Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
5/15/2019
1
Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
COOLING WATER TREATMENT
• PURPOSE OF COOLING WATER: REMOVAL
OF EXCESS HEAT FROM PROCESS
5/15/2019
2
Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
WHY WATER AS A COOLING
MEDIUM?
• ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE
• HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT AND THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
• MODERATE SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND
VISCOSITY
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
TYPES OF COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS
• ONCE THROUGH
• OPEN RECICULATORY
• CLOSED RECIRCULATORY
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM
PROCESS FLUID OUT
FROM CW IN
SOURCE HEAT EXCHANGER
CW OUT
PROCESS FLUID IN
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
OPEN RECICULATORY SYSTEM
EVAPORATION
CW OUT
DRIFT Process in
HEAT
MAKE UP
Process Out
EXCHANGER
CW IN
BLOW
DOWN
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CLOSED RECIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
CW OUT
PROCESS IN
PROCESS OUT
CW IN
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
OPEN RECIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
OPEN RECICULATORY
SYSTEM
EVAPORATION
CW OUT
DRIFT Process in
HEAT
MAKE UP
Process Out
EXCHANGER
CW IN
BLOW
DOWN
• E = R x Del T(deg C) x 1.8 / 1000
• C= TH in C.W. / TH in M.W.
• M= E + B + W
5/15/2019
• B+W=E/(C-1) 8
Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
PROBLEMS IN COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS
• CORROSION
• SCALING
• FOULING
• MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CORROSION
• ELECTROCHEMICA • CORROSION
REACTION
L REACTION Fe(OH)3
• REQUIRES: Fe++
• CATHODE
• ANODE
• ELECTROLYTE
ANODE CATHODE
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
• pH Low Corrosion High
• DISSOLVED GASES : O2, CO2, H2S, Cl2
• DISSOLVED SOLIDS --> High --> Corrosion High
• TEMPERATURE --> High --> Corrosion High
• WATER VELOCITY
• SUSPENDED SOLIDS
• MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
SCALING
• PRECIPITATION AND DEPOSITION OF
SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS
• EXAMPLES : CARBONATES, SULFATES,
PHOSPHATES OF Ca & Mg ; PHOSPHATE
OF IRON; OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES OF
OF IRON AND MANGANESE; SILICATES
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
FACTORS AFFECTING SCALING
• pH HIGH SCALING HIGH
• TEMPERATURE
• CONCENTRATION OF SCALE
FORMING SALTS
• WATER VELOCITY
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
FOULING
• DEPOSITION OF SUSPENDED
PARTICLES
• EXAMPLES : DIRT, INSOLUBLE
SILICA, SILT
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
FACTORS AFFECTING FOULING
• SUSPENDED SOLIDS
• WATER VELOCITY
• MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH
• ALGAE
• FUNGII
• BACTERIA
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ALGAE
• GREEN GROWTH SEEN ON OPEN AREAS
• REQUIRES SUNLIGHT
• GROWS ON THE DECK AND LOUVERS
• CHOKES DISTRIBUTION NOZZLES
CAUSING REDUCTION IN WATER FLOW
• INCREASES LOAD ON COOLING TOWER
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
FUNGII
• GROWS ON WOODEN STRUCTURE
• REQUIRES CARBONACEOUS
MATERIAL
• WEAKENS WOODEN STRUCTURE OF
COOLING TOWER
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
BACTERIA
• MAIN TYPES :
1. AEROBIC
2. ANAEROBIC
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
AEROBIC BACTERIA
• REQUIRE OXYGEN FOR SURVIVAL
AND GROWTH
• REFLECTED IN TPC ANALYSIS
• SECRETE SLIME CAUSING FOULING
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
AEROBIC BACTERIA IN COOLING
WATER SYSTEMS
• PSEUDOMONAS
• NITROBACTOR
• IRON OXIDISERS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
PSEUDOMONAS
• GIVE RISE TO VOLUMINOUS BIOMASS
• SECRETE SLIME CAUSING FOULING
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
NITROBACTOR
• OXIDIZE AMMONIA TO NITRIC AND
NITROUS ACID REDUCING pH
• RESULTS IN HEAVY CORROSION
• CAN SURVIVE UPTO 5.5 pH
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
IRON OXIDIZERS
• DIRECTLY ATTACK STEEL SURFACE
• CAUSE SEVERE CORROSION
(PITTING)
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ANAEROBIC : SULFATE
REDUCING BACTERIA
