‘Confrence Paper | POF Available O |APule dant maculata LLC esonantconvrtar bases bata charger tor HEVIPHE appltion ‘Conference: 2019 IEEE Intemational Conference on Electial Computer and Communion Techrelogias (ECCT) Authors Chandan Suthar Suman Chandan LUnversty of Ceorade Bouier Iran Institute of Technology Kharagpur at (Chakraborty Citations (2) References (17) Figures) Fuss Implementation ofcnarging profs Characteristics of shows the Pulse Densiy. ofa ingle io... LC resonant. charging Figures -uplosdedby Chanden Suinae Author anton sein or Content may be subject to conyat © Public Fulltext (Corton uploaded by Chandan Suter Autre content A Pulse density modulated LLC resonant converter bas battery charger for HEV/PHEV application (Chandan Suhar, Deparoent of Blectrical Engineering. UT Kharagpur [email protected] Suman Ma, Department of Flees! Enginesing, IIT Kharagpur suman maii@ee tgp acin Abstract ~ Mligh ficiency battery, chargers are very important for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) or Plug-in Hybrid fle (PHEV) applications. In this paper, an on-board Dattery charger Is proposed based on inductor-inductor- capacitor (LLC) type resonant converter topology, Pulse density ‘modulation technique is used to control the converter. The reference voltagelcurrent is sel and the actual vllagelcurrent i ‘sensed and compared. PDM works in a way that when the error |i postive, Ie allows pulses and the switches ean operate at freefined feomence. Wh rates Halon nlc Jeomut B. Sergi, ‘School of Energy Science and Enginerng. TT Kharagpur Jeomuranigp.acin Chandan Chakraborty Department of Elica Engineering, IT Kharagpar cei@eitkgp cin passive, such a5 a resistor, Or simplification, For a ‘charger, however, the load behaves mote like a voltage than a passive loa. HEV/PHEV chargers are generally categorized in types — on-board and stand-alone (oif-board) type ol ‘with unidicetional or bidirectional power flow capat (On-board chargers are conductive in nature, connecte the vehicles only through charging outlets required to the vehicle, Ithas limited nonver handling canabilitebIndex Terms ~ HEVIPHEY battery charger, resonant converter, pulsed density modulation (PDM), Zero. Valtag switching (ZV) Hybrid Electic Vehicles (HEVs) or Plug-in Hybrid Plecttic Vehicles (PHEVs) are the best solutions in transportation section for replacement of petroleum as it helps reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and hazardous pollutants into the environment [1]. HEVs or PHEVs are having increasing attention in the automotive industry because of environmental and economic benefits (2) High efficiency, reliability and power density are the basic requitements fr an on-board battery charger in PHEV applications. Conventionally, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology was used for the converter with hard-switching of | the switches which suffered from severe switching losses and EML issues. This configuration gives rise to a need for a better topology that can alleviate such problems. Resonant converters provide @ promising solution and were reported in various papers because of their simple structure, high efficiency and low EML (45). Among various resonant converters, the full bridge inductor inductor-apacitor (LLO) resonant converter becomes the mast attractive topology due to its high efficiency, low EMI emissions, a wide operation range, and the ability to achieve high power density [6 However, the load-dependent properties of LLC resonant converters complicate their design procedure. The theoretical analysis of many ofthe papers focuses on the optimization for resonant converter with load characteristics assumed to be omer mand, me ott board chargers are ot inauctie ‘charger cireuit is not present with the EV of PHEV itsel board chargers are capable of handling higher power. Ihave lesser constraints in weight and size, Level 3 charg ‘considered as off-board chargers [9] ‘The battery output characteristics change non-1 during. charging, so normal charging algorithm wil Ihelpfl in achieving fast charging. Constant Current Cc Voltage (CCV) charging method is mostly prefer hattery charging. application because of its robustne effectiveness that helps enhancing the battery life | constant current (CC) mode the ouput voltage of the ‘converter is changing greatly and widely and in cc ‘oltage (CV) mode the output load decreases from full neatly no load condition [8]. In this paper, a Li-fon bat charged using an LLC