can then make the following definition. ~y Dimension SK : DEFINITION The dimension of a nonzero vector space V is the number of : basis for V. We often write dim V for the dimension of V. Since te. Tinearly dependent, it is natural to say that the vector space (0) has zero. AMPLE ‘The dimension of R? is 2; the dimension of R? is sion of R" isn. EXAMPLE 7 Mine dimension of Py is 3; the dimension of P3 is 4; and in general, ty sion of P, isn +1. + and in genera It’can be shown that all finite-dimensional vector spaces of te ‘mension differ only in the nature of their elements; their algebrag are.identical. It can also be shown that if V is a finite-dimensionial vector spa ery nonzero subspace W of V has a finite basis and din W < din 72). GCMiausrn The subspace W of R* considered in Example 5 has dimension 2. ‘We might also consider the subspaces of R® {recall that R® can as the (x, y)-plane]. First, we have {0} and R?, the trivial subsp) mension 0 and 2, respectively. Now the subspace V of R? spannedty v # is a one-dimensional subspace of R2; V is rypresented by! the origin. Thus the subspaces of R? are (0), R?,) > “the lines!‘Sec.6.4 Basis and Dimension 271 (Exercise T.8) that the subspaces of 2? V can span v (eye PA(t) and pa(t) done . Thus in Exampl e now coime to SP8M Pas Which is of dimension 5 times in consteane ® # theorem that we sin ehe & basis containing Vectors. We shall lens cue le 3 of Section 6.3, polynomials I have occasion to use several 'ven set of linearly independent ; © the ise TS), 7 Polowsing te tent moor (Exercise T.5). The example HEOREM 6, is yi ' THE 8 ¥ Sisa linearly independent set of vectors ina fnite-dimensional vector Space * then there is a basis - ‘for V, which contains §, : a Theorem 6.8 says that a tinearly independent set of vectors in a vector ae Space V can be ext ‘tended to a basis for V. EEE Suppose that we wish to find a basis for R that contains the vectors vy = (1.0.1.0) and vy = (=, 1,=1,0), We use Theorem 6.8 a$ follows, First, let (e3.2,€5, ey) be the natural basis for R¥, where é =(1,0,0,0), ey =(0,1,0,0), ® = (0,0, 1,0), and &s = (0,0,0, 1). Form the set $ = (v), vp, &1,€2,€3, €4). Since (e, e5, 3, es} spans RY, so does 5. We now use the alternative proof of Theorem 6.6 to find a subset of § ER that is a basis for R*. Thus, we form Equati CIM Cava + C301 + C402 + e503 + cgey which leads to the homogeneous system ates = bey ce Transforming the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form, we obtai. (verify) 1 0 0 0 (eS ea Te ase eee OL Or 0 1 0 O° :.0.£0.-0,.20, “Sing the Heading ‘I's Appeatsn.cotmmans 1, 9; and-6; we ebfchuad that {vi, ¥2, €1, es} is a basis for R* Containing v, and vy» .212 Caagter 6 Real Veotor Spaces From the definition of a basis, a set of vectors in a vector sp basis for V if it spans Vand is linearly independent, However if we ~ the additional information thatthe dimension of V isn, we need ogy // cneof the two conditions, This is the content of the following theoreg WMT 0220 05 2 inenvonatveior spread ler $ offn vectors in V. (viva, (a) If Sis linearly independent, then it isa basis for V. (b) IFS spans V then itis a basis for V. Proof Exercise T.6, As a particular application of Theorem 6.9, we have the fell determine if a subset § of R is a basis for R", first count the ‘elements in S. If S has n elements, we can use either part (a) or pa Theorem 6.9 to determine whether $ is or is not a basis. If S does nal 4 = clements, itis not a basis for R". (Why?) The same line of reasoning apy to any vector space or subspace whose dimension ts known, SENSE fn Example 5, W = span S is a subspace of R', so dimW <4, contains five vectors, we conclude by Corollary 6.1 that S is not abs W. In Example 2, since dim Rt = 4 and the set S contains four vec possible for 5 to be a basis for R*. If S is linearly independent or it is a basis: otherwise it is not a basis. Thus, we need only check cx conditions in Theorem 6.9, not both. 6.4 Exercises 1. Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for R*? @) 10.3.4, -9} () (0.0.1...) (2 @.2.2, 1.3.2). ( (0.31,-2.611 2 Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for RY? 2) 10.2.0).0.1.=1) (01, -0.2.3,4).6 11.01 Dh (6) 18.2.2).1-1.2.0,0.1.0) (4) 101.0.0).(0.2. =. .4.1). 0. 1.00}. 3. Which ofthe following sets of vectors ate bases for R42 6) 10.0.0,1).(0.1.0.0). 0.61.9... D1 (©) (1, =1,0.2),8,-1.2.1).0.0.0. Dh (©) (2.4.6.4), (0.1.2.0), (1.2.3.2), (-3.2.5.61.(-2.-1.0.4)} (0) (00.0.1, 1). (1.1, 1.2), 0, 1.0.0), 2.1.2, DI 4. Which of the. following sets of vectors ate bases for Ps? (a (2? $042.27 $2043.48 - 1) (b) (2? +21 — 1,20? + 3¢ — 2). . (©) (2 $1,302 + 2t, 30? Ie + 1, 6F +6043 @) BP+W+ LP tee Leste 5, Which of the following sets of vectors are ts (a) (P4208 $31.20 + 16 £8 HOH P42 4e+ i (PF eh PLP ee te © [PFE Ee LO +2 +3. WEF EACH! +242} @ (PnP eee led. 6, Show that the matrices 11] foo} pio} fo! bal fal bak b form a basis forthe vector space Mu In Exercises 7 and 8, determine which of the gi Jforms a basis for R. Express the vector (2.1.3) ‘combination of the vectors in each subset that is 7. (@) (11, D6, 2,3), 0, 1,09) (b) ((1,2.3), 2.1, 3), (0,0, 09}.toe? D014) 5, DD yi at.) 2.2.0). 8.4. DE eves and 10. determine which of the given subsetr eSeasfor Ps. Express St? — 31+ Bas a linear em af the vectors in each subset that isa basis ee yeeees hee DD peeheed pees Me yee he ee Ivy. ¥a- V5. Va). Where + y= .2.2% v2 = G.2.DL “yy = (11, 10,7), and vs = (7,6. 4), setabasis for the subspace W = span S of R’. What sain W? tS = (vi. V2 V3. Va. Vs]. where W=(.10—D, v2 w= .00 J eins = (<1, -5. 1. 0). Find a basis for the subspace We span $ of R*, What is dim W? De ys insider the following subset of Ps: Sa(P HPWH LPH PB, 243 -4r$3e Fada basis for the subspace W enw? pan S, What is hE 0 Le Finda basis for the subspace W = span S of Max. s si Fada basis for Mzy. What is the dimension of Mz? Generalize to Mun fersider the following subset of the vector space of all /) "valued functions. 608 24), S = (cos* s, sin’ js for the subspace W = span 5. What is ae 17 and 18, find a basis for the given subspaces |) All vectors of the form (a, 6. 6), where B= a +6 © All vectors of the form (a, b. ¢). where b= a 6 All vectors of the form (a, bse), where web—cHO. + All vectors pf the form (a,b, ©), Where @ = 0. Sec.64 Basis and Dimension 273 (by All vectors of the form (a-+e.a~b.b+¢. a+), (c) All vectors of the form (a. b. €). where a-b+5e=0. In Exercives 1 and 20, find the dimensions of he given subspaces of Rt 19. (a) All vectors of the form (a. b.¢.d). whered = a+ b, () all of the form (a. b.¢.d). where =a—b andd =a +. 20, (a) All vectors of the form (a. b.€.d). (b) AIT vectors of the form (a+¢.-a+b.-b—c.a4b420) rere a 21. Find a basis for the subspace of P; consisting of all vectors of the form at? + bt + ¢, where c= 2a — 3B, 22. Find a basis for the subspace of P, consisting of all vectors of the form a? +51? +ct+d.wherea cad. - 23, Find the dimensions of the subspaces of 8 spanned by the vectors in Exercise I and 24, Find the dimensions of the subspaces of spanned by the vectors in Exercise 2. 25. Find the dimensions of the subspaces of R* spanned by the vectors in Exercise 3. 26, Find the dimension of the subspace of P; consisting of all vectors of the form ar? + bt +c, wherec = b= 127. Find the dimension of the subspace of P, consisting of all vectors of the form ar? + bt + cr +d, where b= 3a-Sdandc =i ose 28. Find basis for R! that includes the vectors (@ (1.0;2. (b) (1.0, 2) and (0, 1.3. 