1. On her second attempt to fly from 3.

Much as the Olympics' athletic

England to Australia, Batten tried to competitions have inspired people around
cover the one thousand miles from the world to ________sport and exercise,
England to Rome on the first day. reinvigorated artistic competitions could
Although she had been able to travel that promote enthusiasm for artistic
distance on her first trip, she had nearly achievements and restore Coubertin's
run out of fuel. This time, heavy winds ideal.
caused her to ______ her fuel supply
completely, requiring her to glide to an Which choice completes the text with the
unplanned landing during a storm. most logical and precise word or phrase?

Which choice completes the text with the A. embrace

most logical and precise word or phrase? B. envelop
A. fatigue C. encompass
B. exhaust D. admit
C. decimate
D. delete 4. At a time when African Americans were
denied many avenues for economic and
2. The lettering, which resembled writing social advancement, sports and entertainment
on a chalkboard, gave the poem a new offered opportunities for fame and success;
__________ by rendering the perspective Pollard believed it was essential to preserve
of the poem's speakers-a group of and ________African Americans' access to
teenagers at the level of typography. these industries.

Which choice completes the text with Which choice completes the text with the
the most logical and precise word or most logical and precise word or phrase?
phrase? A. elongate
A. resplendence B. stretch
B. reverberation C. expand
C. resonance D. accumulate
D. vim and vigor
5. The collaborative skills emphasized in 7. To better understand people's
Interprofessional Education (IPE) are receptiveness to opposing viewpoints, public
especially important now. With the policy scholars Julia Minson of Harvard
increasing emphasis on a team-based model University and Frances Chen of the
of patient care, healthcare professionals are University of British Columbia reviewed
expected to ______ collaborative care. dozens of studies spanning from 1984 to
2021. Among their findings, the researchers
Which choice completes the text with the point out that two thoughtful people might
most logical and precise word or phrase? examine each other's ideas seriously and,
A. resist recognizing that it is possible for reasonable
B. ignore people to hold either perspective, respectfully
C. criticize agree to disagree.
D. embrace
Which choice describes the main idea of the
text?
6. "One feels oneself present at the
beginnings of a revolution," a theater critic A. It highlights a potential outcome of a
__________ of this climactic scene; the same strong disagreement.
can perhaps be said of Georg's achievement
overall. B. It describes a process by which
people's opinions can evolve.

Which choice completes the text with the

C. It emphasizes the importance of
most logical and precise word or phrase?
considering multiple perspectives.
A. wondered
B. presumed D. It discusses a strategy that permits
C. sensed opposing parties to reconcile their
D. observed differences.
8. Far below the mid-ocean ridge volcanoes 9. The following text is adapted from Edith
and their countless layers of crust-forming Wharton's novel The Custom of the Country.
lava is the mantle, a 3,200-kilometer-thick
Mrs. Spragg has recently arrived in New
layer of scorching hot rock that forms the
York City with her daughter. The room
earth's midsection and surrounds its metallic
showed no traces of human use, and Mrs.
core. At the planet's cool surface, up thrusted
Spragg herself wore as complete an air of
mantle rocks are dark green, but if you could
detachment as if she had been a wax figure in
see them in their rightful home, they would
a show-window. Her attire was fashionable
be glowing red- or even white-hot. The top of
enough to justify such a post, and her pale
the mantle is about 1,300 degrees Celsius,
soft-cheeked face, with puffy eye-lids and
and it gets about one degree hotter with each
drooping mouth, suggested a partially-melted
kilometer of depth. The weight of overlying
wax figure which had run to double-chin.
rock means the pressure also increases with
depth about 1,000 atmospheres for every According to the text, what is true about Mrs.
three kilometers. Spragg?

Which choice best states the function of the A. She feels anxious in her environment.
underlined sentence within the text as a
whole? B. Her clothing is not suited to her position.

A. To convey the intense pressure that C. Her features are sharp and distinctive.

pervades the mantle

D. She appears aloof and disconnected from

B. To suggest that scientific understanding her surroundings.

of mantle rocks is limited

C. To describe a difference between mantle

rocks and other types of rock

D. To emphasize a difference between

mantle rocks in different locations
10. The following text is from Georgia
Douglas Johnson's 1922 poem ''Youth."

