Microbiology and Microorganisms

Microbiology

Study for micro organisms, their interactions with other organisms and the environment.

Microorganisms

>It is a very small life forms and the observation of it depends on the use of microscope.

>Organisms that is microscopic, often illustrated using single-cell or unicellular organisms

Parasitology

Organisms that live on or within another organisms (host) and benefit from the association while

harming its host. Often, they obtain nutrients from the host.

Microscope

>An instrument used to enlarge objects and images. Microscope was invented 16th century.

>Contribution of Robert Hooke, the first to observe invisible microbial world.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

  Made the first recorded observation of bacteria.

 He thought the bacteria he observed were little animals because they moved therefore he called
them “animalcules”.

 These set the stage for the development of the field of microbiology.

Practical View of Biology

 Microbiological researches at universal, governmental and Industrial laboratories carry out

studied that reveal the fundamental nature of micro organisms and the practical application of
that knowledge.
 Health care workers keep individual with diseases caused by microorganisms and try to prevent
the spread of infections diseases.

Vaccinations

Is used to prevent many deadly diseases.

Antiseptics

Are used to prelude microorganisms to cure patients of infecting microorganisms

Food Industries

Mainly strict quality control to preserve foods and protect against the food borne spread of disease.

1. Uses of Microorganisms
 A. Bread- yeast are used for leavening to cause the dough to rise.

B. Cheese- bacteria are used to convert milk into various cheese.

C. Wine- yeasts are used to convert grapes into this alcoholic beverage.

D. Beer- yeasts are used to convert grains into this alcoholic beverage.

2.Also used as biological control agents to replace chemical particles

Example: Fungicides are often used to prevent fungal diseases that destroy crops.

3. Used to degrade wastes and pollutants

Example: Septic tanks, sewage treatment plants, compost pits.

Use microorganisms to decompose waste into products that can be accommodated by the environment.

4. Used to bio remediate polluted sites such as shorelines contaminated by oil spills.

Methods of studying Microorganisms

All Fields of sciences, including microbiology rely on the scientific method in which a scientist asked a
question, proposes experiments to test the validity of that hypothesis.

Scientist used deductive reasoning- (if-then) thinking and test their predictions by conducting
experiments.

Controlled experiment serves as reference, designed to yield unambiguous answers regarding whether a
hypothesis is correct or incorrect.

The result of experiments must be repeatable, and interpretations of experimental results become
accepted only after they have been critically evaluated.

The struggle to disapprove the theory of spontaneous generation represents a good example of the
scientific method of work.

Louis Pasture’s experiments with swan-neck flasks provided he final reputation of the theory of
spontaneous generation.

Life with Microorganisms

J.A. Reyniers (1928) – built the first isolator, a germ-free apparatus in which microorganisms can be hold
and raised.

UNIVERSAL OF NOTRE DAME(1939)- first symposium on microsurgery and germ-free method was held.

1.2. Chemistry for Microbiology

Organization of matter

 Elements- Structure of atom, molecules, chemical bonds and chemical reaction.

  Molecules of living system (Nucleic acid, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids acid)

Observation of living organisms

 this calls for what they look like, where they live and what they eat. Early biologist continued
for the research on this tradition, looking for microorganisms and describing their morphologies
(deals with the form and structures of organisms) and movements.

Anthonie Van Leeuwenhock

Chemist develop a fundamental understanding of matter, concluded that all matter in the universe has
certain unifying chemical and physical properties and that living organisms are manifestations of their
underlying chemical reaction that the field of chemistry, physics and biology soon recognized that the
understand living organisms they had to navigate the chemistry of live. Microbiologist incorporated
chemistry as an integral part of the field of microbiology

Elements-

 Compose of only 1 atom

 Fundamental unit of chemical, can’t be broken down further without destroying.

Atom

 Smallest unit of element “atomos” can’t be cut.

 Is organized with p and n in central region called nucleus.

Ion- of an atom, gained and loss one or more electron

Anion- (-) charge, atoms that gain electron.

Cation - (+) charge, atoms that lose electron.

Lesson 2

Cellular and Molecular Microbiology

Molecule

 Smallest particle of substance that has all physical and chemical properties of that substance
 Number proton + number neutron = atomic weight
 Electrons are arranged in electron shells of differing energy level

Molecule

 Each shell contains fixed maximum number of electron

 ORBITAL- the region having the maximum probability of finding an electron in space
 Is a mathematical function depicting the wave nature of an electron or pair of electron present
in a atom
2.1. Cell Structure

Cell Structure

 Cell is the fundamental unit of life .All organisms are made of cells . They may made of single cell
(unicellular or multicellular cell
 The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called cell
biology
 Robert Hooked was the first biologist who discovered cell.

