ENGLISH 3 Practice Comprehension Kevin Thompson Komal Dedhia ae eed Harbour Press INTERNATIONALBt Harbour Press INTERNATIONAL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © Author All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in ‘retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Harbour Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights onganisation. Enquities coneoming reproduction outside the scope of the above should be seat to the Rights Department, Harbour Press, at the address below. All disputes subject to Mumbai Gurisdiction) Administrative & Production Offices Regd. Office 418, The Summit Business Bay Omar, Near Magicbricks Metro Station, ‘Andheri (East), Mumbai- 400 098. +91-22-20884082 OS. Office 37 Maple Avenue, Whitefield Manchester M4S7EP United Kingdom [email protected] Delhi Office 4215, Street No.1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Dethi - 110002. [email protected] Sales & Support Centers ‘Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata, Lucknow, ‘Nagpur, Pune, Surat & Vapi. Price: € 696.00 New Edition ‘Typeset by Studio Yothinks at Chembur, Mumbai, India Printed & Bound By Jayant Printery LLP, Mumbai For farther information about the products from Harbour Press log on to www.harbourpress.com or email to [email protected] Although we have made every effort to trace and contact all copytight holders before publication this has not been possible in all cases. If notified, the publisher will rectify any errors or omissions atthe earliest opportunity.ABOUT AUTHORS Kevin Thompson, a renowned English Professor from London has been in the academic field since 4 decades. He has tutored a number of students and has achieved great results. His involvement with the subject has inspired and invoked the sense of need of good standard material making students capable of tackling international curriculum. He has nurtured many institutions and has trained teachers to be competent to teach this beautiful subject. He has earned accolades to his precious years of teaching, of providing the education world good content. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ACE Series has designed Comprehension books to suit the purpose of the International Curriculum. The series comprises of 3 books which has been designed as per the requirement of Paper 1 and Paper 2 of SECONDARY CHECKPOINT CAIE - CAMBRIDGE ASSESSMENT INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATION. Practice comprehension along with tests are made with utmost precision keeping in mind the CAIE. A lot of grammar along with vocabulary has been incorporated to enrich the students knowledge. Every comprehension passage has related writing task for practice. Komal Dedhia [email protected] e use the folowing tips eee ees Digest which will help quirements of CAIE ‘making use of dictionarie ey onySECTION INDEX Indonesia - The Thousand Island Will Life Really Be Like This in 2058? Reaching for The Top Taking Exercise: The Golden Rules The History of Perfume The Effects of Being Bilingual The Way in Which Deserts are Expanding Across The World Keep Your Car Alive India's Snake Charmers Gorillas Have a Word for it The Sound of Silence The National Cycle Network Kite Surfing ANew ‘flying’ Experience in Dubai Trapped for Months Dowsing When in Palermo, Buenos Aires Work, Rest and Play Game On Advice for Students - Friendship Shark Expert Fashion and Wearable Wedding Customs Around the World Rainforests ‘The Middle Eastern Wildlife Park Life in the Cycle Lane We can all make a difference Where | am a Robot? You Would Be WISE to Visit Our Owl Sanctuary! Fougeres Castle History of Tea Drinking India Calling Spanish Fire 15 Esse 47 52 58 73 79 84 87 93 98 103, 108 114 120 125 131 136ENGLISH TESTI ENGLISH TEST I ENGLISH TEST ll ENGLISH TEST IV ENGLISH TEST V | ENGLISH TEST VI ENGLISH TEST Vil ENGLISH TEST Vill ENGLISH TEST Ix ENGLISH TEST X ENGLISH TEST XI ENGLISH TEST Xil | ENGLISH TEST Xill ENGLISH TEST XIV Writing Skills Vocabulary Bank The Rio Camival - The Biggest Show in the World? The Donkey Mobile Library The Flying Car Train from London to Europe by Eurostar The Women Divers of Jeju Thawing out the truth about Oetzi Do Crocodiles Hunt Humans? 167 173 179 182 187 192 194 199 203 214 231 234 237 239 242 245 248 250 263ere one keouT c Indonesia The Thousand Islands Read the passage and answer the question: They are called The Thousand Islands, but the actual number of islands is only around 110. They are all situated in the area of North. Jakarta - the closest is just 25 minutes from the mainland. With a total area of 108.000 hectares. The Thousand Islands are a part of a national sea garden in order to ensure preservation only 45 islands can be used for recreation and tourism. Things to do There are so many things to do - from diving and snorkeling to going ‘on a banana boat and fishing. You can also learn about mangrove trees and sea turtle conservation watch wildlife and visit archaeological sites. Islands to see Rambut Island is a bird-watcher’s paradise. It is best known as a shelter for migrating birds as they fly from north to south, from cold to warm, in September and October. During the opposite season, around April and May they make the return journey. Untung Jawa Island is the most visited by tourists. As you arrive, you are greeted by traditional music played by boys using tambourines, and during your stay you can enjoy the fantastic seafood. Don’t forget to try the mouth-watering coconuts! Pramuka Island fs the best place for learning about the conservation of sea turtles. To help more of them survive, their eggs are buried 50 centimetres deep in the sand. Within 40-60 days, the eggs hatch and two days later baby turtles start showing up on the surface of the sand. Tourist Information Boats to all these islands leave from Jakarta Marina every hour between 8.00 am and 4.00 pm. It is not necessary to book the boat trip but if you wish to spend the night on one of the resort islands, then reserving a room in advance is advisable. This can be done by visiting the website www. javatourism.ac.id oat the information office at Jakarta Marina.