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The complete report of Chemictry of Instrument Experiment with title

“Conductometry” was made by :
Name : Wiwiana
ID : 1513441007
Class : Chemistry Education of ICP
Group : VI (Six)
It has been checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator. So this
report has been accepted.

Makassar, November 2017

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Anggi Dinda Lestari, S. Pd Nurul Wisna Afianti, [Link]

Known by,
Responsibility Lecturer

Dr. Hasri, M. Si
NIP : 19651103 199802 2 001
A. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Conductometry
B. AIM OF EXPERIMENT
After doing the experimrnt, it is expected to be capable :
1. Determine the equivalent point by using conductometer
2. To know the equivalent conductivity by using conductometer
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
The first, a revision of know from real calculus and typology, and we
have only occasionally mentioned complex function. To this topic is analytical
function, we shall, however, start by first introducing the complex differentiable
function. The definition of complex differentiability of a complex function is
formallt identical with the definition of real differentiability, and yet there is a
fundamental difference between the two definition. Which will give the complex
continuosly differentiable function much better properties than the real
continuosly differentiable functions. Therefore, one should not be misled to
believe that the following definition is “just the same as the definition of real
differentiability.”(Mejlbro, 2010 : 84).
The present work has provided information on the solvation behaviour of
NaCl in aqueous mixtures of ethanol (containing 20 and 40 mass % ethanol). The
KA values indicate no significant ion-association in the investigated mixtures. The

molecular conductivities of NaCl as well as the transference numbers decreased

with the increase of the ethanol content of the solvent mixture, indicating that the
viscous motion dominates in the solution. From the transference-cell pd data and
conductivity data for NaCl in Z1 and Z2, the ionic limiting conductivities for

Na+and Cl– have been determined at 298.15 K. It was found that the Walden

product (λoη) for the investigated ions are less in Z2, and accordingly the

strongest solvation in this mixture (Tomas, 2017).