• REDUCE SO4 IONS TO H2S
• H2S CAUSES DIRECT CORROSION OF
METAL
• PITTING CORROSION CAUSED DUE TO
SRB CONTINUES UNDER DEPOSITS
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
TREATMENT PROGRAMS
• CORROSION CONTROL
• SCALE CONTROL
• FOULING CONTROL
• MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH
CONTROL
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CORROSION CONTROL
• BASIC PRINCIPLE: PREVENT THE
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION OF
CORROSION
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CORROSION INHIBITORS
• ANODIC
• CATHODIC
• GENERAL
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ANODIC INHIBITORS
• FORM PROTECTIVE LAYER ON
ANODIC SURFACE
• CHROMATE, NITRITE, MOLYBDATE,
ORTHOPHOSPHATE
• LOWER THAN REQUIRED DOSAGE
GIVES RISE TO SEVERE PITTING
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CATHODIC INHIBITORS
• FORM PROTECTIVE LAYER ON CATHODIC
SURFACE
• METAPHOSPHATE, SILICATES, ZINC,
BICARBONATES
• LOWER THAN REQUIRED DOSAGE GIVES
RISE TO GENERAL TYPE OF CORROSION
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
GENERAL INHIBITORS
• FORM PROTECTIVE LAYER ON SURFACES
IRRESPECTIVE OF ANODE OR CATHODE
• PHOSPHONATES, AZOLES, SPECIFIC
POLYMERS
• SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH
OTHER INHIBITORS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
SYNERGESTIC EFFECT
• USING TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF
INHIBITORS GIVES MUCH BETTER
PROTECTION
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
SCALE INHIBITORS
• SEQUESTRATION
• THRESHOLD INHIBITION
• CRYSTAL DISTORTION
• DISPERSION
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
SEQUESTRATION
• CHEMICALLY COMBINE TO FORM
WATER SOLUBLE COMPLEX
• VERY HIGH CONCENTRATION
REQUIRED
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
THRESHOLD INHIBITION
• ALLOW HIGH CONC OF SCALE FORMING
SALT WITHOUT PRECIPITATION
• ADSORPTION ON NUCLEUS OF SCALE
FORMING CRYSTAL & PREVENTING ITS
GROWTH
• VERY LOW DOSE POSSIBLE
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
CRYSTAL DISTORTION
• ADSORPTION ON ALREADY FORMED
CRYSTAL
• CAN NOT FORM COMPACT SCALE
• SCALE EASILY REMOVED BY WATER
VELOCITY
• LOW DOSAGE
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
DISPERSION
• KEEPING PARTICLES IN SUSPENDED
FORM
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ANTISCALANTS
• POLYPHOSPHATES: UNSTABLE, FOOD FOR
MICROBES
• PHOSPHONATES: STABLE, HIGHLY
EFFECTIVE, DO NOT PROMOTE MICROBIAL
GROWTH
• DISPERSANTS: STABLE, HIGHLY EFFECTIVE,
DO NOT PROMOTE MICROBIAL GROWTH,
DISPERSION
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ANTIFOULANTS
• DISPERSION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
-- -
-
• LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• MICROBIOCIDES
• BIO-DISPERSANTS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
MICROBIOCIDES
• OXYDIZING
• NON-OXYDIZING
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
OXYDIZING BIOCIDES
• OXIDIZE THE CELL MATERIAL
• MICROBES CAN NOT GET IMMUNED
• LACK OF PENETRATING POWER
• CHLORINE, BROMINE, OZONE
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
ACTION OF OXIDIZING BIOCIDES
Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HOCl
Br2 + H2O = HBr + HOBr
O3 O2 + O
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
NON-OXIDIZING BIOCIDES
• DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS HAVE
DIFFERENT MODES OF ACTION
• INTERFERRING WITH ENERGY
TRANSFER MECHANISM
• CELL RUPTURE
• INTERFERRING WITH METABOLISM
REACTIONS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
NON-OXIDIZING BIOCIDES
• QUATERNERY AMINES
• ALDEHYDES
• ISOTHIAZOLINES
• METHYLENE BIS THIOCYANATE
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
COMPLETE TREATMENT
PROGRAM
SCALING
C
F O
O R
U COOLING R
L WATER O
I SYSTEM S
N I
G O
N
MICROBIAL GROWTH
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
PRODUCTS FOR COOLING
WATER TREATMENT
• CORROSION/ SCALE INHIBITORS
• CORROSION INHIBITORS
• ANTISCLANTS
• DISPERSANTS
• MICROBIOCIDES
• SPECIFIC PRODUCTS
5/15/2019
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Best Service Technology
water Solutions & Equipment’s
SPECIFIC PRODUCTS
• TAILORMADE SPECIAL
FORMULATIONS
5/15/2019
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