@ Questions: 4.) How long does it take to go from the mainland to the nearest island? TH soko 25 minutes to Gof tee _macalawud to tre neaseit island - 2) Why are many of the islands closed to tourists? Pet femenrahin avd Heservahin of turites . @) In which months are you most likely to see birds as they fly from south to north? Abul aud Mog @) How are the visitors welcomed to Untung Jawa Island? “The_ursi thiwal i (Sitpeg ae peeked Lox fad nauric played by Ae ating ltt ©) What time does the last boat leave the marina to visit the islands? fn @) Why might one need to make a reservation in advance? Quo nalilel neo do make @ sereendtion In adirance, se awid Augh.Directed Writing © Prepare a leaflet encouraging tourist to visit a place recently developed for tourism. Include: (a) Features of the place (b) How to reach? (c) Cost Use persuasive techniques to attract the tourists Hink to write = (Pie ow _attaurie title = by Besta 4 die ploce = hoe ck located! a augue feabuecs = pitussagune Seosate beauty = Tassoppetra kin enc bilthy = Mart = Good Corte — Adveuhaee cpotks = ets focuhin = Stacie dllens awd Aitto1 aksTeacher’s Comments ns 11Will Life Really Be Like This in 2058? Read the passage and answer felts ae) aby Think of all the changes that have taken place over the past ten years. Some scientists like myself firmly believe that the next fifty years or so will be fascinating to people of all ages. We will all see and ‘experience things we could never have dreamed about even ten years ago. Firstly, one prediction is that we will have a limitless supply of spare body parts and organs. There will be ™ farms to produce human organs and the medicine of today will seem primitive and crude. There will be no need to transplant organs because they will be ‘available to order’ from the farm as ‘long as the patient's =~, medical profile is on record. For example, if someone needs anew kidney, the surgeon will simply contact aa commercial organ producer and ask for one. One organ that won't be available, however, is the brain! This is far too complex and we understand so little about it that we don’t think it will be as easy to mass- produce as other organs. ‘Another way forward is to use drugs to re-grow lost limbs like fingers and toes or to regenerate failing ™\ organs. Already heart regeneration is a real probability: after all, itis only a muscle. Maybe a whole body replacement will become routine in fifty years’ time. It {s almost certain that we will all tive much longer. “> Secondly, although we have not yet found any life beyond Earth, the universe is certainly not lifeless. Some experts believe that we will find neighbours in other galaxies out in space. We may not see ‘little green men’ but once evidence of life in outer space is found, other discoveries will follow. Some scientists think that tiny extraterrestrial life is already here. We should also be able to find out exactly how the Earth was formed. We can explain with confidence what. ™) happened in the universe after the ‘big bang’ 14 billion years ago, but what we don’t know is whether the big bang which produced the Earth was one of many. Maybe, in the next fifty years, we will find out. “=~, As science reveals the mysteries of the universe humans will take their first steps to set up colonies away from Earth. It seems likely that there will be new colonies on other planets like Mars, just in case anything terrible happens to the Earth and the population has to relocate. Finally, one famous fishery expert has made the wild prediction that a device will be developed which allows us to ‘experience the momentary and inarticulate thoughts of animals’. Such a device might help to save the oceans from exploitation by humans. We might even see humans giving up eating meat to become vegetarians if we find out how animals think and feel.SSS Oke nas So, as you can see, we have a fascinating period ahead of us. Only time will tell whether all these predictions about the future do come true. ~ List the point and summarise in not more then 50 words. ‘a. Space Discoveries = fund ( iy Mor galorates out in Shace . = exithen 4 extakirestuial Life = Humor wilt tote Hoa fib Sepe te det ub cahonrts ‘ = Thue woill be new (olowir, an’ Ser planes Ihe Mera — A dere wey be lnelofed to peestuk Oren ~ Humans boy ws a t } ut B petal tral theta aye exka tercpals. Pet abtewed stat Auman uth ale foe fath Skep to bivld cotruey . Abo pu. bee Wola. Cait before 2xploihinp thy ty Apsoutces (4 raed?b. Outcome of animal studies = fp _hiniten = body pegs Pesan = Se iaman. wot ge ep eacting vacate if they furd rem v t q+ gut kewrese animnaly Hine aval fool + ye 14Le es eo ALIS) Reaching for The Top Read the passage and answer the question: During his latest Everest climb, Rob Gauntlett had to cling to the side of a mountain above a drop of “> several thousand metres. He endured temperatures low enough to give him frostbite. In the end, however, he was a happy man because he and his friend. James Hooper, both 19, became the | ‘youngest pair to reach the summit of Everest. om», It was that time of year when the