The dew is on the grasses, dear,

The blush is on the rose,

And swift across our dial- youth,

A shifting shadow goes.

The primrose moments, lush with

bliss,

Exhale and fade away,

Life may renew the Autumn time, But

nevermore the May!

According to the text, in what way is youth

unlike the autumn of life?

A. Youth is not affected by the shadows of

life, while autumn is.

B. The period of youth cannot be prolonged,

while the autumn of life can.

C. Youth retains its freshness indefinitely,

while autumn does not.

D. The stage of youth is characterized by

abundant bliss, while the autumn of life may
not be.
11. Text 1 Text 2

Our food now travels an average of 1,500 Just how much carbon dioxide is emitted by
miles before ending up on our plates. This transporting food from farm to fork? Pierre
globalization of the food supply has serious Desrochers and Hiroko Shimizu cite a
consequences for the environment, our comprehensive study done by the United
health, our communities and our taste buds. Kingdom's Department of Environment,
Much of the food grown in the breadbaskets Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) which
surrounding us must be shipped across the reported that 82 percent of food miles were
country to distribution centers before it generated within the U.K. Consumer
makes its way back to our supermarket shopping trips accounted for 48 percent and
shelves. Because uncounted costs of this trucking for 31 percent of British food miles.
long-distance journey (air pollution and Air freight amounted to less than 1 percent of
global warming, the ecological costs of large- food miles. In total, food transportation
scale monoculture, the loss of family farms accounted for only 1.8 percent of Britain's
and local community dollars) are not paid for carbon dioxide emissions.
at the checkout counter, many of us do not
think about them at all.

Based on the texts, how would Desrochers

and Shimizu (Text 2) most likely describe the
view presented in Text 1?

A. It is strongly supported by data compiled

by DEFRA.

B. It overstates the effects of transporting

food on the environment.

C. It appears justified by preliminary

findings but has not yet been definitively
proven.

D. It is highly implausible because most

consumers do not consider the source of their
food.
12.

As part of a unit on pollination, a biology

student is researching Colony Collapse
Disorder, the mysterious disappearance of
millions of honeybee (Apis mellifera)
colonies in the early 2000s. Although many
wild bee populations have ' continued to
decline, the number of honeybees has
increased on every continent. The student
wants to emphasize that in some regions,
honeybee populations had not only
rebounded by 2020 but also reached their
highest level in 60 years.

Which region included in the graph should

the student cite to support this claim?

A. Africa

B. Americas

C. Europe

D. Asia
13. Which choice best describes data from the
chart that supports Zhang and Kudva's
finding?

A. A large majority of readers seeking

immediate access to a book preferred the
electronic option, with less than 25% of
readers opting for print.

B. The percentage of readers who chose a

format based on the variety of titles available
was about 50% for both print books and e-
books.

C. More than 75% of readers preferred print

books for reading to a child, and more than

Despite steady gains in readership and 60% preferred print books for sharing with
overall popularity, e-books are hardly other readers.
positioned to take over print books. Rather,
the two types of media complement each D. When concerned about quick access or
other, providing the same content in different
reading during travel, most readers preferred
forms. Print books and e-books each have
unique attributes and serve distinct purposes, books in the same format.
which vary by demographic and situational
factors. Researchers Yin Zhang and Sunali
Kudva used data from the National Reading
Habits Survey to examine book-format
preferences in a variety of situations.
Although the pair found that e-books are
firmly established as an option due to ease of
accessibility, they also concluded that print
books offer greater appeal to most readers in
certain situations.
14. In the two years following the unification 15. Regulations recently imposed by the
of Germany in 1989, the number of cars government of Risemia call for
owned by residents of East Germany and the unprecedented reductions in the amounts of
total distance traveled by cars in East pollutants manufacturers are allowed to
Germany both increased by about 40 percent. discharge into the environment. It will take
In those two years, however, the number of costly new pollution control equipment
East German residents killed each year as car requiring expensive maintenance to comply
occupants in traffic accidents increased by with these regulations. Resultant price
about 300 percent. increases for Risemian manufactured goods
will lead to the loss of some export markets.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to
Clearly, therefore, annual exports of
explain the disproportionate increase in
Risemian manufactured goods will in the
traffic fatalities?
future occur at diminished levels.