resonant converier based | ‘charger, which is operated with PDM technique ‘The paper is organized as follows: Section dis ‘exising charging technologies, their limitations and based categorization of the battery chargers. See explains the LLC resonant based converter topology ‘operating principle. Section-IIl explains the contol s used to implement the Constant Current Constant ¥ {CCCV) mode to charge the battery pack. Section-1V p the simulation results obtained and Section-V concluc work UL. Cineurr ToroLocy oF AC-DC (2 CHARGER yAGE) BATT ‘The structure ofthe converters shown in Fig. 1, Th two-stage converter, In the fist stage, AC-DC conver performed using # Power Factor Carrection (PFC) 1 781-5386.815891191851.0 62019 THEE -Ahoteed ensue Write: NIWERSIT OF COLORADO, Downloaded an Gclcber 28.2822 181248 UTC fom IEEE Xe, Resins ae and in the second stage, DC-DC conversion is done using a resonant converter. Inthe fist stage, EMI fiter is connected along with the PEC boost restifier, Close-loop controller is implemented to control the power flow from the souree to the battery maintaining te required load voltage and/or current eunere ‘Convenor, ve nc-06 c.0e Seey ig 1 ype block diagram of bate charger ‘Though, the LLC topology can be implemented as a half bridge type or a full-bridge type, the full-bridge type is prefered in PHEV applications du to its higher power rating. Switches 5, SSS, a shown in Fig. 2, form an inverter to convert the DC bus vllage into a square wave AC wllag, ‘which is then provided tothe esouaattaak asthe input. The components, Cy, Ly and by farm the LLC resonant tank 5, —Sand Sy"~ form two switching groups. Bach group is tured" ON and OFF with 50% duty ratio a a equeney fe with a phase difference of 180° in order to generate the symmettical square wave of amplitude Voc (Fig. 3. An jsolation transformer with m1 tums-ratio is connected ‘erwcen the resonant tank and the diode bridge reetiir. ARer the diode bridge rectifier, C. filters ot the ripple components However, the distortion power factor is very poor, ‘makes the overall power factor very low. The PFC used ‘work is showm in Fig. 4, The duty ofthe boos! swite controlled t9 achieve sinusoidal input current and < ‘ogulate voltage across the capacitor, Cy. ‘The AC equivalent circuit of an LLC resonant con ‘based on Fundamental Harmonic Approximation (FHA is shown in Fig. 5. Ve ve" hea Voc wok Ve by Rega “Vee " In this circuit, egac isthe equivlent resistance & fiom the transformer primary. The DC equivalent gain LLC converter obtained fom the FIIA analysis= a See uh LEE 498 (= “ wa Be ‘The normalized input impedance of the resonant ta a 7 be derived as follows: Fig. 2 On-board ater cars eit inzam for HEV I, ANALYSIS OF Ti CONVERTER ‘The single-phase AC voltage (Vy) is frst converted into a DC voltage using a PFC rectifier. Power Factor Correction shapes the input current of the power supply to maximise the real power available from the mains. ‘The input current ‘waveform without PFC is shown in Fig, 3, ig Sapa voltage ad cusrent ypcl SMPS witha PFC It is interesting to note thatthe input voltage and cure are in phase, and hence the displacement power factor is unity. 7 2ulhuhe@) = GO =n Stile le P+Re 2 + EQ? Iu A. second resonant frequeney, corresponding ‘conditions of no load or the secondary winding(s) bein ‘comes out to be: 1 fa F2 aeltly tg) ls From (1), itis observed that the DC voltage gain LLC resonant converter depends on three parame frequency of operation, load situation and inductance family of plots of the vollage gain versus nom frequency (f,) for different values of @ and = 0.1 is inFig. 6 [Atholeed ansdute Wt: AIWERSITY OF COLORADO, Cowroadnd an Gls 8.2002 18:48 UTC Kam IEEE Xa, Retire spe Load-independent point can be observed at f, = 1 where the DC gain remains 1 irrespective ofthe variation inthe load, This is called resonant mode of operation, For frequencies higher than the resonant frequency, gain is always less than 1 and the converter operates in above-resonance mode or inductive mode, For the primary side switches, ZVS is achieved if the input impedance of the resonant tank is inductive and ZCS is achieved if the input impedance tums capacitive. It can be observed from equation (2) that for {> the resonant tank input impedance is always inductive fand hence ensures ZVS of the primary side switches However, for fy <1, the input impedance can be beth inductive or capacitive depending on the values of f, Land Q ‘The boundary condition is