extreme bad weather that usually rages over the world’s highest mountain clears for just a few weeks. As a result, mountaineers flock from all aver the world to climb Everest. The month of May is about the only safe time to climb the mountain. Many climbers consider it to be the greatest challenge to climb the mountain during other months of the year There have been many abandoned attempts as a result of the unpredictable weather and, sadly, some deaths. > The two mountaineers were recuperating at base camp after their climb. Their voices were full of excitement when they spoke. “We have always had a passion for climbing. | suppose the thought of being able to set > foot on the roof of the world where so many great climbers have stood is what inspires all mountaineers. | ‘The expedition, however, did not go entirely to plan. For three years they plotted their route and dreamed ‘> of their ascent of Everest from the south side in Nepal. Their arrangements seemed to be going well, until the young men realized that they did not have enough money to attempt the climb from the south | side. They would have to go round for the north Tibet. The two friends were disappointed that all their preparations had been for nothing but, nevertheless, they were determined to make the climb. “We didn’t get the last sponsor until the day before we set off on the trip.” They said, “We didn’t have very good knowledge of the north side. In addition, it was such a rush at the end. It’s an expensive | business to climb Everest and there is not even a guarantee that you'll reach the summit. The weather ‘> can be very unpredictable. We were constantly out of breath even when we were sitting still and we each lost almost 20 kilos in weight.” “>> After the climb, they stayed for two weeks in the beautiful country of Nepal in order to recuperate and regain the strength and body weight they had lost. They celebrated their success with the many friends who had also gathered there to try to climb the highest mountain of them all. a 15 aSo what is the attraction of Everest? The mountain has become so overcrowded with climbers that there must be compelling reasons for them to undertake such a venture. These who succeed claim that they >> have the most incredible views, that they can actually see the curvature of the Earth. They love the challenges and the sheer exhilaration that this extreme activity brings. Finally, there is the friendship that endures long after a successful climb has finished. In the mountaineers’ restaurant, the climbers reflect on their experiences. They share details about the time that they almost Lost several fingers to frostbite in the extreme cold. What they also share is the passion for adventure that pushes them to attempt the greatest climb of all. J @ Questions: 4.) What difficulties Rob Gauntlet had to face during his expedition? Reb Gountett had to Ainge Hee cide §) he Wrwalndn thouted waits aleve MA had to JeMeRM Otc. 2.) Why do mountaineers visit event in the month of May? : Moats 6] May Hot tafesb five to dun Ho nbn 3) What difficulties did the two friends face while scaling Everest from the south side in nepal? Treg dud watt have cebu Monty cho cate fan tre aedaide Lo they had e go seal for a Noth cde of Tibet - 4) What did the two friends do after scaling Sait They thased dati weeks tin Neptl te Aeusperafe J dl Nepal chap tual Leos, _betsit utc, Hee Pot bt 5.) Whatis the importance of mountaineers restaurant? The Mer uabuee ns Aufl be the, SXpeuitaces Thy ghaue Betzile Olot tre twne, Sy, Spc on "thas axpession and than passion Bee for ith»Write a letter to a friend about your new situation. Don't forget to Include: 1. how you feel about your new town. 2. how your new school differs from the old school 3. details about a person that you have made friends with = Dotted wihien = Babthaisgs ee jou CS . people, vafartuchue, = ta pate, — feaches — fitrds ~ eho ccuitelar Athen = Gn wule pre crudent (good or Bed) = hte a_thidert het ped sp 4s ad fo new Chpol- 17Teacher’s Comments~~ Lares Mee tu Taking Exercise: The Golden Rules ree oem tas [tian Exercise is essential if we are to remain fit and healthy. Exercise [Fis also important as a way of increasing energy and making us feel happier. In the modern world there are many ways in which WC can choose to exercise. We can go to a gym or to exercise classes, or we can choose to do our favourite exercise on our ‘own, or with friends, outdoors. However, if you don't exercise Property, you risk injuring yourself and this can lead to many problems later in life Exercise should be safe and enjoyable, otherwise there is little point in doing it. You are very lucky if you have a personal trainer who can tell you all of the guidelines that you should follow However, not many of us can afford such a luxury and we must make sure that we know the following rules. Don't do too much Exercise in moderation and don't push yourself too hard. Before beginning any programme, consult your doctor to make sure ft isis¢#e"and appropriate for you Wear proper clothes It is essential that you wear shoes that riot only fit properly but are also designed for the sort of exercise ‘you want to do. Running shoes, for example are very different from dancing shoes. Clothes should also be considered, because wearing the wrong clothes can make you feel very uncomfortable. In addition, it recommended that you remove all jewellery. Warm up before exercising ‘Warming up prepares your body for physical activity, it increases your heart rate and blood flow while also loosening up your muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. This