A. The average number of passengers per car

Which of the following, if true, most
was higher in the years before unification seriously weakens the argument in the
than it was in the two years after. editorial?

B. After unification, many people who had A. The need to comply with the new
regulations will stimulate the development
been living in East Germany relocated to within Risemia of new pollution control
West Germany. equipment for which a strong worldwide
demand is likely to emerge.
C. After unification, a smaller proportion of
B. The proposed regulations include a
the cars being purchased by East German
schedule of fines for noncompliance that
residents were used vehicles. escalate steeply in cases of repeated
noncompliance.
D. Drivers who had driven little or not at all
C. Savings from utilizing the chemicals
before 1989 accounted for much of the
captured by the pollution control equipment
increase in the total distance traveled by cars. will remain far below the cost of maintaining
the equipment.

D. By international standards, the levels of

pollutants currently emitted by some of
Risemia's manufacturing plants are not
considered excessive.
16. Up close, regal angelfish flash eye- 17. Fully one-third of the human brain is
popping bands of yellow, violet, and white. devoted to processing visual information; in
But recent studies show that as regals swim contrast, only five percent involves smell. As
against coral reefs visually complex a result, modern neuroscience has focused
background, their contrasting lines merge in most intensely on deciphering sight, with
a predator's brain, allowing them to evade olfaction often treated as a bonus sense. That
capture. According to marine biologist Gil is reflected in the paucity of language to
Rosenthal, as a reef fish retreats, distance and describe it, a situation that poses a problem
motion can make it difficult for predators to for scientific investigation. There are
perceive fine details and distinguish closely countless adjectives to describe what things
spaced outlines of contrasting colors. From look and sound- like, but humans' vocabulary
far away, ______________ for olfactory perception is fragmentary and
highly inconsistent. Therefore, _________
Which choice most logically completes the
text? Which choice most logically completes the
text?
A. the bright colors of the fish can easily be
A. olfactory researchers are seeking higher
perceived, even when the water is clouded
levels of funding to study how people process

by sediment. odors.

B. marine predators must rely on the visual B. people often cannot explain how things
smell to them in a way that is comprehensible
aspects of their prey. to researchers.

C. spots and stripes blur together, allowing C. people must be able to process visual and
olfactory information simultaneously in their
even stationary fish to merge into the
daily lives.
background.
D. people should focus on sensations rather
D. the fish appear as a single mass rather than than words when they encounter new scents.
a group of individual creatures.
18. To create a bar code scanner, Woodland 19. From its mouth, she showed me, each
and Silver adapted technology from an glowworm dangles shimmering silken
optical movie sound system. Their prototype threads glossed in beads of mucus. Cave-
scanner used a 500-watt bulb, a dwelling insects lured by the light, then
photomultiplier tube (a device that detects trapped in these threads, and finally reeled in
light), and an oscilloscope (a device that like fish on a line. The light responds to
translates electronic signals into readable environmental factors. The sound of
information). Although successful, the splashing water, _________might signal that
contraption was both large and costly. prey is nearby, causing the light to brighten.
_________ progress stalled until the 1970s,
Which choice completes the text with the
when laser technology (both more compact
most logical transition?
and less expensive) became available.
A. however,

B. on the other hand,

Which choice completes the text with the
most logical transition? C. for example,

A. For example, D. above all,

B. As a result,

C. However,

D. Even so,
20. With shears in hand, I clip a thin branch 21. Recent research suggests that short-term
from the rosebush in my backyard garden. I training in self-regulation—the ability to
place this clipping into the basket _________ manage attention, emotion, and impulses, as
and crouch under the rosebush again. I snip a well as to persevere in achieving __ have
few more branches and then rise to head to long-term effects for children. A recent study
the greenhouse. found that children who participated in a
single unit on self-regulation were still
Which choice completes the text so that it
experiencing positive effects more than three
conforms to the conventions of Standard
years later.
English?
Which choice completes the text so that it
A. next to me
conforms to the conventions of Standard

B. next, to me English?

C. ,next to me A. goals, can

D. next to me, B. goals can

C. goals—can
D. goals can:
22.In the winter of 1885, archaeologists in 23. While bees can survive in the dark, they
Greece discovered a unique assembly of prefer to be in the sunlight. The shaded
figures. Buried in 480 BC, they had been interiors of woodlands are therefore
spared 2,500 years of vandalism. Researchers considered a poor habitat for bees. New
were astonished-not only because of the research shows that many types of bees are
importance of the works, but also because of active high above the ____ suggests wild
the excellent preservation of ______ original bees are just as happy in treetops as they are
surface paint. among the flowers at ground level.

