ROBYX REVIEW CENTER

IMAGE PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION

Prepared by: Prof. Roberto D. Yumul, RRT

July 2018 Radiologic and X-ray Technology Licensure Examinations

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INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the
best corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES. Use pencil no. 2 only.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. The speed of a film indicates the

a. contrast 6. The impurity added to the silver halide crystal lattice is
b. density called
c. resistance to fog the:
d. sensitivity a. silver ion
b. gold-silver dust
2. Which of the following are rare earth phosphors used in c. sensitivity speck
intensifying screen? d. hardener
1. Lanthanum fluorochloride
2. Lanthanum oxybromide 7. A slower film-screen system results in
3. Terbium activated Yttrium a. decreased recorded detail
b. decreased sharpness
a. 1 only c. increased definition
b. 1 and 2 d. higher contrast
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2 and 3 8. A double-emulsion radiographic film is exposed in a
cassette
3. To limit the graininess of the resultant image, which would containing two intensifying screens. If the light emitted
be most appropriate? from
a. Use a film with large crystals a screen facing the emulsion is not completely absorbed by
b. Use a film with small crystals that emulsion, which of the following problems will occur?
c. Use high-speed film 1. absorption unsharpness
d. Use a thicker base film 2. crossover exposure
3. quantum mottle
4. Which of the following components make up emulsion of
the a. 1 only
radiographic film? b. 2 only
1. Silver halide crystals c. 1 and 2
2. Polyester d. 1 and 3
3. Gelatin
9. Images are being produced with excessive blurring at the
a. 1 and 2 edges when certain cassettes are used. What quality control
b. 1 and 3 device should be used to evaluate this blur?
c. 2 and 3 a. Pinhole camera
d. 1, 2 and 3 b. Wire-mesh
c. Star test pattern
5. What must be done to x-ray film to make it compatible with d. Oscilloscope
a rare phosphor intensification screen?
a. Use silver oxysulfide in place of silver halide in the 10. A faster fil-screen system results in:
film emulsion a. increased recorded detail
b. Use a rare earth component in the x-ray film b. decreased sharpness
emulsion c. increased definition
c. Add a light-absorbing dye in the x-ray film d. lower contrast
emulsion
d. Use a rare earth component in the x-ray film base 11. What will result from using single-emulsion film in an
image receptor having two intensifying screens?
a. double exposure
 b. decreased density
c. increased recorded detail
d. greater latitude

12. If a 40 mAs and a 50-speed screen film system were used

for a particular exposure, what new mAs value would be 19. The continued emission of light by a phosphor after
required to produce the same density if the screen-film activating source has ceased is termed
system was changed to 200 speed? a. fluorescence
a. 10 b. phosphorescence
b. 20 c. image intensification
c. 80 d. quantum mottle
d. 160
20. Using a wire mesh test, warped cassette will demonstrate
13. What determines the amount of fluorescent light emitted which of the following?
from a fluorescent screen? a. increased contrast
1. Thickness of the active layer b. increased detail in certain areas
2. Type of phosphor used c. blurred, blotchy, dark areas
3. kV range used for exposure d. static artifacts

a. 1 only 21. Which of the following will influence recorded detail?

b. 1 and 2 1. screen speed
c. 2 and 3 2. screen-film contact
d. 1, 2 and 3 3. focal spot

