Introduction to Signal
Processing
DR. TAREK TUTUNJI
PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY
2014
What is a Signal?
A physical quantity that varies with time,
frequency, space, or any other independent
variable or variables.
Signal carries information and can be described as
a function of independent variables in math
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What is a signal?
sensor
Dynamical Physical quantity
phenomenon signal
• Speech • Microphone • Current varies with time
•Image • Camera • Voltage varies with time
• Temperature • Thermocouple
• Force • Strain Gauge
Biomedical Signal (ECG) Signal
1.5
0.5
ECG
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Temps [s]
Temperature Signal
15
10
5
Température de l'air
-5
-10
-15
-20
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Heures de 1992~1990
Pressure Flow Signal
112.5
112
111.5
Pression
111
110.5
110
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Temps [s]
Vibration Signal
4000
3000
2000
1000
Accélération
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Temps [s]
Speech Signal
y t sin 2 500 t
Speech signals are examples of information-bearing signals that evolve as
functions of signal independent variable, time
Image Signal
I B x, y
An image signal is an example of a signal that depends on two independent
variables, spatial.
Moving Image Signal
A one-dimensional signal depends on one
independent variable while an M-dimensional signal
depends on M independent variables
Example: color TV signal is a three-channel, three-
dimensional signal and can be presented by the
vector
I r ( x , y ,t )
I ( x , y , t ) I g ( x , y , t )
I b ( x , y , t )
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Systems
A System is a physical device and/or software realizations that
performs an operation on a signal
A System is a collection of one or more devices, processors, or
computer-implemented algorithms that operate on an input
signal x to produce an output signal y
When a signal is passed through a system. Then the signal is
processed. Such operations are called Signal Processing
For example a filter is used to reduce the noise corrupting a
signal
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Signal Processing
Analog vs. Digital Signal Processing
Most signals in science and engineering are Analog (i.e. signals are
functions of continuous variable). These can be processed directly
by analog systems such as filters.
Analog signals can be converted to digital signals using A/D
Digital Signal Processing uses a program to implement an algorithm
while Analog Signal Processing is implemented using an electrical
circuits
Advantages of Digital over Analog Processing
Flexibility
Accuracy
Reliability
Sophistication
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Signal Processing
Analog Digital
Implementation: H/W Implementation: S/W on DSP chip
Examples: Filters and Op-Amps Examples: Algorithm / C++ Program
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Digital Signal Processing
Algorithm is a method or set of rules for implementing a
system by a program that performs mathematical
operations
Digital Signal Processing is defined as the arithmetic
processing of signals sampled at regular intervals
We are interested in performing computationally
efficient and fast algorithms using Digital Signal
Processing
Operations Filtering, Correlation, and Spectral Analysis
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Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing provides an alternative
where the signal is transformed to Digital through
A/D interface, run through DSP, then output is
transferred back to Analog through D/A
DSP may be a programmable computer or a
programmable microprocessor
Applications: Speech Processing, Signal
Transmission, Image Processing, Oil Exploration,
and Control
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Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
Digital signal processing operations
are implemented using
Digital Signal Processors (DSP)
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DSPs
A digital signal processor (DSP) is an optimized
microprocessor used in real-time signal processing
applications.
DSPs are typically embedded in larger systems (e.g., a
desktop computer) handling general-purpose tasks.
A DSP system typically consists of a processor, memory,
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and digital-to-
analog converters (DACs).
The main difference with typical microprocessors is they
are faster.
Continuous-Time vs. Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous (or analog) signals are defined for every
value of time in a continuous interval
x( t ) cos t , t
Discrete-time signals are defined only at specific
values of time
x(n) cosn, n 0,1,2,...
Discrete-time signals can be obtained by: Sampling
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Continuous-Time Signal using MATLAB
x(t ) exp( 0.1t ) * sin 0.75t
0.8
>> t=1:0.1:30; 0.6
>> x=exp(-.1*t).*sin(2/3*t);
>> plot(t,x) 0.4
>> grid
0.2
>> xlabel('Time (sec)');
x(t)
>> ylabel('x(t)') 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
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Discrete-Time Signal using MATLAB
>> n=1:8; 6
>> x=[2 3 4 7 1 2 -2 2];
>> plot(n,x,'x') 5
>> stem(n,x,'filled') 4
>> xlabel('n') 3
>> ylabel('x[n]')
x[n]
2
-1
-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n
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Continuous-Valued vs. Discrete-Valued Signals
A continuous-valued signal takes all possible values
in a range
A discrete-valued signal takes on values from a finite
set of possible values
Digital Signal is a discrete-time signal having a
discrete value.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Sampling. The conversion of a continuous-time signal into a
discrete-time signal obtained by taking samples of the
continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants
Quantization. The conversion of a discrete-time continuous-
valued signal into a discrete-time, discrete-valued signal (i.e.
digital signal)
Coding. Each discrete value is represented by a binary
sequence
Discete-Time Discete-Time
Signal Discrete-Value
Analog Signal
Signal
Sampling Quantization Coding
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Sampling Process
Analog Signal
Sampling
Interval
(Ts)
Sampled
Numbers
Sampling
Quantization
Analog Discete-Time Discete-Time
Signal Signal Discrete-Value
Signal
Analog and Discrete-Time Signals
Analog and Discrete-Time Signals
Calculus Review
Differentiation
Difference
Integration
Summation
Differential and Difference Equations
Math Intro: Continuous-Time Signals
The single-sided Laplace transform of a
continuous-time signal, x(t), is given by
The Fourier transform of x(t) is given by
Where ω is in units of radians per second
Notice that when x(t)=0 for t ≤ 0, the Laplace transform is
equivalent to the Fourier transform by setting s = jω
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Math Intro: Discrete-Time Signals
The z-transform of a discrete-time signal, x[n], is
defined as
The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of a
signal are defined by
Note that the DTFT can be derived from the z-
transform by setting
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Deterministic vs. Random Signals
Deterministic signals can be uniquely described by
mathematical expression, table, or set of rules.
Therefore, all past, present, and future values of the
signal are known precisely
Random signals cannot be described mathematically
with a high degree of accuracy or are too complicated
to describe mathematically
Theoretical analysis of random signals are provided
by theory of probability an stochastic processes
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Signal Processing Applications: Communication
Signal Processing Applications: Control
Signal Processing Applications
Image Processing
Pattern recognition; Robotic vision; Image enhancement;
Animation
Instrumentation and Control
Spectrum analysis; Position control; Noise reduction;
Military
Secure communication; Radar processing; Sonar processing;
Missile guidance
Speech and Audio
Speech recognition; Digital audio
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Signal Processing Applications
Telecommunication
Video conferencing; Data communication
Biomedical
ECG (Electrocardiograph); X-ray storage/enhancement
Consumer
Cellar mobile phones; Digital television; Digital camera;
Internet music; Interactive entertainment systems
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Conclusion
Signals are physical quantities that carry information
and vary with time, space, or frequency
Signal processing are operations that are carried on
signals in order to extract better information
Signal processing can be analog or digital
Signal processing is used in mechatronics
applications for instrumentation and control
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