0, which is the volume of the sphere x? + y? +22 = 1 in the positive octant.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 447 Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates shy putting x = r sin @ cos 6, y =F sin 0 sin 6, z=rcos 0so that xt a yt ae? For the volume of sphere x? + y? + 2% = 1 in the positive octant, r varies from 0 to 1, 0 varies from 0 to : and 9 varies from 0 to = Replacing dz dy dx by r2 sin 0 dr dO do, we have mee [eines re i 1G”) sin oar dodo fF ao Jos @dr dodo ert f 1 d0do 1 in + sin" r 2 0 a is a2 5 2 9 in is =["2|-cose| a m “Ps 6[5- 3.2) d0a9 j Al cos [ 0 RS dp ae ~ 492° 8° Note. For the whole volume of the sphore x? + y+ 22 = a; Osrsa,0<0 0. 3 3 2 2 8. Evaluate J Paar dx dy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse = + 25 =1 Zz a 14 a +e nf 9. Transform the following to cartesian form and hence evaluate j, j 7 sin @ cos 0dr dO. 10. Evaluate Jffe +y +2) dx dy dz over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, = 0,2 =0: and x+y+z=1 11. Evaluate i SS x 4y242%= 1. , the integral being extended to the positive octant of the sphere dx dy dz 12. Evaluate Ji + cy &— over the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the (ety424 0? planex+y+2=1. = 1 intercepted by the 13. Bvaluate ff f tx? + 9%) de dy dz over the volume of the cylinder x? + planes z=2and 2=3.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 449 14. Evaluate the following integrals through the volume of the sphere x? + 92 +2 into spherical polar co-ordinates : 1, by changing J [J aay ae Gi) fff? +9? +227" dedy de. m>0) Answers brat Qn 1 1, 2 2 G4 3. 9 4. ve 5. (ii) a(F ~S) 2 tv) 2 6. n(1-e ab 1 we hy ene 2 - ea 8. 3 Se: 9.0 10. 8 11. 8 1 log 2 5 Sm an 4n 12. 2 log 16 13. 1 14. (i) 15 (ii) Qm+3° 6.7. AREA BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION (a) Cartesian Co-ordinates. The area A of the region bounded by the eurves y = f(x), y = fi) and the a lines yea, w= b iagiven bys f. Si & ; ‘The area A of the region bounded by the curves x = f,Q), x = fy) and the lines y = ¢, y = d is given by a= ef ava A) () Polar co-ordinates. The area A of the region bounded by the curves r = f,(0), r= f,(0) and the lines 0 = R fe(0) 0, 0 = Bis given by A= eye rdr dO. x oy) =0 6.8. VOLUME AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL (@) Cartesian Co-ordinates. Consider a surface 2 = lx, 9) D) Let the orthogonal projection of its region R’ on the xy-plane be the region R given by ola, y) =0. we) Now (2) represents a cylinder with generators parallel to z-axis and the guiding curve given by (2). Let V be the volume of this cylinder between R and R’, Divide R into elementary rectangles of area x dy by drawing lines parallel to the axis of x andy. On each of these rectangles, erect prisms of lengths parallel to z-axis. Volume of this prism between R and R’ is z x dy. The volume V is composed of such prisms. Vi, 3 eae [f. ede By450 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, (b) Cylindrical Co-ordinates. Let the equation of the surface be z = fir, 6). Replacing dx dy by r dr dé, we get V = Sf zr drdo. ke ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example L. Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4x —x® and the line y Sol. The two curves intersect at points whose abscissae are given by 4x — x? =x or x?-8r=0 ie, x=0,3. v Using vertical strips, the required area lies between x=0,"=Sandy =x, y = 4x—22 “3 pdx = x? Required area = J, I dy dx a od: 3 4 4 =f (Ax = x’ -x)dx = f (8x - x?) dx 0 lo 3x? 28797 [8 ona Example 2. