Rajasthan Public Service Commission

Volume - 1

History of Rajasthan
 ras
volume-1

History of rajasthan
S.No. Chapter Name Page
No.
1. Major sources of history of Rajasthan 1
 Inscription
 Coins
 Copper Plate
 Archival/Epigraphic Sources
 Literary Sources
 Other Antiquities
2. Pre and Proto-Historical Age of Rajasthan 12
 Palaeolithic Age in Rajasthan (500000 BC - 10000 BC)
 Mesolithic Age in Rajasthan (50,000 BCE – 20,000 BCE)
 Neolithic Age in Rajasthan
 Chalcolithic Cultures (3 BC - 2 BC)
 Pre-Harappan, Developed and Post-Harappan Culture
 Iron Age Culture
 Major Archaeological Sites of Rajasthan
 Different Sites and their Excavators
 Historical Discoveries
3. Early History of Rajasthan and Origin of Rajputs 29
 Early Historical Period of Rajasthan
○ Rajput Period and Origin Theory
4. History of Mewar 34
 Major Rulers of Mewar
 Sisodiya Dynasty and its Majestic Rulers
 Other Branches of Guhils
5. History of Rathore Dynasty and Marwar 57
 Different Views Related to the Origin of Rathores
 Rathores of Jodhpur
 Rathores of Bikaner
 Rathores of Kishangarh
6. Gurjara Pratihara dynasty and Parmar dynasty (from 6th century to 12th 74
century)
 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty
 Parmar Dynasty
7. History of Chauhans 79
 Theory of Origin
 Chauhan of Ajmer and Shakambhari
 Chauhans of Ranthambore
 Chauhans of Nadol (960 -1205)
 Chauhan of Jalore / Songra Chauhan
  Chauhan of Hadauti (Bundi)
 Chauhans of Kota (Hada Dynasty)
 Chauhan of Jhalawar
○ Major Dynasties and their Founders
○ Major cities of Rajasthan and their founders
○ Major Sakas of Rajasthan
8. History of Amer (Kachwaha Dynasty) 100
 History of Kachwaha Dynasty of Amer
 Kachwaha Dynasty of Alwar
 Kachwaha Dynasty of Shekhawati
9. Bhati Dynasty of Jaisalmer 113
Major Kings and Events
10. History of Karauli-Bharatpur 117
 Yadav Dynasty of Karauli
 Jat Dynasty of Bharatpur
11. Rajasthan and the Revolt of 1857 120
 Causes of 1857 Revolution in Rajasthan
 Beginning / Course of the Revolt of 1857 in Rajasthan
 Rebellion in other Areas of the State
 Nature 1857 Revolution in Rajasthan
 Causes of the Failure of the Revolution
 Rajasthan in the Revolut of 1857
 Outcome of the Revolt
 Political Agents in Rajputana in 1857
 Major Army Cantonments
 Rulers in Rajputana During the Revolution of 1857
12. British lordship in the state and its consequences 129
 Maratha Intervention in Rajasthan
 British Entry into Rajasthan
13. Peasant movement in Rajasthan 133
 Causes of Peasant Movements
 General Features of Peasant Movements in Rajasthan
 Various Peasant Movements of Rajasthan
 Evaluation of Peasant Movements of Rajasthan
14. Administration and revenue system of Rajasthan 143
 Central Governance
 Rural Administration
 Judicial system
 Feudal system
 Revenue system
 Land and Land Ownership
 Tax collection method
 Various Lag-Baags Prevalent in Rajasthan During the Medieval Period
15. Political awakening in Rajasthan 150
 Swami Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj)
 Establishment of Congress
 Press (journalism)
 Major Newspapers of Rajasthan
 Other Important Newspapers of Rajasthan
 Major Institutes of Political Awareness in Rajasthan
 Major Political Associations
16. Political integration of Rajasthan 161
 Background
 Stages of Integration
 Summary
17. Praja Mandal Movement 169
 Objectives of Praja Mandal
 Establishment of Prajamandals in Rajasthan
 Importance of Prajamandal Movement
 Influence of Congress and Gandhi ji in Spreading Public Awareness in Rajasthan
 Quit India Movement and Rajasthan
 Summary
18. Tribal Movement in Rajasthan 183
 Reasons for Tribal Movements
 Major Tribal Movements
19. Prominent Freedom Fighters and Personalities 188
 Prominent freedom fighter
 Prominent Women Freedom Fighters
 Prominent Personalities
 Surnames of Important Persons
 1 Major sources of history of
Chapter Rajasthan

● Father of History - Herodotus of Greece

○ He composed a book called Historica 2500 years ago.
○ India was also mentioned in it.
● Father of Indian History - Ved Vyas
○ Composed Mahabharata
○ Ancient name of Mahabharata - Jai Samhita
● Father of Rajasthan History - Colonel James Todd.
○ He was a political agent of Mewar (Udaipur) province between 1818 and 1821.
○ Wrote the history of Rajasthan by roaming on a horse.
■ That is why he is also known as ‘Ghode wale Baba’.
○ Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan/ Central and Western Rajput State of India - Published in 1829 in London.
○ Gauri Shankar Hirachand Ojha (GH Ojha) - First Hindi translation.
○ Other Books - Travel in Western India
■ Publication by wife in 1837 after death.