shown in the figure with a dotted line by equating the imaginary part in equation (2) to zero [3] Gain plot with varying 1 values and constant load is plotted in Fig. 7. It can be observed that as the inductance ratio increases, the curve shrinks more, ie, provides a higher voltage gain within a smaller frequency band, Also, as can be ‘observed from equation (2), increasing / values decreases the input impedance and thus inveases the citeulating curren. Resonant frequency 100 kt Say, the targeted efficiency of the PFC is 95% w input power factor 0.99. Pout 1440 Tenancy = = 9) Winiems)(PF) (0.95)(220)(0.99) Assuming 30% ripple in the input current, we get Taripie = 30% + (V2* 6.96) = 2.95 A The duty ratio (D) of the Doost converter © ‘calculated using the following equation Voc Vinreciyiea_ 380 ~ 220 2 _ Yoe 3000 > ose ‘where Voyrctsica {8 the voltage atthe input ofthe boost pg is the voltage across the capacitor C,.. The mi value of the boost inductor is calculated based upc acceptable ripple in the inductor current (lgyppel 8 Fe VpcD(A — DY f feeaselrsle Hee Lp is chosen 98 0.4 mH, Assuming Vpcin 'V, PFC output capacitor (Cp) is designed according to that during holdup time, Vne does not fall below 350 V ‘that holdup time isthe inverse ofthe line frequency. = 0.26mi p> 2ePons*toun Ye Vakinin OP A standard capacitor of 3 mP is used. The trans ‘ums ratio of the resonant converter for no-load condit calculated according to (7), taking into considerateIV. DesionPRoceDuRE ‘The rating and specification of the converter are presented in Table L Parameter ‘Value/Range Active Powe, Pe 144 kW np AC wage, Vrms 2207.50 Hz DC Bus voltage, Vac 3507—380V Rating ofthe batery load 48¥,20Ah ‘Output voage, Fn asv—si¥ A value of n = 6.5 is chosen. ZVS operation is ol for normalized frequency greater than 1. Higher op. frequency reduces the converter size at the cost of inc switching losses. The operating frequency is, thus, ta T10 kilz for a resonant frequency of 100 Kiiz ‘As can be observed from Fig. 7, higher valu: provides higher voltage gain. Oa the other hand, bi implies lower lg, giving rise to an increased magn ‘current and switch turning off current, which in turn inc switching Tosses, Also, higher Lis required to ensure t short-cireuit curret does not increase much and stays U limit. After several iterations, = 0.2 is chosen, _Athoized censure Inte: AIWERSITY OF COLORADO. Onwronde an Olea 282122! 16346 UTC Kom IEEE Xela, Restore spp iH Vling ui ver Quai Fat, f=, = 02 Based on these values chosen above, e plot between Gain and Quality Factor is shown in Fig. 8, It is observed that for Q>23, the output vollage can never reach Vouemar ‘Therelore, @-< 23 is considered, In CC mode, the battery current remains constant nd its voltage keeps on rising. AS @ result, the output resistance of the converter keeps on increasing. The boundary of the output resistance (Ry) is siven in (7). Matin ay < own 2250 < Ry < 2552. o The minimum value of capacitance is calculated according to (8) using minimum AC equivalent resistance (Reqacmin) and maximum quality factor (Qa) < Oper a Q On ”? aafesRegacminQmax © 6, > 0013 uF So, we chose a readily available capacitor of C= 0.1 uP The values of Ly and Ly ean be calculated according to (9) and (10) respectively. b= gpiagac, = 253ml ° L Lm t = 1265 wih a0) Fig 9:PFC comer Bock gan, B. DC-DC LLC Resonant Converter Controller 1. Pulse Density Modulation (PDM) Method Pulse-Density Modulation (PDM) is mod technique used to control the density of “train” of pals single modulating cycle. This technique is also refer “purst-mode” control [11]. The modulating freque: ‘chosen much less than the switch operating Fzequency to have enough pulses i a single modulating cycle DC-DC coverter fo get rid of transients and reach + state In this modulation technique, as ean be observed 10,the switches are provided with train of pulses (dut 0.5) ata constant frequency for a particular patiod & ‘suppressed for the rest of the period in # modulating ‘The converter sees a square wave of magnitude Ve WE pulse train is being provided and tums off when the pul suppressed. The output depends upon ‘suppression’ peri ‘thus the periad for which the pulses are suppress is bo 4 contro signal obtained ffom a control algorithm to the battery in a CCCV fashion [12]. One advantage o: ‘converters is that i produces low electromagnetic inert ‘which pollutes the environment ina lesser extent (4), or Si 1‘The power factor of the input current is improved by controlling