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4x? + 9y? = 36 and the straight line 2x + 3y =6. Sol. The equation of the ellipse is (1) n x,y the line stSel (2) and the line is 3°2 (2) Both meet x-axis at A(3, 0) and y-axis at BO, 2). Using horizontal strips, the required area lies between 3 4—y? and y=0,y =2 s=30-y,e= dy (3/2) f4-¥* ae i C ly x 3/2)(2-y) , PL daa2-9 Raguired arene i J = f a fy -2-y) ay atl 2 = 2 sin 14-442] =MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 451 Example 3. Find, by double integration, the area lying inside the eirele r=a sin ® and outside the cardioid r= a(1 - cos 0). Sol. Eliminating r between the equations ® of two curves, sin @ = 1 — cos @ or sin + cos@=1 =o 4r=a(1—cos 8) Squaring1+sin20=1 or sin20=0 20=0 or r=asin 0 . x Les 9=0 or 2 For the required area, r varies from o 6=0 & m a(1 — cos ®) toa sin 0 and 6 varies from 0 to 2 asin ® a Required area =f f"\" .,rdrdo ain 6 nia [ p =f [=] do = la(1~ e080) 12 a? [sin? 6 - (1— cos ®)*] do o 2 enl2 -Sf (sin? 6 -1- cos? 0+ 2 cos 0) d0 2 pni2 =<} (2em?o+2e08 0a = 0°[-3. 0 ey 2 Example 4. Find the volume of the ellipsoid — + re +> a e Sol. On account of symmetry, the required volume is 8 times the volume of the ellipsoid in the positive octant. The volume OABC in the positive octant lies between the ellipsoid z = ¢ 2 2 ee and the plane XOY, and is bounded on the sides by the planes x = 0, y = 0. The ellipsoid cuts the plane XOY in the ellipse . The region OAB above which the volume OABC lies is bounded by we r=0,x=aandy=0,y 2b fI-=y . 7B Hence the required volume of the ellipsoid =8 ce ndyde 4") epee ave ey x 2 21-2 dy de ahh Ve Fe sO452 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS <¢ [Foe 2 =s[fie re DE, whered f1-7 = Lf 5 avant =”? 2 sin-1 14x = 2 (* 2 =Fhe sin”! 1dx = fea 2 2 2 3 7* = PRE "62 [1-3 late = anbe| 2-25 = onbe(a- 2) 4 nabe. b Jo a Ba’ A 3 3 Example 5. Find the volume common to the sphere x2 + y? +2 ety? =ay. Sol. The required volume is the part of the sphere 32+y? +22 =a? lying within the eylinder. On account of the symmetry of the sphere, half of it lies above the plane XOY and half below it Required volume = 2 I z dy dx where 2 = Ja? —x?—y®, and the region of integration is the area inside the circlex? + y= ay QD) in the xy-plane. On account of symmetry, the volumes above the two parts of circle (1) in the first and the second quadrants are equal. (The figure shows only the part in the first quadrant). Required volume =2 x2 Sf la? —x? —y? dy de where R is the half of the circle (1) lying in the first quadrant. Changing to polar co-ordinates by putting x = r cos 0, y = r sin 0 so that x? + y? = r?, equation (1) becomes a and the cylinder x rsarsin® or asin 0. y The region of integration is bounded by =0,r=assin 0 and 0=0,0= 5. ss Required volume 0 21 pasin@ = ork 24 a? 7 rar do 2 lo Jo a re 24-50? =r) © 2r)dr do b 2° 3/2 : * sin 0 =a[” 1 [@?-r' a 0 d=0 % lo 4 wi fF @ cos? 0-08) = oMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 453 Example 6. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x + y? = 4 and the planes y +2 =4 and 2 =0. Sol. From the figure, it is clear that z = 4 y is to be integrated over the circle x? + y? = 4 in the xy-plane. To cover the shaded half of this circle, x varies from 0 to while y varies from — 2 to 2. Required volume 2 FLT eacay 2 pa =2f [0° G-ndeay i Waa? =2] woofs] dy <2), 4-»ii-9? dy=2 fala»? dy-2f 9 fa=9? dy 2 ‘The second integral is zero since as y4-97 dt 8 i, a [; \4— 9? isan odd function of y 2 2 3 216 [) 4-9? ay te 4-5? is an even function of y] 2 yy4-y? 4.0 - 0 te "7-26 sit a= 90. 5 = 108 Example 7. Find the volume common to the cylinders x? + y® =a? and x° + 2° =a’, Sol. The section of the cylinder x? + y? = a? is the circle x? +? = a? in the xy-plane. In the figure, only one-eighth (in positive octant) of the required volume is shown. From the figure, it is evident that z = ja? — x? is ze 2 to be evaluated over the quadrant of the circle x? + y? = a’ in the first quadrant for which x varies from 0 toa and y varies from 0 to Ja? - x? . Z Required volume = 8 i i Jo Jo <* 8 oe 8 5 al ate =8[, dens |ote454 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, » 10. uu. 12. 13, 14, 15. 16. 7. 18. 19. 20, 13, 19. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 2 2 Find, by double integration, the area enclosed by the ellipse => + = @ Find, by double integration, the smaller of the areas bounded by the circle x? +y xty=3, 4ax and x? = day is 8 Show, by double integration, that the area between the parabolas y Find the area bounded by the parabola y = x? and the line y = 2x + 3. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y= 4—x and y?=4~-4r, Find the area enclosed by the curves y = ay and 4y = 32, et Find the area bounded by the circles r = 2 sin 6 and r= 4 sin 0. Find, by double integration, the area of one loop of the lemniscate r? = a? cos 20. Find the area outside the circle r = a and inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos 6). Find, by double integration, the volume of the sphere x2 +? +22 = 9. Find the volume bounded by the xy-plane, the cylinder x? +y®= Land the plane x+y +2=3. A triangular prism is formed by the planes whose equations are ay = bx, = 0 and x =a. Prove that the volume of this prism between the plane z = 0 and the surface ab tay is F (de + ab) Find the volume bounded by the xy-plane, the paraboloid 22 = x? + y? and the cylinder x2 + 9’ Find the volume of the region bounded by 2 =x? +2, z=0, x=—a,x =aandy=-a,y=a. Prove that the volume enclosed between the cylinders x? + y? = 2ax and 2? = ax is Find the volume bounded by the plane z = 0, surface 2 = x +y?+ 2 and the eylinder x? + Find the volume under the plane z = x +y and above the area cut from the first quadrant by the ellipse 4x + 9y? = 36. Find the volume of the cylinder x?+y?~ 2ax = 0 intercepted between the paraboloid x? + y? = 2az and the xy-plane. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder 22 +? = 4 and the hyperboloid x2 + y? 2? = 1 Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x? + y? = az, the cylinder x? + y? = 2ay and the plane 2=0. Answers 2 3 2 10= Slog 3-= nab 4.105 5.8 6. zloe8—5 4 an 10. 36% 132-5 4 4n 4. a 17. 10 Bna* 48x 20. —.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 455 6.9. VOLUME AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL, The volume V of a three dimensional region is given by V = J f j dx dy dz. hy If the region is bounded by x =/\(y, 2), = fy(y2) 33 = $(2).y = ,(2) and z =a,2= b, then ve Peewee: dedyde Joxte) Shy, 2) The order of integration may be changed with a suitable change in the limits of integration. In cylindtical co-ordinates, we have V= Si, rdrdodz In spherical polar co-ordinates, we have V = Si, r® sin @ dr dodo, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ;}——————————_ Example 1. Find by triple integration, the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x2 +y?=4z cut off by the plane z = 4. Sol. By symmetry, the required volume is 4 times the volume in the positive octant. The volume in the positive octant is bounded on the sides by the zx and y2-planes ; from above by the plane z = 4 and below by the curved surface x? + The section of the paraboloid by the plane z = 4 is the circle x? + y? = 16, z = 4 and its projection on the xy-plane is the circle x? + y? = 16, 2 = 0. 2 The volume in the positive octant is bounded by z = ~ : Y 2=4,y=0,y=/16—x? and x=0,x=4. za Required volume EE tet ET dyde456 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, aa 302 sf [ (16 — x?) 16 —x? 7 a6— x?) iz aire (16) . cos® @. 4 cos 6 48, where x = 4sin 8 _ 512 3) Example 2. Wad by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the para-boloid az =x? +42 and the cylinder x? + y? = R?. Sol. Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates, by putting x = r cos 0, y =r sin 0 the equation of the 2 ft ag_ x23? de => [as x28? de 2 paraboloid becomes az = r? or z = — and the equation @ of the cylinder becomes r? = R? or r= R, On account of symmetry, the required volume is four times the volume in the positive octant. Thus, in the common region, z 2 . r . . varies from 0 to “—, r varies from 0 to R and 6 varies a n from 0 to 5. Required volume = 4 [” “h c rdzdrdo=4 P f r [-[ "ar de lo “PE a2 Rt a -Rt a_art aso drdo= lel a 6 a2 Example 3. Find, by triple integration, the volume of a sphere of radius a. Sol. Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates by putting x =r sin 8 cos @, 9 =r sin ® sin 6, 2 = rcos 0 so that x? +y? +2? ‘Tha seiisition: oF a/epharé ot radius @ tn cartastan eb-endiniatey tae! by? v 28 ‘The same equation in spherical polar co-ordinates is r? = a2 or r On account of symmetry, the required volume is 8 times the volume of the sphere in the r n positive octant for which r varies from 0 to a, @ varies from 0 to 2 and 9 varies from 0 to >. 2/28/20 Required volume = 8 j f i r? sin O dr d0 do oof Piel E[ aan fst a 2g? 8 a(2,. 8 = -> 08] do = +> @ about the x-axis. 5. Find, by double integration, the volume generated by revolving the cardioid r = a(1 +.cos 6) about the initial line. 16 1 9 4 4 eas 4, ge! 6.11. CALCULATION OF MASS: (a) For a plane lamina of area A, if the density at a point P(x, y) be p = fix, y), then its total mass M is given by M= She de dy = JS flx, y) dx dy In polar co-ordinates, if p =/tr, 0) at a point P(r, 0), then M= She rdrdo= flee @)rdr do.MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 459 (0) For a solid of volume V, if the density at a point P(x, y, z) be p = fix, y, 2), then its total mass M is given by M= fff dx dyde= fff pts, 2)¢x ay de. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the mass of a plate in the shape x3 23 af ihe care (=) ¢ (2) = 1, the density being given by p=: Sol. Let the required mass be M which is four times the mass in the frst quadrant. From the equation of the curve Qe)" ' x3 i} = ae? or vo f-(2) =y, (say) a For the region OAB, x varies from 0 to a and y varies from 0 toy,. =a [[oarasnaf [vara 2 = anf xb? [-()"J« Put x =a sin® 0, then dx = 3a sin? 0 cos 0. d0 =4 Que [ET aan fx? dx x When x= 0,0=0;whenx =a, 0= > xl “ M = 2ub? [ asin® @(1-sin® 6)°. 3a sin? @ cos 0 dO 0 4.2.6.4.2 wah? “12.10.8.6.4.2 20 Example 2. Find the mass of a lamina in the form of the cardioid r = a1 + cos 8) whose density at any point varies as the square of its distance from the initial line. Sol. Let the required mass be M which is twice the mass above the initial line. Since the distance of any point (r, 0) from the initial line is r sin 0, the density at (r, 0) is given by n2 = 61a?” j sin? 0 cos’ 6 d0=6y10"b” p=w(rsin 6)? =r? sin? @.460 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, For the region above the initial line, 6 varies from 0 to m and r varies from 0 to a(1+ cos 6). ‘ead [Lorena _ og peptone) gg =2f'f wr? sin? 6dr do (1+ 00s 6) yal + eos) ‘ of vant [2] do lo L('sin? 0.04 4 = 5 hsm 6.a* (1+ cos 6)* do 4 on, 7 7 = 400 [2sin $ cos) (zens? sy do = 32ua* f sin? © cos! 9 go 2 bo 2°85 2 J mm OD Put = 1, then do = 2dt wie When 0=0,t=0; when@=z,0=7 a (7 e gin® 10 a 1 M = 32pa' j 2sin® eos"? tdt=64ya! = = ane 0 -10.8.6.4. 6.12. CENTRE OF GRAVITY (C.G) (a) The C.G.(%,¥) of @ plane lamina occupying an area A in the ay plane and having density p = fx, y) is given by Jj, 94g 3.1 _ 16a 85 (v2. 35° C1 5 f sin 6 cos 66 5 By symmetry, = 7=7= wines (Stele 3B 6.13. CENTRE OF PRESSURE Ifa plane area be immersed in a homoge- ros Girrfce neous liquid, then the point in the plane area at which the resultant pressure of the liquid aets, is called the Centre of Pressure of the area. Let a plane area A be immersed vertically in a homogeneous liquid. Take the line of intersection of the given plane with the free surface of the liquid as the x-axis and any line perpendicular to it downwards lying in this plane as the y-axis.464 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, Let p be the pressure at a point P(x, y) of the plane area. Then the pressure on an elementary area 8x Sy surrounding the point P is p Sx Sy which is normal to the plane. ‘The resultant pressure on A = Sh, pdxdy Let C(@, 7) be the centre pressure where the resultant pressure acts. ‘Moment of resultant pressure about y-axis = aff, pdx dy wA 1) Also moment of pressure at P about y-axis = xp dx dy Moment of resultant pressure about y-axis =the sum of the moments of the individual pressures such as p dx 8y at P about y-axis. = She _ pdx dy (2) From (1) and (2), we have [era ¥ ff