Raisingh inscription
● Engraved in 1594 AD in Bikaner.
● By Jain sage Jaita.
● It describes the achievements of the rulers of Bikaner from Rao Bika to Rao Raisingh.
● According to this, the construction of Bikaner fort was completed by Rao Raisingh from 30 January 1589 -1594 by his
minister Karamchand.

Ghosundi inscription *RAS Pre 2016

● Language - Sanskrit, Script - Brahmi |
● First deciphered by DR Bhandarkar. * RAS Mains 2016
● The oldest inscriptions related to Vaishnava or Bhagavata sect.
● Broken into many boulders.
● A large section is preserved in the Udaipur Museum.
● In this, there is a description of the Gaj dynasty's Sarvatat performing the Ashwamedha Yagya and building the boundary
wall of the Vishnu temple.

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Jaipur
● Two inscriptions of Ashoka Maurya have been found here: Bhabu inscription and Bairath inscription.
● It was discovered in 1837 by Captain Burt from "Bijak Hill".
● At present it is kept in the Calcutta Museum, due to which it is called the Calcutta-Bairath Lekh.
● This inscription proves that Ashoka was a follower of Buddhism.
● It was engraved by Maurya Emperor Ashok himself.

Nagari inscription
● Period - 200-150 BC
● It has been engraved in Sanskrit language in Brahmi script.
● Its script is same as the one in Ghosundi's inscription.
● Ghosundi inscription + Nagari inscription = Twin inscriptions of Rajasthan.
● Presently located in Udaipur Museum of Rajasthan

Manmori inscription
● This inscription is related to the Maurya dynasty & was founded by Colonel James Tod from the banks of Lake Mansarovar
near Chittor.
● Its is written by Pushya, the son of Nagabhatta and its engraver is Shivaditya, the grandson of Karun.
● The story of Amrit Manthan has been mentioned.
● It was thrown into the sea by Colonel James Tod on his way to England due to ship imbalance.
● In this, Bhima is described as the king of Avantipur.

Samoli Inscription (Udaipur)

● This inscription is dated to 646 AD.
● According to this, the temple of Aranyavasini Devi (Jawar Mata) was built by the chief of Mahajan community, Jentak
Mahattar, who came from Vatnagar (Sirohi).
● Jentak Mahattar took fire samadhi at a Siddhasthan named 'Devbuk'.
● This inscription gives information about the mining industry of copper and zinc in Aranyagiri near Jawar.

Aparajita Inscription
● Engraved on the wall of Kundeshwar temple near Nagde village in Udaipur district in 661 AD.
● Written by Damodar.
● Information about the history of Mewar in the 7th century.

Chirwa Inscription
● It is dated to 1273 AD.
● On this, 51 verses in 36 lines have been written in Devanagari script and Sanskrit language.
● Mention of the achievements of Guhil dynasty ruler Bappa's descendants Padam Singh, Jaitra Singh, Tej Singh and Samar
Singh.
● The presiding deity of Eklingji, the pioneer of Pashupat yogis, Shivarashi is also described.
● Composer - Ratnaprabhasuri
● Written by - Parshwachand.
● Shilpi Delhan completed the task of writing this article on the wall.

Basantgarh inscription
● This inscription is located in Sirohi and dates back to 625 AD.
● It has been obtained from Kshemkari (Khimel) Mata temple of Basantgarh (Sirohi).
● Presently it is preserved in the Rajputana Museum of Ajmer.
● This inscription describes Rajjila, the feudal lord of Arbuda Desh King Varmalat and Rajjila’s father, Vajbhatta (Satyashraya).
● The earliest use of the word Rajasthan in this inscription as 'Rajasthaniyaditya'.

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Bijolia inscription
● In 1170 AD, it was engraved in Sanskrit on a large rock in the Parshvanath temple complex of Bijolia town.
● This inscription was established by Jain Shravak Lolak and it’s author was Kayastha Keshav.
● Engraved by - Gunabhadra.
● In this, Sambhar and Ajmer Chauhans are described as Vatsgotriya Brahmins and their genealogy has been described.

Mandore inscription
● It was engraved in Jodhpur in 837 AD.
● This inscription is engraved in the praise of Gurjar King Bouka.
● In this, the genealogy of Gurjara-Pratiharas, worship of Vishnu and Shiva have been mentioned.

Sachiya Mata inscription / Sacchika Mata Temple inscription

● It dates back to 1179 AD.
● Engraved in the temple of Sachiya Mata, Osian (Jodhpur).
● In this, Kalhana is described as the King and Kirtipal as the overlord of Mandavyapur.

Amer inscription
● This was instituted in 1612 AD.
● In this, the Kachwaha dynasty has been described as "Raghuvanshtilak".
● In this the names of Prithviraj and his son Bhagwantdas and his son Maharajadhiraj Mansih are mentioned.