Polypyrrole nanofibers have been successfully synthesized using a
template-free route. The fibrillar morphology was confirmed using both SEM and
TEM. The average diameter of the polypyrrole nanofibers is nm with an average
length of several micrometers. Elemental analysis revealed a C/N, which is
consistent with the theoretical value for PPy. FT-IR confirms that the structure of
the nanofibers is comparable to bulk polypyrrole. A conductometric transducer
was fabricated on a sapphire substrate and PPy nanofibers were deposited on its
electrode. The sensor performance was analyzed after exposure to different
concentrations of hydrogen gas in a synthetic air mixture. A resistance shift of 312
in the presence of a 1% hydrogen pulse was obtained with a 43 s response time.
The sensor sensitivity is largely dependent on the operating temperature, as well
as the concentration of the target gas. Optimum sensor performance was found to
be at room temperature. However, the sensor maintained its systematic response
towards different concentrations of hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures up to
100 C despite a slow degradation in sensitivity (Al-Mashat, 2008).
The concentration of a solute is the amount of solute dissolved in a given
quantity of solvent or solution. The quantity of solvent or solution can be
expressed in terms of volume or in terms of mass or molar amount. Thus, there
are several ways of expressing the concentration of a solution. Some other
concentration units are defined in terms of the mass or molar amount of solvent or
solution. The most important of these are mass percentage of solute, molality, and
mole fraction. Solution concentration is sometimes expressed in terms of the mass
percentage of solute—that is, the percentage by mass of solute contained in a
solution (Ebbig, 2007 : 490-491).
The Karl Fischer titration is particularly adaptable to food products that
show erratic results when heated or submitted to a vacuum. This is the method of
choice for determination of water in many lowmoisture foods such as dried fruits
and vegetable, scandies, chocolate, roasted coffee, oils and fats. or any low-
moisture food high in sugar or protein. The method is quite rapid, is accurate, and
uses no heat. This method is based on the fundamental reaction. Some
instrumental systems are improved by the inclusion of a potentiometerto
electronically determine the endpoint, which increases the sensitivity and
accuracy. The volumetric titration can be done manually or with an automated
unit (Nielsen, 2010 : 94-95).
A simple, accurate and reproducible (RSD=0.41 – 0.73%)
conductometric procedure has been shown throughout this paper. Application of
the proposed procedure to OXBr in its dosage forms was successful without
interference from concomitants usually present in these formulations. Reaction of
both titrants with OXBr resulted in formation of an insoluble 1:1 ion associate.
The obtained conductance values were utilized for the calculation of solubility
product of this ion pair and so the equilibrium constant of the ion pairing reaction.
In addition, a comparison between four processing schemes for locating the
equivalence point was held. Though the process of data manipulation resulted in
some faulty results, having a methodical procedure that avoids human's partiality
is more adequate (Hassan, 2014).
Titration are often used to analyse and determine the amount of acid and
base in a solution. The peinciple is to continously add a solution with a known
concentration to the solution with an unknow concentration. The point of
equivalency is often visualized by a colour shift from an indicator added prior to
the titration. The pH profile of the titration is often depicted by plotting the pH of
the solution as a function of the added amount of acid or base. We have seen
earlear how calculations of pH in solutions with strong acid and strong base are
relatively simple because strong acids and strong bases are completely
dissociated. On the contrary, pH caculation in cases in which the titrated acid is
weak is not as sample. In order to be able to calculate the concentration of H 3O+
after addition of given amount of strng base, it is necessary to look at the
weak acids dissociation equilibrium. Calculation of pH profile for titration
of a weak acid with a strong base involve a series of buffer-related
problems (Hede, 2013 : 123-124).
A comparison between the proposed models for data processing showed
that fitting the experimental data directly into the proposed Boltzmann model is
more acceptable for data manipulation compared to both the classical and the
mathematical derivatization approaches. Provided that the endpoint is directly
defined in this model, Boltzmann type sigmoid can be viewed as a technique of
choice, particularly when transition occurs in a steady way. The errors
encountered due to proposing the fitting parameters were incomparable to those
obtained by data processing. With the small divergences observed between the
conventional and numerical schemes, which most probably come from data
processing, it might seem more appropriate to have such figures directly from the
raw data without further processing, which finally brings in flawed results.
However, the availability of a systematic procedure that does not depend on the
researcher’s decisive factors in addition to having many processing schemes to
select from outweighs these defects (Elazazy, 2012).
According to Elsair (2012 : 52-53), He said thus radiation from different
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has different energies. The amount of
energy (in jouls) can be determined by this equation were :
1. Let’s compare the energy of two froms of light at opposite ends of spectrum,
gamma rays and radio waves.
2. The shorter the wave lenght the more eergy light has. The energy of one mole
of photons is obtained by multiplying by Avogadro’s number N = 6.022 x
1023mol.
3. So per mole = h x N = 6.626 x 1034 x 6.022 x 1023 = 3.99 x 10-10 J s mol-1
Optical spectroscopy deals with the absorbtion or emmision of
electromagnetic radiation in connection with a titration between energetic states of
atoms or molecules. Depending on wavelenght and therefore energy of the
radiation, one may address transition between electronic states (UV/VIS),
molecular vibration and rations, or magnetic states of the nucleus. An optical
absorbtion spectrum in terms of probability of light adsorbtion in dependence of
the wavelength of tne incident light then directly depends on the energy
eigenvalues and therefore is characteristic for a gin=ven molecule.
Consequently, the spectrum may be used as a vinger print in qualitative chemical
analytic (Schartl, 2015 : 42).
A conductivity cell, of cell constant one was dipped in the standard
alkaline water and conductance values were noted while standard acid was added
at 1 ml intervals. The results obtained for volumetric, potentiometric and pH
metric analyses were found to be almost the same whilst those of conductometric
analysis were erratic Hence the analyses by potentiometric and pH metric
titrations were considered in our present study and the results were found to be
more accurate than volumetric analysis. So both precision and accuracy could be
achieved. But in the case of direct titration using an indicator, change in the
color is the criteria and the observation of color change can vary from one
person to other and so both precision as well as accuracy cannot be achieved.
For instance using methyl orange indicator, the color change observation
may significantly vary from person to person. Electroanalytical analyses
eliminate any indicator blank error and pinpoint accuracy over volumetric
titration (Shanthivunguturi, 2014).
The results presented reveal the role of water in radiation processes and
measurement procedures. However a lot of basic biological and biophysical ques-
tions relevant to bioradiations are still to be further ex-plored and answered. The
nature of observed phenomena is extremely com-plicated. However the analysi
done have shown that the phenomena mechanisms can be connected with the
exci-tation of vibration-rotation levels of water molecules under the influence of
radiation where intensive absorp-tion lines exist. The results obtained have good
perspectives for future applications in medical diagnostics and especially in the
status control of operators of complex systems in avia-tion and space techniques,
radioelectronic control sys-tems, air traffic control services, information and tele-
communication systems (Shishkin, 2013).
pH Meter/Conductometer instruments are designed for use both outdoors
and indoors as well as for stationary use in the laboratory. The instruments come
in four basic versions, which differ in their design with regard to different
measuring channels and respective functions. This instrument is suitable for
measuring in chemicals and flammable samples. Usage of the pH
Meter/Conductometer therefore requires the user to have basic knowledge and
experience in handling toxic and caustic substances. Knowledge with respect to
the application of the fire prevention measures prescribed for laboratories is also
mandatory (Manual, 2015 : 1-3).

D. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

1. Apparatus
a. Conductometer 1 set
b. Beaker 100 mL 2 unit
c. Measuring Flask 100 mL 1 unit
d. Volume Pipette 25 mL 1 unit
e. Burette 50 mL 1 unit
f. Erlenmeyer 2 unit
g. Statif and Clamp 1 unit
a. Spray Bottle 1 unit
b. Rough Cloth 1 unit
c. Smooth Cloth 1 unit
2. Chemicals
a. Sodium Hydroxide 0.1 M (NaOH)
b. Chloride Acid 0.1 M (HCl)
c. Aquades (H2O)
d. Tissue
E. WORK PROCEDURE
1. Setting up a conductor with a current source
2. Put was 25 mL of HCl into Erlenmeyer
3. Measured was its conductivity by using a pre-set konduktometer
4. Noting was the conductors indicated by the prepared device
5. Conduct was titrated with 0.1 M NaOH solution and each addition of 3 mL,
noting the change in conductance of the measured solution
6. Titrated was until the volume of NaOH is about 50 mL
7. Maked was a curve by plotting the value of conductance vs. the volume of
NaOH
8. Determined was the equivalence point.
F. OBSERVATION RESULT
Volume of HCl 0.1 M = 25 mL
Cobductivity = 33.0
Volume of NaOH 0.1 M (mL) Conductivity (Ohm-1)
5 24.6
10 17.5
15 11.8
20 6.37
25 6.32
30 7.36
35 8.56
40 10.7
45 11.7
50 12.1

G. DATA ANALYSIS

Known:
o H + = 349.8 ohm-1
o Cl- = 76.3 ohm-1
V HCl = 25 mL
V TE = 25 mL
M HCl = 0.1 M
1 1
Asked : until = …….?
R1 R 11
Solution:
1. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtotal = 25 mL + 0 mL
= 25 mL
 n HCl 2.5 mmol
C1 ¿ = = 0.1 M
Vtotal 25 mL
1
R1
¿ ( )
C 1 V HCl o +
1000 V TE
( H + o Cl-)

1000 ( 25 mL )
0.1 25 mL
¿ (349.8 ohm -1
+ 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0426 ohm-1
2. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtotal = 25 mL + 5 mL
= 30 mL
n HCl 2,5 mmol
C2 ¿ = = 0.0833 M
Vtot 30 mL
1
R2
¿ (
C 2 V HCl o +
1000 V TE )
( H + o Cl-)

¿ (
0,0833 25 mL
1000 25 mL )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0355 ohm-1
3. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtotal = 30 mL + 5 mL
= 35 mL
n HCl 2,5 mmol
C3 ¿ = = 0.0714 M
Vtot 35 mL
1
R3
¿ (
C 3 V HCl o +
1000 V TE )
( H + o Cl-)

¿ (
0,0714 25 mL
1000 25 mL )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0304 ohm-1
4. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
 = 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 35 mL + 5 mL
= 40 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C4 ¿ = = 0.0625 M
Vtot 40 mL
1
R4
¿
1000 V TE (
C 4 V HCl o +
)
( H + o Cl-)

¿
0.0625 25 mL
1000 25 mL ( )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0266 ohm-1
5. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 40 mL + 5 mL
= 45 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C1 ¿ = = 0.0555 M
Vtot 45 mL
1
R5
¿
1000 V TE (
C 5 V HCl o +
)
( H + o Cl-)

¿
0.0555 25 mL
1000 25 mL ( )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0236 ohm-1
6. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 45 mL + 5 mL
= 50 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C6 ¿ = = 0,0500 M
Vtot 50 mL
1
R6
¿
1000 V TE (
C 6 V HCl o +
)
( H + o Cl-)