pavdy= ff nedxdy = xe rae wellprsse , lr flea Similarly, taking moments about the x-axis, we have In polar co-ordinates, the above formulae become 2 2 gi Jf,or? cos 0dr ao [fpr sinoar ao [prar ao i prdr do (by replacing x by r cos 0, y by r sin 0 and dx dy by r dr d6). Example. A quadrant of a circle of radius a is just immersed vertically ina homogeneous liquid with one edge in the surface. Find the centre of pressure. Sol. Take the co-ordinate axes as shown in the figure, then the equation of the circle is 1 a= x2 +)? =a, For the quadrant OAB, x varies from 0 to a and y varies from 0 to Ya? — x". Ifw be the weight of the liquid per unit volume, then the pressure p at the point P(x, y) is given by p = wy. I£C(, 7) be the centre of pressure, then LE mie re cS *" wyndy de pdy dx LL avaMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 465 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 2 2 1. Find the mass of an elliptic plate => e = 1, ifthe density at any point (x, y) on it is [txy. @ 2, Find the mass of the area bounded by the curves y? = x and y = 2°, if p = p(x? + y°?. 8. Find the mass of a plate in the form of one loop of the lemniscate r? = a? cos 20, if the density at a point varies as the square of its distance from the pole. 4, Find the mass ofa rectangular parallelopiped bounded by the planes x = 0,x =a;y=0,y=band 2=0,z=c, if the density p at a point P(, y, z) is given by p=xty +z, 5. Find the mass of the solid bounded by the planes y = 0, z = 0 and z= 4 (i> 0) and the cylinder x2 +9? sa (x> 0), ifp = yz. 6. Find the centre of gravity of the area of the circle x? + = a” lying in the first quadrant. 7. The density at any point (x, y) of alamina is © (y + y), where o anda are constants. The lamina a is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x =a, y=. Find the position of its centre of gravity. 8. Find the centre of gravity of the area in the first quadrant lying between the curves y? = yeu. and466 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, 10. ll. 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 10. 13, 15. 18, Find the centre of gravity of the area bounded by the parabola y’ and the line x + y = 2. Find the centre of gravity of the area between y = 6x — x? and y =x. Find the centre of gravity of the area of the cardioid r =a (1 + cos 6). Find the centroid of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the planex + +2=1, the density at any point varying as its distance from the face z = 0. Find the centroid of the region R bounded by the parabolic cylinder 2 = 4—x?, and the planes x=0,y¥= 0,9 =6,2=0 (x > 0). Find the centre of gravity of the volume cut off from the cylinder x? + y? - 2ax = 0 by the planes z = mx and z=nx. Find the depth of the centre of pressure of a square lamina immersed in the liquid, with one vertex in the surface and the diagonal vertical. 2 2 An ellipse (2) + (z) = 1is immersed vertically in a fluid with its major axis horizontal. If its centre be at a depth h, find the depth of its centre of pressure. A horizontal boiler has a flat bottom and its ends are plane and semi-circular. Ifit is just fall of water, show that the depth of the centre of pressure of either end is 0.7 x total depth approximately. A semi-circular lamina of radius @ is immersed vertically in a liquid with its highest point in the surface and the bounding diameter horizontal. Find the depth of its centre of pressure below the surface of the liquid. Answers w2a2b™ 2, 23H 3, brat 2 105 16 abe 1 3p? (¢ =) pa tb +e) 5. mah 8. aa iag a(4a + 3b) b(8a + 4b) 10 5 8 1 6a+b) ” 6a +b) e (3-3) 9.