29, Find a basis for R* that includes the vectors (1.0. 1.0) and (0. 1. =1.0), 30. Find all values of 2 for which ((a?.0, 1.0.2.2), (1,0, Ly} is a basis for &. 3M. Find a basis for the subspace W of Mys consisting of all 32 Find a basis for the subspace of My consisting’of all diagonal matrices. 33. Give an example of a two-dimegsional subspace of Rt. 3M. Give an example of a two-dimensional subspace of Py. In Exercises 35 and 36, find a basis for the given plane. Bie 3y HHA O 36 Hy —3E=O.Am =~ in | 274 Cregeen Real Vector Spaces Theoretical Exercises TEA. Suppose tha im the nonzero vector space Vthe largest rmumber of vectors in a Tear independent eet is [Show that any sot of m linearly andependent vectors in V iva host for U 2. Show thoes V ia fiteshmensional vector space. ‘then every nonzern subspace W of Vas a finite bacis aed dim W dim V TR. Show that if diem are neatly lepemien.” then any n+ 1 vectors in V TL, Show thar f dim Vn, then no set of n= T vectors in V can span V Prove Theorem 68 Prove Theorem 69, Show that if W isa subspace of a fnite-dimensional vector space Vand dim 87 = dims V, then W TS. Show mar the aubspaces of Rare 10), R ‘rough the oni. and al planes through lines he origin. Tat. Let See feta tal zero vectors in a YECtOF Space Y Torin ¥-can be written iN One ag combination of the vectors be a set of 90 that every YE fone way a6 21 ‘Show that S184 sts for ¥ EAD Sunes ad e sean for At, Show hat iEA Hoan | teaeingtar matin then [Av), Aan ee AVad | in also a basis for R*. (Hint: Seé Exercise T.0 Section 6.3.) Suppose that ae fee wa) lent set of vectors in R* aig Prove or disprove that + Avad isa tinerty independ bea singular mat | | ' | t t t ‘Show matt |¥,.¥5... Nz] 182 Basis for a vector {Avie Ava space ¥ and cw Other (64). 95... da) isalsoa | tl _ is linearly independent Then ace P of all polynomia, THO Let $s {95.45.94} bea bans for vector space TIA. Show thatthe vector space P of Soe ST ie Sie EL ie Sopose , (pit. pal8)- ++ HON ants ica finite basis for P. Letd, = degree p(t. | ~ Batablish a contradiction.) . baba EAS. Show thatthe set of vectors (0.8.0 f itl sakes for linearly independent Matias Exercises _ {In onder w use MATLAB an this section, you should have read Section 127. Inthe following exercises we relate the theor developed inthe section to computational procedures an MATLAB that aid n analscing the situation. To determine fa set Vece eM) isa basis fora Sector space V. the defnution requires that we show span lund § «linearly independent. However if we know tard V = 4. ther Theorem 6.9 umplies that we need only show that ether span S = V or Sis linearly independens The imear dependence. in this special case is easily analysed wuing MatLAB's reef cummund Construct the homogeneous system AX = W associated with the lineur independenceideperdence question Then S is linearly independent fund only if nani In Ecercises MLI through ML6, if this special case can be ‘applied, do so: dtherwise, determine if S isa basis for V in the conventional manner MLA, § = (1.2. 19.2.1. 2:2, Db in ¥ ML. 4-28 22 — Br +4)in MLL. 5 = ((1,1,0,0). 2. 1. 1, 1 (0.0.1, Ds (2.1.2) in ¥ = RE (1.2.1.0), 2.1.3, 2 Mia. 2.4.22 V = span 5. MLS. $= (1.2.1.0), 2.1.3, 1), 2.2. 120i V = span 5. . ML.6, ¥ =the subspace of R? of all vectors of he (a,b,c), where b = 2a — cand WO =D. C1. DD {In Exercises ML-7 through BML.9, use MATLAB'S Fl command t determine a subset of S that is a basis o% S.See Example 5 ML. (11,0, 0), (2, —2, 0, 0), (1, 0.2.D- 2.1,2.0.0,1,1, DD ‘What is dim span S? Does span S = R*?