14. Film emulsion thickness on each side of the film is a. 1 and 2

approximately b. 1 and 3
a. 2 to 4 microns c. 2 and 3
b. 3 to 5 microns d. 1, 2 and 3
c. 15 to 20 microns
d. 25 to 40 microns 22. Which of the following factors affect/s both radiographic
density and intensifying screen speed?
15. The ability of a material to emit light in response to 1. thickness of phosphor
excitation is: 2. type of phosphors used
a. intensification 3. thickness of spongy screen support
b. fluorescence
c. phosphorescence a. 1 only
d. luminescence b. 1 and 2
c. 1 and 3
16. The normal life of an intensifying screen is _______ years d. 1, 2 and 3
a. 3 to 5
b. 5 to 7 23. The light-sensitive material found in radiographic film
c. 7 to 10 emulsion is:
d. 10 to 15 a. calcium tungstate
b. cesium iodide
17. After cleaning the intensifying screen(s) in a cassette, it is c. sodium halide
best to: d. silver halide
a. load the cassette with film and close it
b. close the cassette without loading it 24. A cassette containing green-sensitive film was unloaded in
c. leave the cassette open to allow it to air dry a darkroom which had a safelight with an amber filter.
d. leave the film with an absorbent material and close What
it effect will color of the filtered light has on the film?
a. film sensitivity will increase
18. After loading a cassette with film, how long should you b. fogging of the film will occur
wait c. radiographic contrast will be enhanced
before performing a quality assurance test for screen d. recorded detail will be improved
contact?
a. 2 minutes 25. The speed of an intensifying screen is influenced by which
b. 5 minutes of the following factors?
c. 15 minutes 1. phosphor layer thickness
d. 30 minutes 2. antihalation backing
 3. phosphor type used
a. 1 and 2
a. 1 only b. 1 and 3
b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3
c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2 and 3
d. 1, 2 and 3
26. To eliminate quantum mottle
a. increase kVp
b. decrease mAs
c. increase mAs 34. Poor screen/film contact can produce
d. increase kVp a. increased density
b. lack of detail
27. All of the following would increase the speed of a film c. lack of contrast
except: d. lack detail
a. increased developer temperature
b. smaller silver halide crystals 35. X-ray film emulsion usually has a protective covering of
c. larger silver halide crystals gelatin called the
d. increased silver ions in emulsion a. active layer
b. supercoating
28. A faster film-screen system will exhibit c. adhesive layer
a. lower contrast d. tinted base
b. wider latitude
c. better recorded detail 36. Which of the following can cause poor screen-film
d. lower patient dose contact?
1. damaged image receptor frame
29. What layer of a typical radiographic film has sensitizing 2. foreign body in image receptor
dyes that tailor the response characteristics of a given 3. warped image receptor front
film?
a. phosphor a. 1 only
b. base b. 2 only
c. emulsion c. 1 and 3
d. adhesive d. 1, 2 and 3

30. Boxes of film stored in too warm an area may be subjected 37. Slow-speed screens are used
to a. to minimize patient dose
a. static marks b. to keep exposure time to a minimum
b. film fog c. to image fine anatomic details
c. high contrast d. in pediatric radiography
d. loss of density
38. Cassette front material can be made of which of the
31. Unopened boxes of radiographic film should be stored following?
away 1. Carbon fiber
from radiation and 2. Magnesium
a. in the horizontal position 3. Lead
b. in the vertical position
c. stacked with the oldest on top a. 1 only
d. stacked with the newest on top b. 1 and 2
c. 1 and 3
32. Radiographic film should be stored d. 1, 2 and 3
a. at temperature below 68 degrees F
b. in 30 to 60 percent humidity 39. Which of the following best describes radiographic screen
c. on end lag?
d. all of the above a. the front of the intensification screen is slower than
the back
33. Which of the following will result in an increase in speed b. a screen speed that is below 200
of c. a film-screen combination with varying speeds
an intensifying screen? d. a screen that continues to emit light after the
1. increased kVp exposure has ceased
2. thicker phosphor layer
3. larger focal spot 40. A slower film-screen system will exhibit
 a. higher contrast
b. narrower latitude 49. The speed of the film is 400. What exposure would
c. poorer recorded detail produce
d. higher patient dose an optical density of 2?
A. 0.005 R
41. The speed of film is determined by the B. 0.0005 R
a. size of the silver halide crystals C. 2.5 mR
b. number of silver halide crystals D. 5.0 mR
c. thickness of the emulsion
d. all of these
42. Which of the following is an abnormal intensifying screen
action?
a. fluorescence 50. The waste product formed during silver halide production
b. luminescence is
c. speed a. Silver bromide
d. lag b. Potassium nitrate
c. Potassium bromide
43. What type of phosphor material was in Roentgen’s d. Silver nitrate
laboratory when he discovered x-rays?
a. Cesium iodide 51. If the quantity of black metallic silver on a particular
b. Calcium tungstate radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light
c. Barium platinocyanide to pass through the x-ray image, that image has density of
d. Lithium fluoride a. 0.01
b. 0.1
44. When using intensifying screen, you can expect to see c. 1.0
quantum mottle on your processed radiographic film if: d. 2.0
a. the film is overexposed because of excessive kVp
levels 52. Which layer of an intensifying screen is closest to the
b. the small focal spot is used when mAs is doubled radiographic film?
c. nonscreen techniques are used a. active
d. the kVp is too low b. protective coating
c. base
45. If single-emulsion film was loaded into its cassette with d. reflective
the
emulsion facing away from the intensifying screen, the 53. Why are single intensifying screen and single emulsion
resulting image would demonstrate. film
a. decreased density used for select radiographic examinations?
b. increased density a. to decrease patient dose
c. crossover b. to achieve longer-scale contrast
d. fog c. for better recorded detail
d. to decrease fiscal expenses
46. X-ray film is packaged in a foil bag to protect it from
a. excessive heat 54. A slower film-screen system will exhibit
b. excessive humidity a. higher contrast
c. radiation fog b. wider latitude
d. dust c. poorer recorded detail
d. increased density
47. The ability of the phosphor to emit as much light per x-ray
photon interaction as possible is a measurement of the 55. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
a. brilliance regarding the addition of pigments and dyes to the active
b. spectral emission layer of some types of intensifying screens?
c. atomic number a. increases screen speed
d. screen speed b. reduces lateral spreading of screen light
c. decreases blurring of screen image
48. An unexposed and processed film will have a density of d. reduces light intensity emitted by screen
about
a. zero 56. The function of the blue tint added to the film base is to:
b. 0.1 a. decrease speed
c. 1.0 b. enhance contrast
d. 2.5 c. decrease recorded detail
 d. increase latitude A. cellulose nitrate
B. polyester
57. Beam restriction has the following effect on contrast C. cellulose triacetate
A. decreases contrast by focusing the x-ray beam D. glass plate
B. decreases contrast because of higher kVp level
used 66. Year when Konica introduced an automatic processor that
C. increases contrast by focusing the x-ray beam has a processing cycle of 45 seconds.
D. increases contrast because of reduction in the A. 1985
number of Compton’s interactions that occur B. 1987
C. 1988
D. 1989