fs important in reducing the risk of many types of injury. Stretch with care Learn how to stretch by watching cats! The stretch slowly and carefully. You should stretch just until you reach the point of tension in your muscle, hold it for 10-30 seconds, and then slowly release it. Never stretch to the point of pain; always clay within your limits.Drink plenty of water ‘You must not exercise without drinking plenty of water. You need it to make sure that you don't dehydrate or suffer from heat exhaustion. It is particularly important to drink water if you are exercising outdoors ‘when it is hot, it js also well known that drinking water helps to improve performance. Plan to have rest days Days of rest will allow the muscles, tendons, and joints in your body to recover before engaging in any further exercise. It is also good to give your mind a rest. @ Questions: 4) What should one do if he wants to keep well? (ne shoud exec jf he wank fo (eof Wt - 2) Why do many people not have a personal trainer? Homing personal. hacn is a Lind {| bast Wasi macy nk be affordable by rosie 3) Why is it recommended that one. nous Seer before consutt starting the exercis? A clothe a, RR Cong Whore Aarag Gath, Omtrcne if good 8. not, 4) What can be learnt from cats? 5) What is the effect of not drinking enough water? Give two details.6) List two advantages of having days without exercise. Te ows tHe Wud, leadans aud priate tee body de Petoce Ayo, He gives pated Best - Imagine you are a physical fitness coach and have been appointed in a school where many children are either obese or lanky. What measures you would adopt to change the perspective of student about their diet and physical fitness. : oi a fsa 2 = Tyla | fied = feo fr prejurenate,, feck Leal Yana 4 proper diet Pile = Fitadeealayes | obesity — feck leteagin, Lecame a _watter 4 bosllige lade of eirkewest ta posts gee Bowe larly = foul uke Geelseg 4] bases af out an lat = hae Pe, aayTeacher’s Comments a 25,The History of Perfume Read the passage and answer the question: The history of perfume dates back to the ancient world. The Egyptians were the first to use it, as part of their religious ceremonies, believing that they could communicate with the gods by raising scented smoke from incense. In fact, the word perfume’ > comes from the Latin, ‘per fumum,’ which means ‘through smoke’. Later, creams and ointments were used to make the body look and.” “>, smell more beautiful or to improve and maintain health. Natural ingredients such as peppermint and rose were common in early perfumes, The Egyptians invented glass and used glass perfume bottles to store their perfumes. They also used gold, hard stones and other materials to make their perfume containers. J ‘The Persians perfected the art of preserving scents. The Greeks classified perfumes according to the part of the plant they came from and kept records of their ingredients. Alexander the Great brought perfume to Greece after invading Egypt, and the Romans adopted the Greek love of perfume when they invaded Greece. Historians have also confirmed that Islamic, Chinese and Indian cultures had been using perfume ) \ as part of their religious ceremonies and social activities as well. ‘After the fall of the Roman Empire, people stopped using so much perfume in the West. It was not until the twelfth century, when "trade became international that this changed again. Routes between the East and West were opened up and new scents and spices arrived in Europe. Many The 18th century brought a revolutionary advance in perfumery with the invention of eau de Cologne - “water from Cologne’. A young Italian invented it in the city of Cologne, Germany. This was a blend of various herbs and flowers and it was very refreshing. _w In the 19th century there were many changes in Europe as industry developed and machinery started to become more and more important. Modern chemistry and advanced technology made it possible to create new ways of extracting perfumes from flowers. The biggest of all technological advances was the ability to create artificial ingredients in the place of natural perfume ingredients that were hard to find or very expensive. This resulted in perfume and cologne becoming cheaper and available to everybody.Perfume was no longer something which only the wealthy used to show how important they were in society. However, there were still only a few brand names available until the 20th century when the mass production of perfume began. Both men and women continue to enjoy wearing perfume and cologne. Perfume is marketed to make people feel as if they are buying a luxury product and this makes them feel good. We now live in a global society, where technology has made the production of perfume a comparatively cheap process, Today, you may be ‘in countries thousands of kilometers apart, end yet you can still expect to be cool to buy the same brands of perfume, Nowadays perfume is cleverly advertised, attractively bottled and sold at a price that many J J I can afford. @ Questions: 4) How did the Egyptians communicate with gods? lommuniceteA toitr (Fods by Steg ceuded be Boa! incense Oe a @) Where did the word perfume originate form? “The. used pyri oxtaatav! fon Ladin = sper fumvm 3.) Who introduced perfume to Greece thousands of years ago? Alexande, the Gat healt petfume to seece Afi tnvadlieg_Fgiypt- 4.) What were the main ingredients of eau de Cologne? Hitde and fmt Whe Ae rain cinedicatt J — Cau de Cologne 2 5.) What made the extraction of perfume easier in the 19th century? Give two details.6) Give two advantages of using artificial ingredients instead of natural ingredients. ae one - 7. What became possible in the perfume industry in the 20th century? ane 8) List four purposes for the use of perfume. Write a report on a certain invention or discovery you know. = Include: (a) Origin of the invention (b) Importance of the invention (c) Advantages of invention fx0.2.