Which choice completes the text so that it Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard conforms to the conventions of Standard
English? English?

A. their A. trees, however; a discovery that

B. its B. trees, however, a discovery that
C. his or her C. trees, however, a discovery, that
D. one’s D. trees, however, this discovery
24. Adult height is primarily determined by 25. While researching a topic, a student has
the information encoded in people's DNA. taken the following notes:

These correlations are not exact, however. • Game shows became an important part of
Traditionally, the role of genetics in the American popular culture in the 1950s.
process of growth from tiny infant to adults • Viewership of high-stakes games such as
__ a complex and poorly understood area of the $64,000 Question quickly increased.
human biology.
• In 1959, many of the higher stakes game
shows were found to be rigged.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard • Daytime game shows were played for low
stakes, but in the evening, contestants could
English?
win thousands of dollars.

A. are • By the early 1960s, viewership had declined

B. have been significantly.
C. has been The student wants to emphasize the rapid rise
D. having been and fall of game shows' popularity. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to achieve this
goal?

A. During some game shows, contestants

competed against each other for
enormous sums of money.
B. As a result of scandals involving game
shows in the late 1950s, viewers began to
lose interest in these programs.
C. Although game shows attracted a large
following in the first few years after they
were created, viewership decreased
dramatically only a decade later

D. D. In the mid-twentieth century, game

shows reflected the American public's
growing reliance on television for
entertainment
26. While researching a topic, a student has 27. While researching a topic, a student has
taken the following notes:
taken the following notes:
• Cai Lun, director of the Imperial Workshop
• The carbohydrates in honey can quickly be in China, is generally credited with having
created the paper in 105 CE.
converted to energy.
• According to a legend that developed
• Ancient Greeks and Egyptians used honey centuries later, he was inspired by a nest of
paper wasps.
in ointments for skin and eye problems.
• He soaked and pressed plant fibers until
• The medical device company Derma they lay flat.
Sciences sells honey-coated bandages. • In 2006, archaeologists discovered plant-
based specimens with Chinese characters
• Honey does not cause blood sugar to spike dating to 8 CE.
the way other types of sweeteners do. • This suggests that paper was made in China
before Cai Lun's time.
• Today, raw honey is used to reduce seasonal
The student wants to point out that Cai Lun
allergies. was not the true inventor of paper to an
audience unfamiliar with him. Which choice
The student wants to emphasize honey's most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to achieve this goal?
medicinal properties. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from A. While legend held that Cai Lun was
responsible for making the first real paper
the notes to achieve this goal? in 105 C.E., that myth did not develop
until hundreds of years later
A. Unlike other types of sweeteners, honey B. Twenty-first century findings suggest
that paper production actually began in
allows a person's blood sugar to remain
China as early as 8 C.E. rather than in 105
stable rather than rising sharply C.E. as was previously believed
C. Although the invention of paper is often
B. Honey was commonly used as a
attributed to Cai Lun, a court official
sweetener in ancient times, before the during the Han Dynasty, his main
innovation was to soak and press plant
cultivation of sugarcane began.
fibers until they were flat enough to be
C. Honey contains carbohydrates that can written on
D. Cai Lun, a Han Dynasty court official,
provide a quick boost of energy.
was said to have been inspired to create
D. For thousands of years, people have used paper after examining a nest of paper
wasps.
honey to treat skin problems and relieve
allergy symptoms.
MODULE 2 2. Pilots who fly planes for crop dusting and
1.Okanoya's team tracked wild white-rumped other purposes experience disquiet regarding
munias in three areas in Taiwan. At each site, the presence of drones in the airspace above
they _________ flock composition (the farms. Drones might be accidentally flown
percentage of observed flocks that were into nearby tall objects such as cell phone
"mixed," containing white-rumped munias towers. Objections to drones may be
and another species, scaly-breasted munias). ________ with regulations that require drone
operators to always keep drones within sight
Which choice completes the text with the and that require lights on drones to ensure
most logical and precise word or phrase? they are visible.
A. diagnosed
B. dissected Which choice completes the text with the
C. traced most logical and precise word or phrase?
D. analyzed A. engaged
B. addressed
C. encountered
D. refuted
3. The United States Postal Services is ideally 5. For years, workers have used a sprayable
suited to ________ the lack of access because polyurethane foam that is relatively
many post offices, more than half of them, in inexpensive and easy to apply. Meanwhile,
fact are in zip codes with fewer than two bank this foam is made from a nonrenewable
branches. resource, petroleum, and has been deemed
_______ for use by environmentally
Which choice completes the text with the conscious building groups.
most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. undertake Which choice completes the text with the
B. answer most logical and precise word or phrase?
C. address A. unsuitable
D. sanction B. unseasonable
C. incoherent
4. Monopoly players use colorful play money D. inauspicious
to buy and develop properties on a game
board. Other players who land on the 6. You enter a dimly lit hotel. You are shown
properties are charged rent, ________ the to a strange room that features a large,
property owner, who can then buy and glowing exit sign and a framed jigsaw puzzle.
develop more properties. This does not sound like a _______ night at
the theater, but it is the beginning of a
Which choice completes the text with the theatrical performance: Dominic Huber's
most logical and precise word or phrase? Hotel.
A. uplifting
B. glorifying Which choice completes the text with the
C. improving most logical and precise word or phrase?
D. enriching A. prevalent
B. ubiquitous
C. habitual
D. typical
7. Psychologists are beginning to understand 8. People with certain personality disorders
that we see our future selves as strangers. have more theta brain waves than those
Though we will inevitably share their fates, without such disorders. But my data show
the people we will become in a decade, that the amount of one’s theta brain waves
quarter century, or more, are unknown to us. increases while watching TV. So watching
This impedes our ability to make good too much TV increases one’s risk of
choices on their own, which of course is our developing personality disorders.
own behalf. If you feel perfectly justified in
What is a questionable aspect of the
breaking your New Year’s resolution, it may
reasoning above?
be because it feels like it was a promise
someone else made. A. It uses the phrase “personality disorders”
ambiguously
Which choice best states the main purpose of
the text? B. It fails to define the phrase “theta brain
waves”
A. point out the futility of making promises
about future behavior. C. It takes a correlation to imply a causal
connection
B. cast a potentially complex psychological
idea in everyday terms. D. It draws a conclusion from an
unrepresentative sample of data
C. introduce a personal anecdote to
illustrate a scientific concept.

