MANGO

Botanical Name :Mangifera indica

Family :Anacardiaceae
Origin : South East Asia
Chromosome no : 2n= 40
 KEY POINTS
• Also known as king of fruit / Bathroom fruit / Pride fruit of
India.
• Mango is evergreen fruit crop.
• India ranks 1st in Area and Production of Mango.
• India shares 4% of world Mango cultivation.
• Largest producing state in India- A.P.- U.P- Bihar.
• Mango fruit contain highest Vit. A (4800 IU) followed by
Papaya (2020 IU).
• TSS of mango – 20º Brix.
• Type of fruit – Drupe
• Edible part of Mango – Mesocarp
• Pollinating agent – House fly
SOIL:

• It is grown on wide varieties of soil.

• Well drained and fertile soil.

• Alluvial to lateritic soil are suitable.

• Black cotton soil with poor drainage capacity are not suitable

• Soil pH- 5.5 - 7.5

CLIMATE:

• Mango is tropical fruit crop.

• Optimum temperature- 24 to 27ºC

• High humidity and rains are not desirable during flowering.

Varieties :
• Alphonso, Benganpalli, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Himsagar,
Kesar, Totapuri, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mankhurd, Mulgoa, Neelam,
Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanaraj.
• Exotic varieties: Julie, Tommy Atkin, Kent, Haden
• Recently some mango hybrids have been released for cultivation by
different institutes / universities. A brief introduction to such
varieties is presented below :
• Mallika - It is a cross between Neelam and Dashehari. Fruits are
medium sized cadmium colored with good quality, reported to be a
regular bearer.
• Amrapali - It is a cross between Dashehari and Neelam. It is a
dwarf vigorous type with regular and late bearing variety. It yields
on an average 16 t/ha and about 1600 plants can be accommodated
in one hectare.
• Ratna : It is a cross between Neelam and Alphonso. It is a regular
bearer and free from spongy tissue. Fruits are medium sized with
excellent quality
• Sindhu : It is a cross between Ratna and Alphonso. It is seedless
variety of Mango.
• Arka Aruna : It is a hybrid between Benganapalli and Alphonso
with regular bearing habit and dwarf in height. About 400 plants can
be accommodated per hectare. Fruits are large sized (500-700 gm)
with attractive skin colour.
• Arka Puneet : It is a regular and prolific bearing hybrid of the cross
between Alphonso and the Benganapalli. Fruits are medium sized
(220-250 gm) with attractive skin colour, having red flush. Pulp is
free from fibre, pulp percentage being 70 percent. Fruits are sweet to
taste (20-22 Brix) with good keeping quality and free from spongy
tissue.
• Arka Anmol : It is a semi-vigorous type of plant from the cross
between Alphonso and Janardhan Prasad. It is also a regular bearing
and free from spongy tissues.
Propagation :
• It is propagated by Seed and vegetatively also.
• Farmers should always get vegetatively
propagated, true to type plants from
recognized nurseries. Inarching, veneer
grafting, side grafting and epicotyl grafting are
the popular methods of propagation in mango.
Planting :
• Land should be prepared by deep ploughing
followed by harrowing and leveling with a gentle
slope for good drainage. Spacing varies from 10 m
x 10 m. New dwarf hybrids like Amrapali can be
planted at closer spacing.
• One year old healthy, straight growing grafts from
reliable sources can be planted at the centre of pits.
Plants should be irrigated immediately after
planting. In the initial one or two years, it is
advisable to provide some shade to the young
plants and also stake to make them grow straight.
Fertilizer Application :
• In general 1.7 kg N, 1.1 kg P, and 1.15 kg K per plant
per year can be applied in two equal split doses (June-
July and October).
Irrigation :
• Young plants are watered frequently for proper
establishment. In case of grown up trees, irrigation at 10
to 15 days interval from fruit set to maturity is
beneficial for improving yield. However, irrigation is
not recommended for 2-3 months prior to flowering as
it is likely to promote vegetative growth.
Inter cropping :
• Inter crops such as vegetables, legumes, short
duration and dwarf fruit crops like papaya,
guava, peach, plum, etc. depending on the agro-
climatic factors of the region.
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 Pest of Mango
1. Mango stem borer:
Symptoms of damage
• Grub bore into the sap wood and making irregular
tunnels.
• Feeding the vascular tissues.
• Interruption of nutrient and water transport on the tissue.
• Drying of terminal shoot in early stage.
• Frass comes out from several points and some times sap
oozes out of the holes.
• Wilting of branches or entire tree.
Management
• Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches
of the tree.
• Remove alternate host, silk cotton and other hosts.
• Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam.
• Swabbing with Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / l (basal portion of
the trunk - 3 feet height)
• If infestations are severe then apply the copper
oxychloride paste on tree trunk.
• Hook out the grub from the bore hole - apply
monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml/ hole.
• Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud.
2. Mango hoppers:
Symptoms of damage
• Nymphs and adults suck the sap of inflorescence.
• Withering and shedding of flower buds and flowers.
• Young flowers fail to develop, thereby influencing fruit set
and development.
• Presence of honey dew secretion on lower leaves and
development of sooty mould.
Management
• Avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in
overcrowded orchards.
• Orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and removal of
weeds.
• Two sprays (at panicles emergency and at pea size of fruits)
of carbaryl (0.15%), monocrotophos (0.04%).
3. Fruit fly:
Symptoms of damage
• Maggot bore into semi-ripen fruits with decayed spots and
dropping of fruits.
• Oozing of fluid
• Brownish rotten patches on fruits.
Management
• Collect fallen infested fruits and dispose them by dumping in a
pit
• Provide summer ploughing to expose the pupa.
• Monitor the activity of flies with methyl eugenol sex lure traps.
• Carbaryl 50 WP 4 g/l. two rounds at 2 weeks interval before
ripening of fruits.
 Diseases Of Mango
1. Powdery mildew:
Disease symptoms
• The characteristic symptom of the disease is the white
powdery fungal growth on leaves, stalks of panicles,
flowers and young fruits.
• The affected flowers and fruits drop pre-maturely reducing
the crop load or might even prevent the fruit set.
• The fungus parasitizes young tissues of all parts of the
inflorescence, leaves and fruits.
• Young leaves are turning into brown in color.
Control measures:
• Two to three sprays of wettable sulphur (0.2%) or
Kerathane (0.1%) at 10-15 days interval.
2. Anthracnose:
Disease symptoms
• The disease causes serious losses to young shoots, flowers and
fruits. It also affects fruits during storage.
• The disease produces leaf spot, blossom blight, withering of tip,
twig blight and fruit rot symptoms. Tender shoots and foliage are
easily affected which ultimately cause die back of young branches.
• Severe infection destroys the entire inflorescence resulting in no
setting of fruits.
• Young infected fruits develop black spots, shrivel and drop off.
• Fruits infected at mature stage carry the fungus into storage and
cause considerable loss during storage, transport and marketing.
Control measures:
• Destroy all affected branches.
• Spray the plants with 0.5% Bordeaux mixture or Mancozeb 0.25%.
Harvesting and yield:
Harvesting is done from April to June depending on
the locality and time of flowering.
Yield:
• 4-5 years old plant: 50- 70 fruits/tree/yr.
• 5-10 years old plant: 500 fruits/tree/yr.
• 20-40 years tree: 1000-2000 fruits/tree/yr
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