- Ouiprin q the Lise, — taluith Cow com it alnated, nome Saenkot & who aifiralel = WhMnee st wes accidewtally fond of (wrenkedCosa 3 - ta 62 cnvewhion Pasa by — Gos § vane bee Ht delist gmtuonatct Let pth i _tavolved 29RGIS wien 30 Bm ceaTeacher’s CommentsThe Effects of Being Bilingual Read the passage and answer the questions If you speak another language and you also speak Engtish (or any other language), your brain may have developed some distinct advantages over your friends who only speak one language. New research into bilingualism has found that being fluent in two languages, particularly from early childhood, increases a person's ability to concentrate, and might also protect against diseases of the brain in old age. ~ Until fairly recently, parents and teachers feared that introducing children to a second language when they were very young could not only delay their language skills but also harm their intellectual growth. In ™) addition, there were fears that bilingual children would become confused in their use of-language. New research, however, has found that bilingual children speak their first word, and their first fifty words and > soon, at the same age as children who only speak one language. Furthermore, there is no evidence that children confuse the two languages. > Bilingual children may have an advantage at school. In fact, even before they start school they have been found to be better than others at focusing on a task and ignoring distractions. School age bilingual children =~, have been found to have an above average ability to concentrate. They also find it easier to interact and make friends with a wide group of other children. It may be that managing two languages helps the brain iw, 10 focus and ignore irrelevant information. Atthe other end of the age scale, one of the difficulties which can affect old people is known as ‘dementia’. iw», This is a condition that causes the brain to stop working normally. People with dementia are often confused and their memories no longer function properly. Research suggests that bilingualism may slow down the beginning of age-related dementia, by up to four years. Although scientists don't know why bilingualism does this, some suggest that speaking two languages may increase the blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve connections healthy. More recently, scientists have discovered that the brains of bilingual adults are different, especially in the brain's left side, where most language and communication skills are controlled. The effect is strongest in people who learnt a second language before the age of five. This discovery suggests that being bilingual from an early age significantly changes the brain's structure.For many years now, scientists have been arguing about exactly how the brains of bilingual peopte organise language. However, thanks to technological advances, scientists have recently discovered that the processing of different languages mostly happens in the same area of the brain. On the other hand, ‘when bilinguals are rapidly switching backwards and forwards between their two languages, they show “> significantly more activity in the right side of the brain than people who speak only one language. It really does seem that speaking two languages gives the brain an excellent workout! ~ e@ Questions: 4) How does speaking different language help children to develop? Chtlorone’ brain sy Anelop disiinat adyenteges oye. the fiends who spoke one laupuedt- 2. How are bilingual better than other children at oa Bilingual chidren are able do Contenteabe better ad sgh be able re role yi barre ag aint ditease in ol 3) Explain'the term dementia. Ty isa condition Het Gaye tbe _pteis to _ctop wothive A . I ia. i Memon n longer him 4) How are the brain of bilifigual children different than other? School ape biltnpual claildeyn have Been found do hare an abit Gonteotae. nol tt fey “fo alge naa aul ota a corded gat af Pope. 5) Summarise the advantages of bilingualism. | Silent clei lda Speak the dawe as Childe, salve ee eee ee | eel pt elie dee Pee Aa. ee | a S 22Resvarch shade, that speetrg hoo lavpnagi woy Sacheae He oly ate tlh hp netce conditions leat» Spray hoo legpanges hayp —_ the tans cho git con _enceldestt pres tteao = harelbing Le lous eariey — ~ _ subjeds in whool — Fase. 3 —EAC Teacher’s CommentsThe Way in Which Deserts are Expanding Across The World Renae es rcrut eu a Cis acne terts( 7.1 Your summary should be about 100 words. You should use your own words as far Pools Deserts cover a third of the world’s surface and thirteen per cent Of the world's population live in deserts. Today, one of the major problems that the planet faces is the expansion of deserts. This is a serious problem that affects not only those countries in the direct path of the expanding deserts, but also the rest of the world. To give some idea of the scale of the problem, the last 50 years have seen the Sahara desert spread southwards to cover ‘an extra 65 million hectares. Across the whole world, the area of Useful land lost each year is more than 6 million hectares. The increase in desert land is caused by our planet's changing climate. The world is becoming warmer and drier, and this means there is less water to support plants and animals. However, the natural rate of desert growth