1

CE 62
FLUID MECHANICS

UNIT

LESSON 1 -
INTRODUCTION &
FUNDAMENTAL
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Enhanced Lecture Note By:

ANDERSON G. GONZALES, MST

Faculty, CSU College of Engineering
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Course Outline

1. Fluid Properties: Solids and fluids (liquids and gases). Units and
dimensions. Physical properties of fluids; density, specific weight, specific
volume, specific gravity, surface tension, compressibility. Viscosity,
measurement of viscosity, Newton's equation of viscosity. Hydrostatics,
kinematics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics.

2. Fluid Statics: Pressure intensity and pressure head: pressure and

specific weight relationship, absolute and gauge pressure, measurement of
pressure, Piezo-meter, manometer. Differential manometer and Borden
gauge. Forces on Immersed Bodies: Forces on submerged planes &
curved surfaces and their applications, Drag and Lift forces, buoyancy and
floatation. Equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies.

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3. Relative Equilibrium of Liquids

Hoop Tension in Circular Pipes and Tanks, Dams, Principle of Archimedes
Stability of Submerged Bodies, Stability of Floating Bodies

4. Kinematics of Fluid Flows

Flow of Ideal, Real Fluids, Classification of Flow Types, Pathlines,
Streamlines and Flownets

5. Transport Theorems
Reynold’s Transport Theorem, Mass Transport /Continuity Equation
Momentum Equations, Energy Systems, Flow Through Porous Media
(optional)
6. Momentum Equation of Fluid Flow
Conservation of Momentum, Applications, Impact on Blades

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7. Bernoulli/Navier – Stokes Equation

Equation of Motion Theories, Applications, Trajectories, Measuring
Devices, Pipe Flows

8. Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude

Geometric/Kinetic/Dynamic Similarity, PI Buckingham Theorem

9. The Boundary Layer in Incompressible Flow

Definition of Boundary Layer, Momentum Equation Applied to
Boundary Layer, Laminar Boundary Flow and Turbulent Boundary
Layer

10. Software Applications

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Course Assessment Method

1. Research/Projects/Lab Exp. 10 %
2. Quizzes (1-2 per Chapter) 45 %
3. Major Exam 40 %
4. Assignments, Group Work
Seat Work, Attendance 5%

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FLUID MECHANICS

  Fluid: Fluids are substance which area capable of flowing

and conforming the shapes of container.

  Fluids can be in gas or liquid states.

  Mechanics: Mechanics is the branch of science that deals

with the state of rest or motion of body under the action of
forces.

  Fluid Mechanics: Branch of mechanic that deals with the

response or behavior of fluid either at rest or in motion.

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Branches of Fluid Mechanics

 Fluid Statics: It is the branch of fluid mechanics which

deals with the response/behavior of fluid when they are
at rest.

 Fluid kinematics: It deals with the response of fluid when

they are in motion without considering the energies and
forces in them.

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Branches of Fluid Mechanics

 Hydrodynamics: It deals with the behavior of fluids when

they are in motion considering energies and forces in them.

 Hydraulics: It is the most important and

practical/experimental branch of fluid mechanics which
deals with the behavior of water and other fluid either at
rest or in motion.

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Significance of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid is the most abundant available substance e.g., air,

gases, ocean, river and canal etc.

It provides basis for other subjects e.g.,

  Public health/environmental engineering
  Hydraulic Engineering
  Irrigation Engineering
  Coastal engineering
  etc etc

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State of Matter

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It is the property of a fluid by mixture of which it offers

resistance to deformation under the influence of shear forces.

It depends upon the cohesion and molecular momentum exchange

between fluid layers.
  It can also be defined as internal resist offered by fluid to flow.
  It is denoted by µ.
  It is also termed as coefficient of viscosity or absolute viscosity or
dynamic viscosity or molecular viscosity.

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Factors affecting viscosity

1. Cohesion: It is the attraction between molecules of
fluid. More the molecular attraction (cohesion) more is the
viscosity (resistance
to flow) of fluid.
  It is dominant in liquids.

2. Molecular momentum: Molecules in any fluid change

their position with time and is known as molecular activity.
More the molecular activity more will be viscosity of the
fluid.
  It is dominant in gases

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Effect of temperature on viscosity

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The above equation is called as Newton’s equation of

viscosity.
  The equation shows that the shearing stress is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient and its is known as
Netwon’s law of velocity.

NOTE:

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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

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References:

Dr. Mosin Siddique, Modules in Fluid Mechanics

The Modelling Team, Dept. of Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial

Engineering, Delft University of Technology

Cengel, Yunus, et.al., Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

3rd Edition, 2014, McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., USA.

Crowe, Clayton, et.al. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition. 2009.

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA

Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch, Rothmayer. Fundamentals of Fluid

Mechanics, 7th Edition. 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.

Potter, Merle, et.al. Mechanics of Fluids, 4th Edition. 2012. Cengage

Learning, USA.

Whtie, Frank M. Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, 2011. McGraw Hill

Companies, Inc., USA.
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