D. suggest that specific occasions can

trigger forward-looking thoughts.
9. The Awakening is an 1890 novel by Kate 10. You express a great deal of anxiety over
Chopin. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist, is our willingness to break laws. This is
on vacation with her husband and children at certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so
Grand Isle resort in Louisiana. diligently urge people to obey the Supreme
Court’s decision of 1954 outlawing
Edna Pontellier could not have told why,
segregation in the public schools, at first
wishing to go to the beach with Robert, she
glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us
should in the first place have declined, and in
consciously to break laws. One may well ask:
the second place have followed in obedience
“How can you advocate breaking some laws
to one of the two contradictory impulses
and obeying others?” The answer lies in the
which impelled her. A certain light was
fact that there are two types of laws: just and
beginning to dawn dimly within her. In short,
unjust. I would be the first to advocate
Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her
obeying just laws. One has not only a legal
position in the universe as a human being,
but a moral responsibility to obey just laws.
and to recognize her relations as an individual
Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to
to the world within and about her.
disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St.

Which choice best states the primary purpose Augustine that “an unjust law is no law at

of the text? all.”

According to King, an unjust statute should
A. To highlight Edna's tendency to behave not be
in contradictory ways A. regarded as having moral authority.
B. broken in a manner intended to attract
B. To present a situation in which Edna
attention.
must make a momentous decision
C. viewed as detrimental to the human spirit.
C. To describe Edna's newfound insight into D. used to enforce obedience to moral law.
her interior and exterior existence

D. To convey Edna's sense of duty toward

her family
11. Text 1 Text 2

By investigating interactions between tree The notion that trees send out resources to
species, scientists have found that trees strengthen a community composed of
leverage similarities and differences in their members of their species is unlikely because
microbial "makeup" to recognize other trees groups that cooperate would need to win out
of their own species, and that they over groups made up of competing
preferentially share nutrients with them individuals. According to plant ecologist
through their mycorrhizal network- the Kathryn Flinn, while trees can sometimes
systems of roots and fungi that connect them. facilitate each other's growth, a forest does
For example, Douglas Fir trees growing in not function like a single organism: it
the same plot have been shown to share more includes a vast array of species with a
carbon among them than with trees of other constantly shifting variety of interactions,
species. both cooperative and competitive.