¿
1000 25 mL(
0.0500 25 mL
)
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)
 = 0.0213 ohm-1
7. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 50 mL + 5 mL
= 55 mL
n HCl 2,5 mmol
C7 ¿ = = 0.0454 M
Vtot 55 mL
1
¿ (
C 7 V HCl o +
R 7 1000 V TE )
( H + o Cl-)

¿ (
0.0454 25 mL
1000 25 mL )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0193 ohm-1
8. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 55 mL + 5 mL
= 60 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C8 ¿ = = 0.0416 M
Vtot 60 mL
1
¿ (
C 8 V HCl o +
R 8 1000 V TE )
( H + o Cl-)

¿ (
0.0416 25 mL
1000 25 mL )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0177 ohm-1
9. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 60 mL + 5 mL
= 65 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C9 ¿ = = 0.0384 M
Vtot 65 mL
 1
¿ (
C 9 V HCl o +
R 9 1000 V TE
( H + o Cl-))
¿
0.0384 25 mL
1000 25 mL ( )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0163 ohm-1
10. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 65 mL + 5 mL
= 70 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C10 ¿ = = 0.0357 M
Vtot 70 mL
1
R 10 ( )
¿
C 10 V HCl o +
1000 V TE
( H + o Cl-)

1000 ( 25 mL )
0.0357 25 mL
¿ (349.8 ohm -1
+ 76.3 ohm-1)

= 0.0152 ohm-1
11. n HCl = VHCl x [HCl]
= 25 mL x 0.1 M
= 2.5 mmol
Vtot = 70 mL + 5 mL
= 75 mL
n HCl 2.5 mmol
C11 ¿ = = 0.0333 M
Vtot 75 mL
1
R 11
¿
1000 V TE(
C 11 V HCl o +
)
( H + o Cl-)

¿
0.0333 25 mL
1000 25 mL ( )
(349.8 ohm-1 + 763 ohm-1)

= 0.0142 ohm-1
Graph
 Relationship Between Volume of NaOH
Vs 1/R
0.045
0.04
0.035 f(x) = − 0.000522909090909091 x + 0.0369545454545455
0.03 R² = 0.908389398102694
0.025
1/R