has been greatly increased as a result of the exploitation of the land by humans. The causes of this increase are similar in many ways to those that bring about deforestation, and once again the chief offenders are people working in agriculture. People have been farming the land for thousands of years, cultivating the soil to grow crops and rearing animals for food and transport. Traditionally, the land {s “rotate in some years plants are grown and in ‘other years the soil is left to rest. However, to meet the demands for food of an ever-growing population, ‘it has been necessary to reduce the amount of time during which land is left unplanted. As a result, the soil has become poorer, and, in some cases, unable to support plant life. Continual growing of crops in soil which has lost its nutrients fs often combined with the need to allow animals such as goats, cattle, sheep and camels to feed on plants. This increases the problem by further ‘weakening the soil and, in addition, the few remaining trees and shrubs are cut down for fuel. This can have disastrous effects on the fragile desert ecosystem, removing all the natural vegetation which covers the ground, and exposing what little soil is left to the wind, rain and sun. Soil and plants have a two-way relationship in which neither can survive without the other. Most plants need soil in which to root. This anchors them to the ground and stops them being blown away, whilst also providing them with essentialEnglish Secondary Comprehension water and nutrients. Soil fs dependent upon plants for two main reasons. Firstly, plants provide most of the material from which new soil is made, and secondly, plant roots help to hold the soil together and ) prevent it from being eroded by the wind and rain. Without this covering of soil the land quickly becomes a further area of desert. The bad effects of agriculture on the desert are not only found on its edges. The growing of crops requires large amounts of water, something which is in short supply in dry lands. To try to overcome this problem, farmers have developed ‘rrigation systems to bring water from springs, oases and underground sources elsewhere in the desert. In many cases this does not present a threat to the environment, and centuries of ad experience have taught farmers how to extract water without causing much damage to the environment. However, farmers are under increased pressure to produce more and more food to feed the growing world population. As a result, in a very short space of time, farmers have drained the water sources which took thousands of years to fill up naturally. ) Write a letter to a fi nd giving news about home. In your letter you should: 1. explain how you are feeling now that your friend has left. 2. tell your friend about one or two particularly interesting things you have done recently. 3. ask about your friend's life. aDea fsd | — Kk dlnouct wetll» bewsp 6) Hoe fitud fox Q- Gk aw sinfroaral Contuahmn = KUL pous fied alent a Corea ackivily Hat feu betre in ved. = | ee re a ed cimeone (64 — Sauna woakep havnsesirg) c —fo4a.3 — Pes lee dou fend Shat he [che (Scoing\dary Car Sie oo keen) Keep Your Car Alive Read the passage and answer the question: DO consider buying a pressure washer to get that salt and dirt off the undersfde of the car before it starts to eat away your metal. Cars are more at risk underneath than on top. DO wax your car regularly - not only does it make your car shine, tt also forms a strong barriet between the paintwork and elements that can destroy it. DO look out for areas where water can collect and keep them clear, especially if your cars left standing outside for any length of time. This will help prevent rust forming. DO brake gently when you are driving your car, and use the gears to slow the car down. This will help look after the engine and will extend the life of your brake pads and discs. DONT just look after the outside. Repair holes in the seats before they grow and split, If your car has leather seats, youll need to treat the leather with a moisturizer to prevent it cracking. DONT use strong household detergents when cleaning paintwork, as these will actually eat into the layers you are trying to protect, Hyaes DON'T forget to check your,Bad condition,can be dangerous and can cst you money by increasing fuel usage. DONT leave your car standing for a tong time without starting the engine. While the ofl is sitting at the bottom of the engine, it isnt doing much to protect it. So start your car once a week and get it warm to make sure that all its moving parts are oiled. ©@ Questions: 1.) What can be used to help remove salt and dirt from the underside of a car? Prorrure Uraahoe lar be used do pop Agere, salt and oki He ui 2. Why is it advisable not to use strong household detergents white cleaning our cars? Dedergtats eat tito Hee layers 9 cpatet” auch oles toi 43a 3) Why is it important to repair holes in seats and leather at an early stage? This _thpstraut to _sgbat, Loles un seat aud (cadres 0k don alas Stage do avoid red 4.) How can one take good care of their car? One uv Hoe a Koop the euspine Un a good Condition « peeole Ao f Lapine 4 5) Give two reasons why it is essential to monitor the condition of tyres regularly. econ _dosince dawpetou. Map, i way fale up edhe Fish Which oil pore costly d ed Directed Writing © Write a list of Do's and Dont’s for your building. Persuade people to follow them. Tituoduthin— Navas 9 lee building at -y Orla Xer'dent be Casgpel obese faa2 - Do's = Kerf Hae Surwnrndlenngy Clean = Paskitns Bede natal cho lee followed = tai Airutpluce — fay maintenance on dus