Common Function and Structural Properties of Cells

Every living cell is surrounded by:

A. Plasma membrane, this regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cells.
B. Cytoplasm a thick clear jelly substance present inside the cell membrane

cytosol contains dissolved nutrients,helps break down waste products and moves material around the
cell

C. Cell wall it is rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell wall

D.Nucleus contain hereditary material of the cell DNA

F. Cell organelles are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry
out life processes

The different organelles

-Nucleolus site of ribosome synthesis

-Nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between nucleus and organelles

Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of individual

Each individual contain 23 chromosomes

- Endoplasmic Reticulum involved in the transportation of substance throughout the cell

-Golgi Bodies involved in transportation of material within the cell

-Ribosome protein synthesis of cell

Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell

Lysosome- protects the cell by engulfing the foreign body entering the cell and help in cell renewal.
Therefore Lysosome is known as cell suicide bags.

Chloroplast-primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll

Vacuoles- it stores food, water and other unit materials in the cell
Functions of the cell

 Provides support and structure

 Facilitate growth mitosis
 Allows transport of substance
 Energy production
 Aids in reproduction

2.2. Cell Metabolism

Cell Metabolism

 the chemical changes that take place in cell or organism

 These changes make energy and the material cell and organisms need to grow,reproduce and
stay healthy
 Energy is required for living things to sustain life processes.
 Cells can store energy or use it for the synthesis of new molecules by controlling the central
chemical in the energy transformation of cellular metabolism

Rules of Enzymes

 Enzymes help speed up chemical reaction in the human body

 They are essential for respiration,digesting food,muscle and nerve function
 Help specific function that are vital to operation of the body
 Enzymes increase the rates of cell reaction by more than a million times

Physical agents used in the control of microbial growth

1. Sterilization

 The process of making something free from bacteria or living organism

 A process that destroy or eliminates all forms of microbial life and is carried outin health care
facilities physical or chemical method

2. Cold temperature or Freezing

 Neither cold nor freezing is a reliable of killing bacteria;

 Low temperature do slow bacterial growth, temporarily preventing the ability to multiply rapidly
and product toxins.
 Cold can’t be used to cure diseases, nut it can helps reduce the possibility of a disease advancing
to a critical stage.

3. Drying

Removes the moisture from food so that microorganism such as bacteria, yeast and molds are less like
to grow
4.Lyophilization

A water removal process typically used to pressure perishable materials to extend shelf life or
make the material more convenient for transport ,ten reducing the pressure and adding heat to allow
the frozen water in the material to sublimate

5. Radiation

A direct sunlight has a powerful germicidal or destructive effect on microorganisms living on the surface
of the skin and clothing.

Sunlight compose of 3 rays:

A. Long impaired (heat rays)

B. Visible Rays
C. Short ultraviolet (UV)

UV lamp- effect if too much exposure:

- if expose to eyes or skin can result to serious burn/ skin cancer

6. Heat

High temperatures are more destructive than low temperature. “the longer the time, the more effective
it will be in killing bacteria”

Thermal death point/ Thermal death time

Called to the time and temperature combination required to kill a particular organism under
laboratory condition.

Chemical agents used to eliminate microorganism

.Alcohol

.Phenol and Phenolic compounds

.Halogen compounds

.Heavy metal and their compounds

.Aldehydes

.Gaseous agents

.Detergents

.antibiotics

Important terms to remember:

Louis Pasture – “Father of bacteriology and immunology”

Autoclave – steam under pressure

Amphitrichous – polar flagella

Staphylococcus – coagulase-positive cocci in cluster”

Baccili – rod or comma shape bacteria

Canophiles – organism that require increase CO₂ tension.

Psychrophilic – cold loving bacteria

Anaerobes – organisms that live in the absence of O₂

Shicks test – skin test used to determine or whether person susceptible to diptheria

Oral Polio Vaccine – also called sabin vaccine

Joseph Lister – Father of antiseptic surgery

Germ Theory of Fermentation–that certain disease are caused by invasion of body microorganism

Antitoxin – antibody with the ability to neutralize specific toxin

Antigen – is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.