(2,-3) (3.5) 4. (2.0) a2. {1 1 2 2 6 5 5 G 14. [2.0520 +m] 2 Divides the diagonal in the ratio 7 : 5 A+ Ty 15m - 32 Jah Bhg 4(3n - 4) 6.14. MOMENT OF INERTIA given line, then mr? is called the moment of inertia of the particle about the given line. The sum of similar expressions for all the particles of a body i.e., mr? is called the moment of inertia of the body about the given line. a line is denoted by MK?, then K is called the radius of gyration of the body about the given line. If a particle of mass m be at a distance r from a If the moment of inertia of a body of mass M aboutMULTIPLE INTEGRALS 467 (a) Moment of inertia of a plane lamina. Let A be the area of a plane lamina and p its density. Consider an elementary mass p Sx Sy at the point P(x, y) of the lamina so that its MLL about x-axis =p Sx dy. y? MLL of the lamina about x-axis is given by 2 - ded 1,5 ff, es? aeay Similarly, the MLI. of the lamina about y-axis is given by l= Sf, px? dx dy. (6) Moment of inertia of a solid. Let V be the volume of a solid and p its density. Consider an elementary mass p dx dy 82 at the point P(x, y, z) of the solid. Distance of P from the x-axis = Jy? +27. MLL. of the elementary mass about x-axis = p dx dy Sz. (y? + 2”) ©. MLL of the solid about the x-axis is given by I, = f [, ply? + 22) dx dy dz Similarly, the M.L. of the solid about the y-axis is given by I, = sh ple? +x?) de dy dz and the MLL. of the solid about the z-axis is given by I, = Sh p(x? + y?) dx dy dz. (c) The following theorems are useful in determining the moment of inertia of a body about a line other than the co-ordinate axes. (i) Theorem of Perpendicular Axis. If I, and I, be the moments of inertia of a plane lamina about two perpendicular lines OX and OY respectively, then its moment of inertia I, about OZ, perpendicular to OX and OY, is given by I, = I, +I,. (ii) Theorem of Parallel Axis. If I is the moment of inertia of a body of mass M about a given line through its centre of gravity, then its moment of inertia I, about a line parallel to the given line and at a distance d from it is given by I, = 1 + Md?. 6.15. PRODUCT OF INERTIA Ifa particle of mass m be at distances x and y from two given perpendicular lines, then may is called the product of inertia of this mass about the given lines, Let A be the area of a plane lamina and p its density. Consider an elementary mass p 8x éy at the point P(x, y) of the lamina so that its P.I. about the axes of x and y is p dx dy xy. PL of the lamina about the axes of x and y is given by P,, = ff, pxydxdy Similarly, the product of inertia of a solid of volume V and density p about the co- ordinate axes is given by P,, = fj |, Pay de dy de,P,, = ff [pve de dy de and P= fh pacdedy de 6.16. PRINCIPAL AXES The principal axes of a plane lamina at a given point on it are that pair of axes in its plane through the given point, about which the preduct of inertia of the lamina vanishes.468 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, y’ P® y) Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of a point P of the plane area AB referred to rectangular axes OX, OY, Let (x’, 9’) be the co-ordinates of P referred to another pair of rectangular axes OX’, OY’ in the same plane and inclined at an angle 6 to the former axes. Then OM = ON + NM = ON +LQ =x cos 0+y sin® PM = PQ- MQ=PQ-NL=y cos @-xsin 8 2 _ 2 . Sf, pytdxdy, T= Sf, px? dx dy, Poff, pay de dy Let P,,, be the product of inertia of the lamina about OX’ and OY’, then Pujee Sh pax'y’ dx dy =ff, p(x cos 0 + ysin 0) (y cos @ — x sin 0) dx dy =ff,e p [xy (cos? 0 - sin? 0) + (y? ~ x”) sin 0 cos 0] dx dy = cos 20 Sh, paxydx dy +sin 0 cos 0 ff p(y? - x?) dx dy sin 20 sin 20 hdecdira 2 a Wy 02 ee If, 0? ae dy =cos 20 P,,+ 4 sin 26 (1-1). Now OX’, OY’ will be the principal axes of the area A if, vanishes = cos 20P., + 2P,, ie, if cos 20 P., +P sin20(,-I)=0 ie, if tan 20=7—> which gives two values of 6 differing by 3 {since tan 20 = tan (x + 26)] ——————_ ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 2 y2 Example 1. Find the moment of inertia of a quadrant of the ellipse ~> + a =1 of mass a M about the z-axis, if the density at a point is proportional to xy. Sol. Here the region R of integration is the quadrant OAB which is bounded by re 0,x= 2 yb?—y? andy =0,y =).MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 469 Let p = xy, then the mass M of the quadrant is given by ae [foe ‘ay = f j woydedy ado albhyo aa toe dy ua?