dates = linkin peace. and hasanioiga = & CeaAs' 44ht bn Sethe needs pecenisstn a ae not iter.Teacher's Commen: ts iSEEMS Me cu India’s Snake Charmers PRET ante oes t Tale USAC lm atm (Pts (ola ) One of the world’s most fascinating and individual traditions is under threat. India’s snake charmers, who once captivated generations of small children by playing music to cobras to make them rise out of baskets, have admitted that they have fallen on > hard times. The Sapera people, India’s traditional snake charmers, no longer > manage to attract big crowds and are finding it difficult to earn ‘enough money to live. They fear that their community might disappear forever if their income from snake charming continues to g0 down or if they cannot find an alternative means of making a living. ~ Most of Ind ancient city of Lucknow. The villagers have been in the snake charming business ever since their ancestors migrated there from Bengal. Snake charming is one of the main things which characterise the Sapera and “they have been working with snakes for hundreds of years. 's snake charmers come from one small northern village, Salenagar, about an hour from the But now the Sapera’s livelihood is being threatened. As the chart indicates, the income eamed by snake > charmers has decreased significantly over the last forty years. In 1960, a snake charmer eamed 1200 rupees a day; actors were earning only 500 rupees and wildlife experts barely made 100 rupees for working for one ce», day. Twenty years later, India’s snake charmers were earning only 600 rupees daily. Snake charmers are blaming the decline of their profession on the increasing popularity of wildlife television programmes and films, a particular attraction for younger people. The traditional snake charming act involves playing a traditional wailing tune on a bean, an instrument that sounds a bit like a pipe. “The new generation is not listening to the old songs and melodies, they only want modern songs or pop music, with its high tech’ instruments. They are no longer interested in traditional bean music,” says a representative of the village. The world has changed and now younger people are more interested in the latest technology; their mobile phones, computers and DVD players. Many older people just do not understand these developments and “> regrettably the new generation takes no interest in many traditional ways of life. ‘While snake charmers may seem exotic to much of the rest of the world; the reality is many are suffering 47} ) financially. Many snake charmers have admitted that they don’t even like snakes. However, they are very u proud of their ancestral profession, to the extent that they are trying hard to make sure that snake charming > maintains a role in moder India. The villagers’ main demand is that they are properly recognised by the ( government. Under the law this might entitle them to government aid and certain privileges. Any such help > may even revive their interest in working with snakes. @ Questions: What did the Sapera do to captivate hundreds of small children? oa asa pled mwarce to let the Suoker Come puis §) the branbeote 2) Give two factors that the Sapera believe may lead to the loss of their community. Srodie Krarmrers ot abtias abe usable to altacts tovge. cay They are fund it __dlffteutt to eam. 3) Where did India’s snake charmers originally come from? Tho Snake phasunsod belowged to Salenapas, abeibin 4) Which profession doubled its income in the last twenty years of the twentieth century? Prcto4s 5) Give two reasons why the Sapera think that young people are responsible for the declining interest in snake charmers. Trawologial Ursverhin, like TV, films and alro hey ore dinttroked tr bob meme anc hove lag intent in -Radébiowl Songs dnd leans - 6) How should the goverment help saper& community? Tre gopeinrapets thoutd prowde cud and Confer ~Aswe Suguilyn tout ands oe Sa 48 =Directed Writing ¢ Write a letter to your friend about the declining importance of Saperas and how could we help them. Dea Taoduthon — Creching = Wht msade you dtiwiale 8). Safes Cooausnily fasa2 = Beaubiul pordithimal communi = how tray rrole it Hrece_bpresctvod = declining Gnpedtance Yuas — — Why crowd peoble. Counider He = Hs depotlauct Sake, ane? — Whe heup should Pra Geen do to fe uplift HOES Covmanaenichy ? fxn 4 = CouclnionTeacher’s CommentsKoko is the first gorilla to have been taught sign language (a way of communicating by using hands and fingers rather than speech). With a vocabulary of more than 1000 words, she is the first to prove we share a world with other intelligent beings who feel emotions, look forward to celebrations and also have a sense of humour. ‘The 3-year study of Koko has redefined science’s concept of gorilla intelligence. According to some scientists, genetically there is only a 2% difference between gorillas and humans: we share the same blood type, have the same number of hairs per square inch and also the same temperament But what had not been recognised by the scientific community was that gorillas have the ability to learn a language and have complex emotions. Koko lives in the Santa Cruz mountain in North America, in a wooded spot overlooking a valley. She has her own home, with curtains, and a nest of blankets, which is her bed, in one comer. She has a barrel on which she likes to sit when talking to humans - gorillas feel more secure when they can look down on. others - while her toys are spread everywhere. In addition she has an outside enclosure where she spends her days when it is not raining. It is her conversations with her teacher. Dr. Penny Patterson, that