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Vol of NaOH

H. DISCUSSION
Titrasi konduktometri merupakan metode untuk menganalisa larutan
berdasarkan kemampuan ion dalam menghantarkan muatan listrik di antara dua
elektroda melalui tindakan titrasi. Pengukuran konduktivitas dapat pula digunakan
untuk penentuan titik ahir titrasi. Titrasi konduktometri dapat dilakukan dengan
dua cara, tergantung pada frekuensi arus yang digunakan. Titrasi konduktometri
arus rendah dan titrasi konduktometri arus tinggi. Titrasi konduktometri tidak
memerlukan indikator, hal ini dikarenakan titik ekivalen dapat diamati dengan
mudah melalui grafik antara volume titran yang ditambahkan dan besarnya
konduktansi suatu larutan hasil titrasi tersebut. Titrasi konduktometri dapat
dilakukan jika larutan-larutan yang akan digunakan dapat membentuk suatu
larutan elektrolit. Larutan elektrolit tersebut dapat menghantarkan arus listrik atau
aliran elektron sehingga mempunyai daya hantar. Larutan elektrolit biasanya
merupakan garam karena dalam air dapat mengion dan menghantarkan arus
listrik. Titrasi konduktometri juga dapat dilakukan terhadap asam lemah dan basa
lemah, asam kuat dan basa kuat, maupun asam kuat dengan basa lemah seperti
yang dipraktikumkan kali ini. Titrasi konduktometri ini tidak dapat dilakukan
pada larutan non elektrolit atau larutan yang tidak dapat menghasilkan ion-ion
dalam air.
 Titrasi konduktometri ini akan dipengaruhi oleh faktor suhu dan
konsentrasi. Suatu ion dalam sebuah larutan akan bergerak bebas. Ketika
dipanaskan atau diberikan kenaikan suhu maka gerakan dari ion-ion dalam larutan
akan semakin acak sehingga kemampuan untuk menghantarkan elektron atau
listrik akan semakin meningkat. Hal ini berati konduktansinya meningkat. Begitu
sebaliknya jika suhu diturunkan. Semakin besar konsentrasi maka semakin banyak
jumlah ion-ion yang berada dalam larutan akibatnya kemungkinan menghantarkan
listrik akan semakin meningkat. Ketika konsentrasi diturunkan maka jumlah ion
dalam satuan volum pelarut akan menurun sehingga konduktansi akan menurun
juga. Muatan ion juga mempengaruhi, misalnya ion A2- akan lebih mudah
menghantarkan listrik dibandingkan A-. Pergerakan ion dalam larutan selain
pengaruh suhu juga mempengaruhi konduktansi, di antarnya penggunaan pelarut
air yang berlebih menyebabkan pergerakan ion lambat, viskositas yang terlalu
besar juga menyebabkan ion menjadi lebih lambat. Pergerakan ion yang lambat
akan menurunkan konduktansi.
Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan agar mahasiswa mampu
menemukan daya hantar (konduktans) dan titik ekivalen dari titrasi secara
konduktometri suatu larutan elektrolit. Metode konduktometri adalah metode
analisis kimia berdasarkan daya hantar listrik suatu larutan (Tim Dosen, 2016),
konduktivitas suatu larutan elektrolit bergantung pada ion-ion yang ada dalam
larutan. Titrasi yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah titrasi konduktometri
untuk asam kuat dan basa kuat, dimana asam kuat dan basa kuat yang digunakan
adalah HCl dan NaOH, kedua larutan asam basa ini adalah penghantar listrik yang
baik.
Prinsip kerja alat konduktometer yaitu elektroda dicelupkan ke dalam
larutan menuju sel hantaran menghasilkan sinyal listrik berupa hambatan listrik
yang dikomversikan oleh detektor berupa angka, kemudian dilakukan pengadukan
stirer untuk mengoptimalkan kemampuan daya hantar listrik sehingga ion-ionnya
dapat menyebar merata. Semakin banyak konsentrasi suatu ion dalam larutan
maka semakin besar nilai daya hantarnya karena semakin banyak ion-ion dari
larutan yang menyentuh konduktor dan semakin tinggi suhu suatu larutan maka
semakin besar nilai daya hantarnya, hal ini karena saat suatu partikel berada pada
lingkungan yang suhunya semakin bertambah maka pertikel tersebut secara tidak
lansung akan mendapat tambahan energi dari luar dan dari sinilah energi kinetik
yang dimiliki suatu partikel semakin tinggi (gerakan molekul semakin cepat).
Adapun prinsip dasar dari metode ini adalah substitusi ion-ion dengan suatu
konduktivitas tertentu oleh ion-ion dengan konduktivitas yang lain.
Larutan HCl terlebih dulu diukur konduktannya sebelum dititrasi dengan
NaOH, dimana konduktan dari HCl yaitu 24,6 ohm dan setelah dititrasi nilai
konduktan mulai menurun dari penambahan 5 mL hingga 25 mL dengan
konduktan 6,32 ohm. Kemudian konduktan mulai meningkat dari 7,6 ohm setelah
volume NaOH yang ditambahkan diatas 25 mL. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa telah
tercapai titik ekivalen yakni titik ketika jumlah mol asam kuat (HCl) yang
bereaksi sama dengan jumlah mol basa kuat (NaOH) yang bereaksi. Karena
konduktan turun hingga titik ekivalen tercapai, dimana daya hantar H + turun
sampai titik ekivalen tercapai. Dalam hal ini jumlah H + makin berkurang di dalam
larutan, sedangkan daya hantar OH- berrtambah setelah titik ekivalen tercapai
karena jumlah OH- di dalam larutan bertambah. Jumlah ion klorida di dalam
larutan tidak berubah karena daya hantarnya yang konstan pada penambahan
NaOH (Tim Dosen, 2016). Hal ini telah sesuai dengan teori (Jespersen, 2012 :
817-816) bahwa dalam titrasi antara larutan HCl dan NaOH memiliki titik
ekivalen pada volume larutan 24,97 mL.
Menurut Kealey (2002) bahwa setiap kali titrasi larutan ionik dilakukan,
jumlah ion dan sifat ion berubah saat proses titrasi, jika basa kuat NaOH menitrasi
asam kuat HCl maka reaksi yang terjad yaitu:
NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq) à NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Awalnya OH- pada NaOH akan dihilangkan sebagai bahan bahan yang tidak
bereaksi dengan air sehingga konduktan akan mengalami penurunan sampai titik
akhir titrasi. Maka kelebihan HCl akan meningkatkan konduktansi.
I. CONCLUSION\
Based on the experiment, we can conclude :
1. Equivalent point happened at volume 25 mL.
2. Conductans and consentration are inversely proportional.
J. SUGGESTION
I hope before doing experiment, in order to require intruction from
assistent, about base principle, work principle and thing that significant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al-Mashat, Laith et all. 2008. Conductometric Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on