Based on the texts, what would Kathryn Flinn

most likely say about the "Douglas Fir trees"
in Text 1?

A. Their mycorrhizal network is not fully

understood. 163

B. They function as if they were a single

organism.

C. They are also likely to compete among

themselves for some resources.

D. The amount of carbon they share will

vary according to environmental conditions.
12. Which choice most effectively uses data from
the table to logically complete the text?

A. Erithromycin had a general effectiveness

of nearly 32%, whereas its MRSA
effectiveness was only about five points
lower.

B. Whereas Mupirocin was around 17% less

effectiveness against MRSA than against
MRSA-Methicillen-resistant Staphylococcus general infections, the gap for Clindamicin
aureus- is a type of bacteria that is was only about 14%.
frequently responsible for hospital-
C. Only Vancomycin was fully effective in
acquired infections and is known for being
combatting both general and MRSA bacteria.
exceptionally resistant to common
antibiotics. When a group of these D. Rifampicin showed a general
medications were compared in terms of their effectiveness rate of more than 85%, whereas
ability to cure MRSA infections versus a it was just over 60% effective against MRSA.
variety of other infections, researchers found
that an antibiotic could demonstrate a high
level of general effectiveness but that the
same medication could be significantly less
effective in combatting MRSA. For example,
__________
13. Which statement best describes data from the
graph that would undermine the student's
conclusion?

A. No bat species emitted more than 10

cries on average per night.

B. The number of cries from little brown

bats was among the lowest of any species.

C. More cries were recorded for tri-colored

bats than for hoary bats.
A student studying the presence of white-
nose syndrome, a disease that has decimated D. Eastern red bats were more vocally
bat populations across North America since active than big brown bats.
2007, examined data about the number of
bats in a protected area. Because bats live in
the dark and their cries are inaudible to
people, biologists must use acoustic detectors
to record their sounds and then analyze them
to identify the species present in a given
location. Observing that the highest number
of cries came from big brown bats (Eptesicus
fuscus), the student concluded that brown bat
species were not affected by the disease.
14. Paint on a new airliner is usually applied 15. In countries in which new life-sustaining
in two stages: first, a coat of primer, and then drugs cannot be patented, such drugs are sold
a top coat. A new process requires no primer, at widely affordable prices; those same drugs,
but instead uses two layers of the same newly where patented, command premium prices
developed coating, with each layer of the new because the patents shield patent-holding
coating having the same thickness and weight manufacturers from competitors. These facts
as a traditional topcoat. Using the new show that future access to new life-sustaining
process instead of the old process increases drugs can be improved if the practice of
the price of a new aircraft considerably. granting patents on newly developed life-
sustaining drugs were to be abolished
Which of the following, if true, most strongly everywhere.
indicates that it is in an airline's long-term
economic interest to purchase new airliners Which of the following, if true, most
painted using the new process rather than the seriously weakens the argument?
old process?
A. In countries in which life-sustaining drugs
A. Although most new airliners are still cannot be patented, their manufacture is
painted using the old process, aircraft nevertheless a profitable enterprise.
manufacturers now offer a purchaser of any
new airliner the option of having it painted B. Countries that do not currently grant
using the new process instead. patents on life-sustaining drugs are, for the
most part, countries with large populations.
B. A layer of primer on an airliner weighs
more than a layer of the new coating would C. In some countries specific processes for
by an amount large enough to make a the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs can
difference to that airliner's load-bearing be patented even in cases in which the drugs
capacity. themselves cannot be patented.

C. A single layer of the new coating provides D. Pharmaceutical companies can afford the
the aluminum skin of the airliner with less research that goes into the development of
protection against corrosion than does a layer new drugs only if patents allow them to earn
of primer of the usual thickness. high profits.