is inspiring. Penny explains: “The reality of my discovery is that our abilities as humans, our skills, sensibilities and emotions are very similar to the great apes. What we have leamt is that gorillas are more complex than we ever imagined.” When she began teaching Koko sign language, placing the little fingers of the one year old gorilla into the correct positions for ‘drink’, ‘eat, more’, and rewarding her with food, Dr. Patterson had no idea how quickly Koko would learn. “At first, it seemed Koko was using sign language as a tool to get something,” says Patterson. “It became the kind of reward system that you could expect of a cat or a dog. But early jn her training, she began to combine signs that made me think she was capable of more,” Now Koko is so proficient in sign language that if she doesn't know a word she invents one. For example, she didn't know the word for ‘ring’, so she combined the signs for “inger’ and ‘bracelet’ to express it. Dr. Patterson continues: "Koko loves babies and young people. And when she is asked what gorillas like best, she always says “Gorilla love to eat food.” One of Patterson's favourite stories demonstrates Koko's sense of humour. When a visitor asked her to show him something scary, she held up a mirror to his face’.emia When Patterson asked her what she would like for her 11th birthday, Koko signed that she wanted a cat. ‘The story of Koko’s cat enabled Patterson to learn more about her student the cat was hit by a car and Patterson had to break the news to Koko, who signed "Cry, sad, frown’. Then, once alone, Patterson heard Koko make the gorilla’s distress call a loud series of hoots. From the age of three, Koko shared her accommodation with Michael who was intended as a mate. However Michael died suddenly two years ago of a heart attack “Koko went into a depression following Michael's death,” says Patterson "She would sit for hours with her head hung low looking upset” Dr. Patterson asked her if she was looking forward to moving to Hawaii, where Patterson is raising money J te to build a gorilla refuge. Koko signed ‘Yes’, provided she could have curtains in her new home! @ Questions: 1.) List the physical characteristics shared by Gorillas and Humans and summarise in not more than 100 words. ie! “4 Sp Lawpuag AO COmmunicad e — To hae gurbous, loole fora rad +o celebeate and posers Serge of humps 532) What have the scienists found from the study of Koko? Savae_blood The hore thre Camo nuwnber t— hae per cinth. and chate the le. fo jes Covwpl See Curohing + Wheré does Koko live? 4 Koko wer th Qateal fovea in Nov. Aneutca vy Oo ecoded spot _prerlaok ing a valley. (@) Give one example which shows Koko is proficient in sign language. b& ms a Su Why did Koko seep into ie Koke's mats Mighack deed fa heart alteuk So Imagine you are Dr. Patterson and you are writing a journal about your relationship with Koko. fea l= TDibeduubon fxd - Mejails abet Koko aud bir behaving = Dy Pdlerror obeowahin of Koko Para - Uirak= did De Patterson leon from KokoDeca heITayTeacher’s CommentsThe Sound of Silence Reena eee eu usc keel Ween urea ails can be done to reduce the stress caused by noise. You should write about 100 words. You should use your own words as far as possible. How much noise are we subjected to in our normal daily lives without noticing it? How much does this noise affect our body and senses? Whether it's a dog barking or the banging of a door, if i's a sound that disturbs or annoys us, there its a sound that {s unwanted. Consciously we may not take today's noise seriously, but unconsciously our bodies still have an automatic response that makes us remember when sudden or loud sounds meant danger. Our blood pressure rises, our heart rate and breathing speed up and subsequently we become hot and sweaty. Previously, medical science was mostly concemed with noise levels powerful enough to cause hearing damage. But in the 21st century where everyday noise is a rule rather than an exception, it is thought that the effects leave us in a state of almost constant agitation. Experts have researched many ways in which we-can counteract this problem. Let's consider some of their ideas and suggestions. Firstly, you should try to start the day with some silence. This means you should get up a little earlier because it could be the most important bit of relaxation you get all day. For a few minutes, sit completely still with a straight back and empty your mind. This is not as easy as it sounds, but take a deep breath and quietly repeat to yourself, “My body is released and relaxed, my heartbeat is normal, my mind is calm and peaceful." Keep repeating this until any remaining tension is gone and you will feet much more at ease, Imagine yourself looking up at a blue sky full of soft, white clouds. It would also help to stop talking so much and start thinking instead! Although it may sound rude and nsociable, disciplining yourself to remain silent is a great way to refresh your mind and put things into perspective. As Professor Stephen Palmer, Director of the Centre for Stress Management, explains, “Peace really does come from within. To escape unwanted noise and thoughts, | advise my clients to take their 77 minds through a series of relaxing images. It could be anything from sitting under a cool, shady tree to looking at the stars at night. The: great thing about this exercise is that you can find peace for yourself even when you seem to be completely surrounded by noise.” ‘Apart from hearing, we have senses of touch, smell, taste and sight - so Use them! Here's an idea ... switch off all of the noise in your house. Turn