Polypyrrole Nanofibers. Ieee Sensors Journal. Vol 8, No 4

Ebbing, Darrell D. and Steven D. Gammon. 2007. General Chemistry. New

York : Boston

Elazazy, Marwa S. et all. 2012. Conductometric and Spectroscopic Determination

of Mebeverine Hydrochloride and the Solubility Products of its Ion
Recognition Species. International Journal of Electrochemical Science.
Vol 2012, No 7

Elsair, Romain. 2012. Fudamentals of Chemistry. [Link]

Hassan, Wafaa S. et all. 2014. Spectroscopic and Conductometric Assay of
Oxyphenonium Bromide in Pure Form and in Pharmaceuticals.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Electrochemistry. Vol 6, No 1

Hede, Peter Dybdahl and Soren Prip Beier. 2013. Essentials of Chemistry.
[Link]

Manual. 2015. pH Meter/Conductometer. England : [Link]

Mejlbro, Leif. 2010. Elementary Analytical Function. [Link]

Nielsen, S. Suzanne. 2010. Food Analysis. USA : Springer

Tomas, Renato et all. Transference Number And Conductance Studies Of Sodium

Chloride In Aqueous Mixtures Of Ethanol At 298.15 K. Journal of
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Technology. Vol 8, No 10

Shanthivunguturi et all. 2014. Estimation Of Carbonate – Bicarbonate Alkalinity

In Water By Volumetric and Electro Analytical Methods – A
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Schart, Dr Wolfgang. 2015. Statistical Thermodynamics and Spectroscopy.

[Link]

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DOCUMENTATION
Pipette 25 ml HCl and Measured the conductivity titrated by using 5 ml of
NaOH
put into erlenmeyer

Repeat the procedures with each addition 5 ml

until 50 ml NaOH Measured the conductivity

TUGAS RESPON
1. Pengertian konduktometri
Konduktometri merupakan metode analisis kimia berdasarkan daya hantar
listrik suatu larutan dan mengukur derajat ionisasi suatu larutan elektrolit
dalam air dengan cara menetapkan hambatan suatu kolom cairan. Daya hantar
listrik berhubungan dengan pergerakan suatu ion di dalam larutan ion yang
mudah bergerak mempunyai daya hantar listrik yang besar. Bila arus listrik
dialirkan dalam suatu larutan mempunyai dua elektroda, maka daya hantar
 listrik berbanding lurus dengan luas permukaan elektroda dan berbanding
terbalik dengan jarak kedua elektroda.
2. Pengertian konduktometer
Konduktometer adalah alat yang digunakan untuk menentukan daya hantar
suatu larutan dan mengukur derajat ionisasi suatu larutan elektrolit dalam air
dengan cara menetapkan hambatan suatu kolom cairan selain itu
konduktometer memiliki kegunaan yang lain yaitu mengukur daya hantar
listrik yang diakibatkan oleh gerakan partikel di dalam sebuah larutan. Menurut
literatur faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi daya hantar adalah perubahan suhu
dan konsentrasi. Dimana jika semakin besar suhunya maka daya hantar pun
juga akan semakin besar dan apabila semakin kecil suhu yang digunakan maka
sangat kecil pula daya hantar yang dihasilkan dan begitu dengan sebaliknya
antara konsentrasi dan daya hantar. Oleh sebab itu pengaruh suhu dan
konsentrasi dapat mempengaruhi daya hantar.
3. Pengertian suspensi
Suspensi merupakan campuran zat heterogen. Partikel dalam suspensi lebih
besar daripada pertikel yang ditemukan dalam larutan. Komponen suspensi
dapat merata dengan cara mekanis, seperti dengan menggoyangkan atau
mengaduknya, Namun, jika suspensi diamkan selama beberapa saat, partikel
menjadi turun ke bawah dan komponen akan mengendap. Partikel-partikel
dalam suspensi akan terlihat dengan mata telanjang, dan melalui filtrasi mereka
dapat dipisahkan. Karena partikel yang lebih besar, suspensi cenderung buram
dan tidak transparan, karena mereka tidak memancarkan cahaya.