D. Unlike the old process, the new process

was originally invented for use on spacecraft,
which are subject to extremes of temperature
to which airliners are never exposed.
16. Physicists have yet to figure out what 17. Most grocery stores spray produce with
exactly happens at the singularity of a black water on a regular basis in order to ensure that
hole: matter is crushed, but what becomes of they maintain a wholesome, fresh-picked
it then? The event horizon, by hiding the appearance. However, according to Martin
singularity, isolates this gap in our Lindstrom, author of Brandwashed: Tricks
knowledge. All kinds of processes unknown Companies Use to Manipulate Our Minds
to science may occur at the singularity, yet and Persuade Us to Buy, not only does this
they have no effect on the outside world. liquid lack any practical purpose, but it has a
Astronomers plotting the orbits of planets deleterious effect: ______
and stars can safely ignore the uncertainties
Which choice most logically completes the
introduced by singularities and ______
text?
Which choice most logically completes the
A. shoppers are unlikely to purchase fruits
text?
and vegetables that appear dry and withered.
A. apply the standard laws of physics with
B. moisture causes picked vegetables to spoil
confidence.
more quickly than they otherwise would.
B. focus on gaining a deeper understanding
C. certain vegetables lose some of their
of black holes.
nutrients when they are boiled.
C. attempt to peer behind the event horizon.
D. produce must be watered at predictable
D. uncover phenomena not currently known intervals in order to appeal to consumers.
to science.
18. Nine hundred years ago, Emperor 19. The clock’s inner workings were equally
Zhezong of China ordered the design and remarkable. Hidden in the tower, a
construction of a clock more accurate than waterwheel eleven feet in diameter powered
any other. This would be no simple the entire clock. ________ would pour at a
__________ Chinese dynasties continued to constant rate into one of the wheel’s thirty-
astrology, they relied on complicated clocks six buckets. When the bucket was full, the
that not only kept time but also helped track water’s weight pulled it down, rotating the
stars, planets, the sun, and the moon. waterwheel.

Which choice completes the text so that it Which choice completes the text with the
conforms to the conventions of Standard most logical transition?
English?
A. Therefore, water
A. timepiece and because
B. In other words, water
B. timepiece. Because
C. For example, water
C. timepiece, because
D. Water
D. timepiece because
20. Su Song created a spectacular timepiece 21. It is a well-established fact that exercise
housed within an ornate forty-foot-tall tower. can help people lose weight and avoid
At the tower’s top sat an armillary sphere— gaining it. However, identifying the cellular
or a nest of metal rings representing 68 mechanisms that underlie this process __
celestial reference points such as the horizon difficult because so many cells and tissues are
and the sun’s path—that rotated in sync with involved.
the earth, enabling precise astronomical
Which choice completes the text so that it
observations. Inside the tower, a sphere
conforms to the conventions of Standard
depicting the sky revolved to display the stars
English?
that were overhead. ______ below the star
sphere, the tower’s open sides exposed a A. have proven
detailed model of a five-story pagoda. B. has proven
C. are proving
Which choice completes the text with the
D. is proven
most logical transition?

A. Besides,

B. Sooner or later,

C. Lastly,

D. Thus
22. The algorithms developed by computer 23. Oscar Howe enrolled in the Sante Fe
scientist Stephanie Gil address such key Studio School in his late teens, learning the
questions as how robots share information flat style of painting taught there. Although
and how each robot enacts an algorithm so the school encouraged students to create the
that __ actions are coherent within a group. kinds of stylized art he would later rail ____
Her goal is to enable the machines to achieve Howe worked successfully in this style for
shared goals more efficiently and accurately. many years, gradually loosening its
constraints to pursue his own creative
Which choice completes the text so that it
interests.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
A. its
English
B. their
C. they’re A. against,
D. our B. against
C. against—
D. against, but
24. Spiders produce the strongest silks but are 25. While researching a topic, a student has
taken the following notes:
too aggressive to be farmed. The second-best
alternative involves incorporating spider ● The ATLAS program uses the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) to obtain precise
DNA into silkworms, traditionally an measurements about the formation of the
expensive and time-consuming process. universe.
Scientists at Tianjin University have ● The LHC is five stories tall, weighs
demonstrated, however, that when the silk 7,000 tons, and has more than 1,500 miles of
cable.
naturally produced by __ its sticky outer layer
is removed, it can be made almost twice as ● More than 5,000 researchers are
involved. Monica Dunford is the coordinator
strong as spider silk. for research on the Standard Model in
physics.