the duty ratio of the boost switch Sp [10]. AS shown in Fig. 9, gate signal is obtained from a current coniol loop where the actual boost inductor current is compared with reference current generated from an outer voltage loop. The inductor reference current wave-shape is generated by sensing the input AC voltage, normalizing it and taking its absolute value. The magnitude of current waveform is obtained by the voitage controller acting on error generated by comparing the actual DC link voltage with a reference value. Te Fig. 10: Pulse Density Modulation (PDN) method ‘Te control signal for PDM is generated by compar actual sensed oulput voltage with a reference volta, processing the eor, thus ginerated, by a PI contolle Fig. 11 shows the block diagram for implementing technique, _Athojeed ansdutefnte i: NIWERSITY OF COLORADO, Cowrloada an Olcber 82002 18.248 UTC Fam IEEE Xoo, Raton ape ede Smt ‘Senn Sol b@a eo costs, Fig. 11: Implementation of Puls Density Moulton tsigue Instead of directly connecting the output of the comparator tothe two AND gates, a D flip-flop is inserted in between to hold the value until the next rising edge occurs ‘This is done to prevent any arbitrary tum ON and turn OFF of | pulses. 2. Constant Current Constant Voltage (CCCI) Constant Current Constant Voltage (CCCV) controlled charge system is used for charging Li-ion and some other batteries that may be damaged if the upper voltage limit is exceeded (14). The charging profile fora single Li-ion battery cel is shown in Fig, 12. The batery is charged at maximum ccurtent that it can handle and is shifted to Constant Voltage mode before its voltage reaches the upper limit to avoid overcharging. Iitially in the pre-charge stage, the charging ccurtent is kept very low at Inge till the batery voltage sats ‘rom its minimum and reaches @ threshold, Constant Current ‘mode then kicks in, wherein, significant amount of eurent is ppamped into the battery [15]. The siat-of-charge and voltage increase quit rapidly in this mode, As soon as the batty voltage reaches the upper limit, itis maintained constant at that “oat level. At this point a Li-ion battery is generally charged to approximately 85%-90% of its capacity. During CV mode, the charging current decreases asthe charge ofthe battery reaches completion, Afer reaching a predetermined ‘minimum value of the charging eurent, the batery is cut-off from the charger [16], CV= o implies Constant Current mode. This value is ot by comparing the actual SoC with 90%, The signal ot frm this coatoller is then fed tothe Pulse Density Moe shown earlier which generates the required gate signals switches, Vea - 1 Voom ow Voltage PI Saturation Controler Sitch Current PI Saturation lon controler Fig 12:-CC-CV cote fre balery charger ‘Vi. SIMULATION RESULTS ‘The simulation of the citcutis performed in PLEC details ofthe simulation parameter are given in Table I. TABLE ‘CIRCUIT PARAMETERS FOR THE MODEL ‘Model Parameters Value Boost inductor, Ly 4m PC output capacitor, 3me Frequency for boos Swit, Foot isk ‘Resonant tank series indutanc, 2534 ‘Resonant tank series eapacitanes, C, OnE Resonant tank mating inductance, ly 1285, Switching frequen for LLC converter, 110 kt Fier capacitor, Co ime Fig. 14 shows the key waveforms of the LLC re ‘converter operated in open loop when no pulses are sb Fig. 15 shows switch S, current and voltage waveforms ‘be observed that when the switch tums ON, the switch « is negative which ensures that the anti-parallel diode co and hence ZVS is achieved, The converter is then oper ‘losed loop with an ouput current reference of 20A a corresponding characteristic waveforms are shown in F Fig. 17 shows that ZVS is achieved in closed loop a:Tig 1 Charging ole ofa single Lien cal ‘The schematic diagram of CCCV charging conteoller is shown in Fig. 13. The controller has two loops implementing the wo modes of control - Constant Current and Constant Voltage. The “CV” block in the diagram determines the active ‘mode of control, CV ~ | implies Constant Voltage mode and sowie is" | zhotzad cena tte: NIMERSITY OF COLORADO, Cowronse an Ota 29202216348 UTC Kom IESE Xela. Restore spp Fig. 15: Zor Vlag Smithing (2VS) nope oop Fig. 17: Zero Voge Switching (25) achieved for esl loop 5 18 shows the charging profile for « 20Ah batter 80% intial SoC and 1.5 C charging rate. The controle: to constant voltage mode when the SoC hits 90% limit a seine ig. 8: Bry caging wars VIL Concuusioxs, An on-board battery charger is proposed