58. Poor resolution is caused by unacceptable levels of 67. Film resolution is determined by ____.
A. umbrella A. silver halide crystal size
B. umbra B. processor time
C. penumbra C. processor temperature
D. all of the above D. speed point

59. Penumbra decreases as _____. 68. Which of the following is not a major component of
A. focal spot decreases automatic processor?
B. OID decreases A. developer
C. SID increases B. wash
D. all of the above C. dryer
D. replenisher
60. The segment of the circulation system most likely to
contain a filter is: 69. The purpose of the sensitivity speck is to ____.
A. the dryer A. attract free silver ions
C. the fixer B. repel free silver ions
B. wash cycle C. cause the crystal lattice to grow
D. developer D. cause the crystal lattice to collapse

61. Dimensional stability is the property of maintaining the 70. Most efficient but most expensive type
size and shape of the _____ A. Single door
A. base B. Revolving door
B. emulsion C. Labyrinth
D. Maze
C. image
D. supercoating 71. What is the technical name for processing artifacts that
occur at specific intervals on a film?
62. Which device is used to measure specific gravity? A. Wet pressure sensitization
A. Hydrometer B. Pi lines
B. Psychrometer C. Guide-shoe marks
C. Hygrometer D. Pinkish marks
D. Heater
72. What term describes an image receptor phosphor's ability
63. Which of the following is a SI base unit of luminous to emit a large amount of light for each x-ray interaction?
intensity? A. Conversion efficiency
A. lux B. Detective quantum efficiency
B. candela C. Grid conversion efficiency
C. nit D. Linear attenuation coefficient
D. foot-candle
73. What is the unsharpness at the outer edge of the
64. What is the required thickness of a primary protective radiographic image called?
barrier? 1. Penumbra
A. 1/16 mm lead 2. Edge gradient
B. 1/32 mm lead 3. Geometric unsharpness
C. 1/16 mm Al
D. 1/32 mm Al A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
65. It is known as the safety base. C. 2 and 3
 D. all of these particular nongrid exposure. What should be the new mAs
if an 8:1 grid is added?
74. What method used to reduce scatter radiation utilizes the A. 8 mAs
spatial effect of placing distance between the patient and B. 12 mAs
the image receptor? C. 16 mAs
A. Air-gap technique D. 20 mAs
B. Increased OID
C. Larger FFD
D. Decreased OID