[ oo y® y®]’_ wa? 6° abt 8M a%4 1, 2) = Be Pay SO EN fo 8 iy 2b* 12 24 ab 24 3 F 1 palo yyo? MLL about the y-axis is given by I, = SS, ps aay ff HY (at foray? “b x? st fet""6 bgt fy Go? -y Pay o b 0 App = ard, = 4(6? - y? (By) dy _wa*[O?—y2)") _ wat? 8M a%6* _ 1,2 8b4 3 , A ab 4 8 . By the theorem of perpendicular axis, the M.1. about z-axis is given by I, =1,+1,=4 M(a?+b»).470 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 2. Prove that the moment of inertia about an axis through the centre, perpendicular to the plane ofa circular ring whose outer and inner radié are aand bis 4M (a? +b), where M is the mass of the ring. Sol. Area of ring = na? ~ b”). Ifp is the density, then M= xa?) p ya 1, [fp 9% dx ay Changing to polar co-ordinates, the equations of the outer and inner cireles are r=a and r=. For the region R, r varies from 6 toa and 0 varies from 0 to 2n. L 2m pa f j pr? sin?0.rdrd0 on i aye on =f psin? 9. |/— a0 = fiat —b4) [ sin? 0 d0 0 4 ly 4 0 lo 2 ae = i 2 = cat of 1008 28 3g Pig! -vh[o- sna] 4 3 2 I, = feat -o) n= +b?) fe M=p(e?—6?)al Similarly She 2? dedy= z M (2 452) 1, = MLL of the ring about an axis through its centre O, perpendicular to the plane of the ring =L41, [By theorem of perpendicular axis] = Meese, Example 3. Find the moment of inertia of one loop of the lemniscate 1? = a” cos 20 about the initial line. Sol. Let M be the mass and p, the density of one loop of the lemniscate r?= a2 cos 20. For the loop, 0 varies from — ; to 7 and r varies from 0 to a,fcos 20. “Ep ara fe [E I eon et oan =f" ojo do=F[ a? cos wa? | 2 |, sin sa pa? 2 2 _ pa? . = of cos20a0 = pa'| 222 aMULTIPLE INTEGRALS MLL. about the initial line is given by I, = Shee? dxdy= Sh pr? sin? 0.r dr d0 A coed “oso | ao 0 z rc [oP osinto.r8 ar d= J n/ado a "sin? 0 cos? 20 d0 = S af" sin” 6 cos” 20 d0 4 amid =i" sin? Scos* ®. Jae, where o-2 2 Jo 4 pn/2( 4 Tu = PE PFS cost acto = PE [tons 9 oso) do patfl nm 2 2M a4 = Fa 7g | pg OR B= a ggBt-8 8 “[}. 2 3 Geom ns a ‘ 4 Ma? = ——(3n - 8) wo Example 4. Find the moment of inertia of a solid right za circular cylinder about its axis and about a diameter of the base. Sol. Let r be the radius and A, the height of the cylinder. Let V be the volume, p the density, and M, the mass of the cylinder. Take the co-ordinate axes as shown, in the figure. The equation of the base of the cylinder is x? +” For'the ‘volume V of the eylinder#-vatiee front Oto 2, varies from —r to r and x varies from — ,/r? — y? to jr? - y?. M= fff} paxay ae - (Cif oae dyde =f apr? =¥dy dz= J [49 [PP = yPdy dz =f ("4p -reos0.r 6080 d0 de, wherey =rsin® A pale fe A 2 [ f 4p r? cos? 60 dz = if Apr? jade =pr*al mepnk Moment of inertia of the cylinder about its axis, i.e., about z-axis is given by L= fh, plx? +?) dx dy dz = ELLs “08? + 9") dx dy de =f ca ” sox? +9?) ve dy de = ff af ey? 1. ” yas q 471472 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. y ao [Fer Hy BP gy 2k —y? day ae here Tle age. a9 =f} fiso[ du = 2) + ye? - 92)" |ay de er a j i 4o|3 3 cos! 04 r%sin* 8. reos9| pedodods wheey=reHe *(? ao[2 r* cos* 6 +r‘ sin? 6 cos? 0 | ae ae odo prin ph path og re -= fie B= lone? h) 5 = 5 Mie Moment of inertia of the cylinder about a diameter of the base i.e., about x-axis (or y-axis) is given by ff, p +22) dx dy dz= Cy — au ply? + 22) dx dy dz kine vs Apr = fp L.oor+29/3] dyde= ff 2p (v2 +22) fp? —y? dy dz yey =f) sours (Pay ae fe pa = f dp (r2 sin? 0+ 2%). r cos 0. cos 0.d0 dz, where y =r sin 0 0 para =f ak Apr? (7? sin? 0 cos? 6 + 2? cos? 0) do dz 44 =f aoe 3. “A 2 sorte [" [+2 pra [ ( Jas rh a =pr'n [= 2) primh (3r2 + 4h?) (3r? + 4h2). 