based 0 resonant converts, ADC bus of 380V is creat rectifying the line AC voltage using a diode rectifier + active PFC ~ achieved by inserting a boost converter af diode bridge rectifier. The DC bus voltage acts as anit the LLC based DC-DC converter providing power battery load on the output. PFC rectifier and LLC re DC-DC converter are designed based on given constraints. Input power factor is improved by controll ‘boost switch using an outer voltage oop and an inner « loop in a way that the input current tracks the scalec Voltage waveform, Le, ina way thatthe entire eieuit fr arid side looks resistive. Further, the LLC resonant 1 ‘converter is controlled using twa parallel controllers to charge the tattery in @ CCCV manner along with t ‘switching of the primary side switches. Pulss I Modulation is used fr fast battery charging. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, ‘The authors would like to thank the funding ag Uchhatar Avishkar Vojana, Govt. of India and Tata Mot-Anotzed censure Inte: AIMERSITY OF COLORADO. Downloade an Olea 28202216348 UTC Rom IESE Xela. Restore a2 REFERENCES (1 1: Deng 8,5. 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How, “Novel Hale Resonant Conerer Toeiogy Reased by Adjusog Teansmer Parancet ISBE Trane om Inde. v9, pp 197-208, eb 2002 6) Yok tee A Khaighs ind A Ey “Adriced Integrated Bidens AGIDC and BCIDC Cemsenr fer Paglnbié Ese WVehils" IEEE Tran on elicuar Tech, 4 $6, m8, 9p. 397 3980, Ot 209 Arrenonx valent resistence 2 8 Yow ys 8 Vide Reaae = 2 doug? Bg Voltage conversion ratio: M = owe Resonant froqueney: fey = Characteristic impedance anne _Nahojesd anadute rte io: NIWERSITY OF COLORADO, Cowroadad an Ole 8.2002! 18:5848 UTC ham IEEE Xe, Retire aeCctatons (2) Reterencos (17) Flsbity of PSM has boon proved in many works in erature deaing wih ferent application. nthe PSM ie Used nan LLC resanantcorwatr for elect vcle charging. Tha PSM 's used a conl the carver, achive he 2zere-velage sntching concn ane reduce EMI emission. Effect of Pulses Distribution ina Buck Converter Controlled with Pulse Skipping Modulation Confrence Paper su2021 @ Lorenzo Cian Marcantonio Caslanl- @ Alssancto Barn - @ Alberto Rost AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING USING HYBRID LLC RESONANT CONVERTER SYSTEM Confrence Paper ‘A Elaky D, Meanakshi-MMary Rachel AshwaryaRecommendatons Diseover mare “Train OF lro-Bunchos nn Acbve Mea Lov Senaener-Lev Wie dovelop oxi exeresion or the energy exchange occuring as vain of mcr-bunches waveses an acive madum. Having Inneren ection ast wh the naron tanga ofthe madium' esonanos. tis cenonsrates tat or 1040, 7OMeN sdectonsin a. (Show tl astat [EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRONIC SATELLITES TO THE HodIKE ALUMINIUM Is2-182p 1P1 RESONANCE, anvry 1989 Le Jounal de Physique Calloques Jams Dunn -@ Robie Barnsley -K.D. Evans [J - MH. Key We prasent ners expermental observations of stslitesuctre ote 182129 resonance Ines of He-tke Aluminio emi rom shot puke (20psec), dens (n2-102312n3) laser produco plasmas. A Johann ype PET (002) esta spectomtee wth high Fasoling power was used tomato accu lneinonsty measuemans, which Nave Gen estmals ofthe elon tomparature and Senay for (Show hl act Intuence of acouste waves onthe ouput power of pulsed ga cscharge lasers ‘Octaber 2007 - Soviet Jour of Quantum Electonics LVF Keavchanka £ K Kabul AA Gudhov VE Bogosiask Ihwas ectabches tht acousteoeliatons ae exoted nthe scive mesa of puled 2s lacharge fers hang high spect pus Gansty ofthe active meium nthe charge tube, ard tvs ruts In aesonant dependence of the average laser outut (Show hl soatael) Invastgation of te gain of ate masa utizing stom copper tansiions ‘Ociaber 2007 - Sovie! Jour of Quetum Electonics MM. Kaluga -EN Kuzninova S.€. Ptapov ‘The asus are gven ofan experimental invesigaton of he gan of actve med utlzng ranstions fom the resonance velo ower denety and onthe time separation between tne mantr-ocilator ang ampliter pumping plese were determined opener wih {hose [Show ht abstract Fabrication of Aray Pore on Pobsieon Sutace by Plessecond Later Ta A. Feng -H. Chen YL Inerdar to reduce the relecvty of poysiican sutace, a picosacond ase is adopted to farcae aay pores onthe plsicon with ose power ct 6B) pus hequanay of 25K, searing spaed of mls ana seanning mes nf? ats chasan sat on hoseee company Support Business solutions aboutus Hep Contr Advering News Reortog ©2008-2028 ResearehGate GmbH. Aight reserved. “Terme - Piva - Copyight-Inpoit