● Silvia Franchini oversees data collection

for the project.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard The student wants to introduce the scope and
purpose of the ATLAS program. Which
English? choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to achieve this
A. Silkworms, has goal?

B. Silkworms has A. The ATLAS experiment was officially

C. Silkworms have founded in 1995; additional countries,
universities, and laboratories joined in
D. Silkworms, have subsequent years.
B. Researchers from dozens of institutions
on nearly every continent participate in
research at ATLAS.
C. The ATLAS program employs thousands
of researchers who use complex tools to
investigate the origins of the universe.
D. As part of the ATLAS program, Monica
Dunford coordinates research on the
Standard Model, while Silvia Franchini
oversees data collection.
26. While researching a topic, a student has 27. While researching a topic, a student has
taken the following notes: taken the following notes:

● Gumbo is a heavily seasoned vegetable • Jacob Lawrence was a mural painter.

stew that sometimes includes meat and
shellfish. • His vibrant patterns and simplified, angular
figures created powerful, direct images.
● Its name comes from a West African
word for okra, even though that vegetable is • His most famous work is the Migration
not always used. Series (1940-41): 60 panels depicting African
Americans' migration from the rural south to
● Shrimp and crawfish were introduced by northern cities after World War I.
members of the Choctaw tribe.
• Half the panels are in the Museum of
● Gumbo was most likely invented in the Modern Art; the others are in the Phillips
1700s; the first written references to it Collection.
appeared in the 19th century.
• In 1954-56, he produced Struggle, a 30-
● Spanish, Caribbean and German dishes panel series focusing on neglected aspects of
have also influenced gumbo. American history from 1775-1815

The student wants to indicate the diverse The student wants to emphasize the large
origins of gumbo. Which choice most scale of Jacob Lawrence's work. Which
effectively uses relevant information from choice most effectively uses relevant
the notes to achieve this goal? information from the notes to achieve this
goal?

A. Lawrence's Struggle series contained

A. Named after a West African word for only half as many panels as the
okra, gumbo combines elements of Migration series.
Spanish, Caribbean, German, and Native B. Lawrence's murals, which consist of
American cuisine. series of panels, feature bold and angular
B. Although gumbo was probably invented designs.
during the 1700s, it was not mentioned in C. In the 1940s and 1950s, Lawrence
writing until the following century created projects consisting of dozens of
C. Despite the origins of its name, gumbo panels to show a wide range of historical
does not always include okra. events.
D. Some versions of gumbo contain meat D. Lawrence's Migration Series, his best
and shellfish, whereas others contain only known work, is divided between the
vegetables. Museum of Modern Art and the Phillips
Collection.
Module 1 Module 2
1. B 1. D
2. C 2. B
3. A 3. C
4. C 4. D
5. D 5. A
6. D 6. D
7. A 7. B
8. D 8. C
9. D 9. C
10. B 10. A
11. B 11. C
12. A 12. D
13. C 13. B
14. D 14. B
15. A 15. D
16. C 16. A
17. B 17. B
18. D 18. B
19. C 19. D
20. A 20. C
21. C 21. B
22. A 22. A
23. B 23. A
24. C 24. B
25. C 25. C
26. D 26. A
27. C 27. C
Module 1

1-6 Norah [6 vocabulary]

7-13 Mai [3 Main idea – 1 Paired Text – 1

poem – 2 Graph]

14-20 Raneem [2 Scientific Findings – 2

Transitions - 2 logically complete – 1
punctuation]

21-27 Rwan [3 Standard English – 3 Notes]

Module 2

1-6 Norah [6 vocabulary]

7-13 Mai [3 Main idea – 1 Paired Text – 1

poem – 2 Graph]

14-20 Raneem [2 Scientific Findings – 2

Transitions - 2 logically complete – 1
punctuation]

21-27 Rwan [3 Standard English – 3 Notes]

Rawan Younis Revision

Resources

Literal Comprehension q 4&6

the big picture q3&5

function q1&2

paired passages example 1&q1

graph example 1,2,3 & q1

GMAT cr 700 to 800 club q70

2017 PSAT 14-10 reading q28