ROAD
MATERIALS
Surveyor’s nails
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
Particle Size
1. For dense graded pavement-
The particle size of aggregate
ranges from coarse to dust.
2. For open graded pavement-
One or more layer of the coarse
rock of uniform size is used.
3. For sheet asphalt- The mineral
aggregate is a carefully graded
sand and mineral dust.
AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
Generally for bituminous or asphalt pavement, the aggregates
constitute 88% to 96% by weight or more than 75% by volume.
AASHTO standard specifications provides that:
"The aggregates shall consist of hard, durable particles of
fragments of stone or gravel and sand or other fine mineral
particles free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay
and of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a
firm, stable layer. It shall conform to the grading requirements
shown in table 5-1 when tested by AASHTO T-11 and 27".
AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
1. Coarse aggregate materials retained on 2.00 mm No.10 sieve shall
have a mass percent of wear by the Los Angeles Abrasion Test (AASHT T-
96) of not more than 45.
2. When crushed aggregate is specified, not less than 50 mass percent of
the particles retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve shall have at least one
fractured face.
3.The fraction passing the 0.75 mm (No.200) sieve should not be greater
than 213 of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No.40) sieve.
4.The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No.a0) sieve shall have a liquid limit not
greater than 35 and a plasticity index. range of 4 to 9 when tested by
AASHTO T-89 and T-90 respectively
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
In order to obtain high quality concrete, road agencies have
imposed almost without exception that all aggregates shall
pass appropriate tests for strength, soundness, wear or the
combination of these three:
1. The presence of organic impurities in the aggregates in-
tended for concreting road pavement may cause slow or non-
hardening of the concrete. Under AASHTO T-21 standard test,
the aggregate is treated with a mixture of sodium
hydrochloride solution, and when the treated aggregate turns
dark, organic materials are said to be present in the
aggregate.
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
2. The strength of fine aggregate is measured by the com-
pression tests of sand-cement mortar.
3. Soundness of fine aggregate is measured by the resistance
to deterioration under the action of Sodium or Magnesium
Sulfate. The sodium sulfate test is five cycles. The maximum loss
under AASHTO specification is 10%.
4. For Coarse aggregate the requirement consists of crushed
stone, gravel, blast furnace, slag, or approved inert materials of
similar characteristics or combination thereof having hard,
strong durable pieces free from adherent coatings.
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
The Department of Public Works and highways Standard
Specifications classify aggregate under item 703 and specifically
provides that:
1. Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments
of crushed stone, crush slug or crushed or natural gravel.
Material that breaks up when alternately wetted and dried shall
be discarded.
2. Coarse Aggregate is the material retained on the 2.00 mm
(No.10) sieve and shall have a percentage of water not more
than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45 for base and surface
courses as determined by AASHTO designation test T-96.
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
The Department of Public Works and highways Standard
Specifications classify aggregate under item 703 and specifically
provides that:
4. For Base Course, the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No.40) sieve
shall have a liquid limit of not more than 25 and a plastic Index (Pl)
not greater than 6. For sub-base course. the liquid limit should not
be greater than 35, and Plastic index not greater than 12.
5. For Surface Coarse the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40 )
sieve shall have a liquid limit not more than 35 and Plasticity Index
not less than 4 nor exceed 9
MINERAL FILLER
The strength of road pavement will be increased if dust additives
which dense the graded mixture is added. It is called mineral filler
that reduces the void contents in the mixture. This dust additive is
not the ordinary dust that is being found in our floor or tables.
Dust additive is classified into:
1. Finely powdered limestone
2. Slag
3. Hydrated Lime
4 Portland Cement
5. Trap rock dust
6. Fly ash
MINERAL FILLER
The DPWH Standard Specifications
relative to mineral filler states that:
"Mineral filler shall consist off finely
divided mineral matter such as rock
dust, slag dust, hydrated lime,
hydraulic cement, fly ash or other
suitable mineral matter. It shall be
free from organic impurities and at
the time of use shall be sufficiently
dry to flow freely, and shall be
essentially free from agglomeration"
MINERAL FILLER
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
§ Bituminous material or
Asphalt in short, is a
viscous liquid used as
binder for aggregates in
road construction.
§ At normal temperature,
asphalt is either slightly
thicker than water or hard
but brittle material that
breaks under a hammer
blow when cold.
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
1. Bituminous material is in liquid form
combined with aggregates. This
liquid form may be produced either
by heating the hard asphalt, by
dissolving in solvent or by emulsifying
in water. However, there are
bituminous liquid materials available
and ready for use.
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
2. The action of asphalt
binder depends on its type
and the aggregate it is
combined with. The purpose
of the asphalt binder is to
resist the abrasive force
brought about by heavy
traffic.
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
3. If road pavement is the open
type, consisting entirely of coarse
particles and asphalt, heavy binder
is needed requiring more asphalts.
On the other hand, if aggregates in
the pavement contain fine
particles, cohesion will be
developed by surface tension in
the thin asphalt film surrounding the
fine particles. Hence, less viscous
asphalt is required.
BITUMINOUS BINDERS
§ Asphalt cement is used as binder
for almost at high types of
bituminous pavement.
§ Asphalt cement is a semi-solid
hydrocarbon retained after fuel
and lubricating oils are removed
from petroleum.
§ The softest grade used for
pavement is the 200-300
penetration. The 60-70
penetrations is the hardest type.
BITUMINOUS BINDERS
§ Penetration refers to the consistencies
of asphalt cement as described under
AASHTO-T49. It is the distance that a
standard needle penetrates a sample
under known conditions of loading
time and temperature.
§ Recently, the procedure used in
grading asphalt cement is the
Viscosity Test rather than the
Penetration Test. (see AASHTO M-226
Specification for Transportation
Materials).
CUTBACK OR LIQUID ASPHALT
1. Liquid asphalt is a petroleum product
consisting of asphalt cement with a liquid
distillate (diesel, kerosene or gasoline). The less
viscous asphalt contains diluents as little as l5%.
2. The use of cutback is being frowned for two
reasons:
a. It is a usable fuel
b. It is an air pollutant.
CUTBACK OR LIQUID ASPHALT
Cutback or liquid asphalt is
classified into:
§ Slow curing (SC) road soil
§ Medium curing (MC) cutback
asphalt Rapid Curing (RC)
cutback asphalt
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
§ Emulsified asphalt is a kind of mixture
wherein the minute globules of asphalt
disperses in water. Asphalt content
ranges from 55%-70% by weight.
§ Emulsion could be applied or mixed at
normal temperature, because when the
water content evaporates, the asphalt
remains.
It has the following characteristics:
1. Emulsified asphalt is excellent with wet
aggregate because the water medium
carries the asphalt into a superior contact
with the particle surfaces.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
It has the following characteristics:
2. Emulsified asphalt is an alternate to
cutback asphalt for energy and
environmental objectives. It is an effective
material in coating electropositive
aggregate such as limestone but tend to
strip from aggregates with high content of
silica for having strong electronegative
surface charges.
3. The Cationic Emulsion is very effective on
high siliceous aggregates but may strip
from high alkaline that carry strong positive
surface changes.
OXIDIZED ASPHALT AND ROAD TAR
§ Oxidized asphalt is suitable only for roofing and similar applications. Highway
used of oxidized asphalt is limited to water proofing of structures and filling joints
of concrete pavement.
§ Road tar is a by-product of the distillation process of coal. Tars are produced
from gashouse coal tar, cook oven tars and water gas tar.