3 Example 5. Find the product of inertia of an equilateral triangle of side 2a about two perpendicular axes in its plane at a vertex, one of the axes being along a side. Sol. Take the co-ordinate axes as shown in the figure. For the region R bounded by the AABC, when x varies from 0 to a, y varies from 0 to V3x and when.x varies froma to 2a, varies from 0 to— B(x 2a).MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 473 ‘The product of inertia of the triangle about the Y co-ordinate axes is given by = SS ABE = rr pay dy dx + LS Wien cs ara 5 2a 97 Vix -2a) 7 oe) dvs foe. | ae me 2 o F -2 a: adn Bf (x3 — 4ax? + 4a?x) dx 30 fat} | 30 #° ostet) <3 pats -$(2]- Ble sas 2ats? = g pate lh Example 6. Show that the principal axes at the origin of the triangle enclosed by x =0,y y ‘ tn 1, o{_ab +5 = Lare inclined to the x-axis at angles wand 0+ 5, where a => tant (= F } = z) andy varies from 0 to b. Sol. For the AOAB, x varies from 0 toa ( 4 pais 9 =P tax ay JoJo ¥ = 2 -2 =f py’ o(2 Lay ap 3 = y pab oe al 12 _ f oe v0 ety a(t 9/6) Pye tc 2 wy ded = 2 pb 2 2 =o 1-2] = pat 2 fol 6) OE474 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. ‘The required directions of the principal axes at O are given by 1 de by@andas =, wheres wat /_ 8 |, 2 2 er) Example 7. Show that the principal axes at the node of a half-loop of the lemniscate r? I 1 n 1 i =a” cos 20 are inclined to the initial line at angles 2 tan? > and > +5 tan! >. 2 2-2 2 m Sol. Here node is at the pole. For the half-loop 0 varies from 0 to — and r varies from 0 to 4 acos 20 . L= ff, otaxay 18 poor -[ LS pr? sin? 0. rdrd® eit 4 peice =f psinto | My 4 4 paps ae 29 sf, sin? cos? 2040 do lo si cos 98 i alt 1 aa SE. cost 20 do = Ff (1 ~e0s 9) eos? 4 . 5 do, where = 20 4h 2 =o [cose cos! oy do = [E22] we 2) Sh pxtady = fn" prt costo. rd = 22 (2-2) Pe Ih pay dray = (p™ [email protected]. rdrdo= 9 <. The required directions of the principal axes at O are given by tan 20MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 475 5 as 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 10. 13. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Using double integrals, find the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area enclosed by the a 1 lines x = 0, y = 0, 2 ab Find the moment of inertia of a circular plate about a tangent line. [Hint. Use the theorem of parallel axis.] Find the moment of inertia ofan elliptic dise of mass M and axes of lengths 2a, 2b about the major axis. A thin plate of uniform thickness and density is in the form of a lamina bounded by the parabola «*=y and the line y =x + 2. Find the moment of inertia of the lamina about the co-ordinate axes, Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the circle r = 2a cos 0 with respect to a line perpendicular to its plane through the pole. Find the moment of inertia about the initial line of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos 0) Find the moment of inertia of one loop of the lemniseate r? = a” sin 26 about an axis perpendicular to its plane at the pole. Find the moment of inertia of a sphere (uniform spherical ball) of mass M and radius R about a diameter. Find the moment of inertia of the homogencous solid bounded by the cylinder x? + y? =a and the planes z = 0,2 = 6 about the x-axis. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow sphere about a diameter, its external and internal radii being 51 metres and 49 metres. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow sphere of mass M, external radius a and internal radius b, about any diameter. Ahemisphere of radius R has a cylindrical hole of radius a drilled through it, the axis of the hole being along the radius normal to the plane face of the hemisphere. Find its radius of gyration about a diameter of this face. Find the moment of inertia of a right circular cone whose altitude is A and base radius r, about (i) the axis of symmetry (ii) the diameter of the base. 2 ue x Find the product of inertia ofa quadrant of the ellipse (2) + (2) =1, about the co-ordinate axes. The lengths AB and AD of the sides of a rectangle ABCD are 2a and 2b. Show that the inclination to AB of one of the principal axes at A is ; tant lass 2a? -b?) Answers ig a Buel a tag 6 4 4 ay 7 8 oat a ta Msqg M 5.3 pra 6. 2 pre 1 2 pra2b er 2 pe 24 4b? 5g oma 8. = MR a (3a? + 402) am a—08 aR 104803770 p i Soe ARE +a? 2 oS ht Gi) PA on2s 3) 10 60