75. What is the technical descriptor used in medical imaging 82. Which of the following examinations might require the use
for measuring the probability that an x-ray will interact of 120 kVp?
with an image receptor? 1. AP abdomen
A. Conversion efficiency 2. Chest radiograph
B. Grid contrast factor 3. Barium-filled stomach
C. Film/screen speed
D. Detective quantum efficiency A. 1 only
B. 2 only
76. What is the most common cause of poor archival quality C. 1 and 2 only
of radiographic film? D. 2 and 3 only
1. Hyporetention
2. Silver sulfide stain 83. A film emulsion having wide latitude is likely to exhibit
3. Underreplenishment A. high density.
B. low density.
A. 1 and 2 C. high contrast.
B. 1 and 3 D. low contrast.
C. 2 and 3
D. all of these 84. The major function of filtration is to reduce
A. film noise.
77. When converting from a non-grid technique of 8 mAs to a B. scatter radiation.
12:1 ratio grid, what mAs should be employed? C. operator dose.
A. 40 mAs D. patient dose.
B. 20 mAs
C. 30 mAs 85. Which of the following can affect the amount of developer
D. 50 mAs replenisher delivered per film in an automatic processor?
A. Developer temperature
78. Which type of grid is most efficient at absorbing scatter? B. Amount of film exposure
A. Crosshatch C. Film size
B. Focus D. Processor capacity
C. Linear
D. Parallel 86. Law stating that any combinations of mA and time that
produce the same mAs value will produce the same
79. Of the following groups of exposure factors, which will radiographic density
produce the greatest radiographic density? A. Reciprocity law
A. 200 mA, 0.03 s, 72-in source-image distance B. Linearity
(SID) C. Reproducibility
B. 100 mA, 0.03 s, 36-in SID D. Direct square law
C. 100 mA, 0.06 s, 36-in SID
D. 200 mA, 0.06 s, 72-in SID 87. The processor rollers that are out of solution and function
to transfer the film from one solution to another are the
80. Which of the following groups of exposure factors would A. Crossover rollers
be most appropriate to control involuntary motion? B. Transport rollers
A. 400 mA, 0.03 s C. Planetary rollers
B. 200 mA, 0.06 s D. Guide shoes
C. 600 mA, 0.02 s
D. 100 mA, 0.12 s 88. Geometric unsharpness is most likely to be greater
A. at the cathode end of the image
81. Exposure factors of 90 kVp and 4 mAs are used for a
 B. at the anode side C. 48 mAs
C. at the periphery of the image receptor D. 24 mAs
D. at the edges of the film
97. What is the proper mAs for use with an 80 RS system
89. Which portion of the characteristic curve represents over when technical factors of 55 kVp and 5 mAs produce an
exposure of the film emulsion acceptable image with a 200 RS system?
A. Shoulder A. 25 mAs
B. Straight line portion B. 12. 5 mAs
C. Solarization C. 32 mAs
D. Toe D. 15 mAs

90. What is performed to check the correctness of the 98. Substratum is referred to
developing parameters A. protective layer
A. Sensitometry B. emulsion layer
B. Densitometer C. adhesive layer
C. Penetrometer D. base layer
D. Compensating filter
99. What is the required wattage of bulb for indirect safelight?
91. Most common type of compensating filter. A. 15 W
A. wedge filter B. 7.5 W
B. trough filter C. 20 W
C. penetrometer D. 25 W
D. sensitometer
100. Which of the following terms is the unit most commonly
92. Most sophisticated, useful and accepted type of beam- used to measure illuminance?
restricting device. A. Candela
A. Cone B. Candela/m2
B. Aperture diaphragm C. Lux
C. Cylinders D. Flux
D. Collimator
101. Reversal image is also known as
93. Which compensating filter is used for AP projection of A. Solarization
the thorax? B. Reproducibility
A. wedge filter C. Density maximum
B. trough filter D. Shoulder
C. penetrometer
D. sensitometer 102. Thoreaus filter is used for
A. Nuclear medicine
94. Simplest type of beam-restricting device. B. Chest radiography
A. Cone C. Radiation therapy
B. Aperture diaphragm D. Computed Tomography
C. Cylinders
D. Collimator 103. Compound filter is known as
A. Wedge filter
95. If a radiographer used 40 mAs with 12:1 grid ratio, what B. Trough
mAs should be used with a 6:1 ratio grid to produce the C. K-edge filter
same exposure to the IR? D. Double wedge
A. 32 mAs
B. 28 mAs 104. The required distance in air-gap technique is
C. 24 mAs A. 12 cm
D. 80 mAs B. 15 cm
C. 10 cm
96. A satisfactory abdominal radiograph is produced using an D. 7 cm
8:1 grid, 35 mAs and 85 kVp. A second film is requested
using a 12:1 grid, what mAs is needed to produce a second 105. Image contrast is determined by
satisfactory radiograph? A. slope of the D log E
A. 50 mAs B. Straight line portion
B. 35 mAs C. Shoulder
D. Toe