Ranakpur inscription
● It was engraved in the Chaumukha temple of Ranakpur in 1439 AD.
● Engraved by - Depak
● Information about the dynasty of Mewar and Dharanak Seth.
● There is a description of the victory of Kumbha.
● Bappa and Kalbhoj are described as different persons.
● Guhils are said to be the sons of Bappa Rawal.

Jagannatharai Inscription
● Engraved by - Krishnabhatta
● Its script is Devanagari and language is Sanskrit.
● Description of Guhilas from Bapa Rawal to Jagatsingh Sisodia.
● It is located in the Jagannath Rai Temple of Udaipur.
● The battle of Haldighati fought during the time of Pratap has been mentioned.
● According to it, Maharana got the Mohan temple built in the pond of Pichola and got the Rupsagar pond constructed.

Shringi Rishi inscription

● It was engraved in 1428 AD.
● This incription dates to the time of Mokal.
● The construction of the pond by Mokal and his lineage have been described.
● Composer - Kaviraj Vani Vilara Yogeshwar
● Language - Sanskrit

Kirtistambh prashsti
● Engraved by - Mahesh Bhatt
● Written by – Atri and Mahesh
● It is engraved is the praise of Rana Kumbha.
● A detailed biography of the Guhil dynasty from Bappa Rawal to Kumbha has been described.
● In this, Kumbha has been described as Maharajadhiraj, Abhinav Bharatacharya, Hindu Suratan, Rairayan, Rano Raso,
Chhapguru, Danguru, Rajguru, Shailguru etc.
● It describes the defeat of the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat by Kumbha.

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Kumbhalgarh inscription (1460 AD)
● Found in Kumbhalgarh around 1460 AD.
● Engraved by - Kavi Mahesh
● It is engraved on 5 rocks located in Kumbhshyam temple located in Kumbhalgarh fort of Rajsamand district of Rajasthan.
● Language – Sanskrit; Script - Nagari.
● It describes the Guhil dynasty and their achievements.
● In this, Bapa Rawal has been described as Vipravanshiya.
● In it, there is a description of Hammir's victory over Chelawat and he has been called Vishmaghati Panchanan.

Raj Prashasti (1676 AD)

● Engraved by - Ranchodbhatt Tailang
● It was engraved during the time of Maharana Raj Singh Sasodia.
● This is the world's largest inscription engraved on 25 black stones on 9 chauki ki pal in Rajsamand Lake.
● It contains the genealogy of the Guhils from Bapa Rawal to Rana Jagatsingh II.
● It describes the Mughal Mewar Treaty signed by Maharana Amar Singh.

Other inscriptions
Name Place Era Description
Barli inscription Ajmer 2nd century BC ● The oldest inscription of Rajasthan
● Brahmi script
Nandsa yup pillar Bhilwara 225 AD _ ● Instituted by som
inscription
Barwa Yup inscription Kota 238-39 AD _ ● The language is Sanskrit and the script is Brahmi.
● The oldest and first inscription of the Maukhari kings.
● Engraved on a yup (pillar).
Bhramarmata inscription Chittor 490 AD _ ● Description of the rulers of Gauravsh and Aulikar dynasty
● By - Brahmsom, son of Mitrasom
● Writer - Poorva
Kanswa inscription Kota 738 E. _ ● Mention of the Maurya dynasty king Dhaval (probably
the last Maurya ruler of Rajasthan)
Pratapgarh inscription Pratapgarh 946 AD _ ● Description of the achievements of Gurjar Pratihar King
Mahendrapal.
Achaleshwar inscription Abu ● Description of origin of man being from the fire altar.
● Dhoomraj is described as the ‘Mool Purush’ of
Paramaras.
Luna Vasahi inscription Abu - 1230 AD _ ● Language - Sanskrit
Delwara ● It describes the dynasty of the Parmar rulers of Abu and
Vastupal Tejpal.
Neminath inscription Abu 1230 AD _ ● Composer - Someshvardev (Shubhchandra)
● It was excavated by Sutradhar Chandeshwar.
Rasiya ki chhatri inscription Chittorgarh 1331 ● Author - Ved Sharma, a Brahmin of Nagar caste, son of
Priyapattu
● Engraved by – Sutradhar Sajjan
● In this, Guhil is described as the son of the Bapa.
Second inscription of Alwar 1458 AD _ ● In this, there is a description of the authority of Bad
Machedi ki Bawli Gurjar dynasty’s Rajpaldev in Alwar.
Barbath inscription Bayana 1613-14 AD _ ● In this, there is a great mention of the construction of a
garden and a stepwell in Barbath by the wife of Akbar,
Mariam-us-Zamani.

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Barnala yup Pillar Jaipur 227 AD _
Inscription
Chatsu inscription Jaipur 813 AD _ ● There is a description of Guhil dynasty’s Bharatrabhatta
and his descendants.
Buchkala inscription Jodhpur 815 AD _ ● There is mention of Nagabhatta Pratihara, son of
Vatsaraj.
Rajourgarh inscription Alwar 960 AD _ ● Mathandev Pratihara
Harsh inscription Sikar 973 AD _ ● Mention of the lineage of Chauhans.
● The mention of the construction of the Harshnath (Sikar)
temple by Allat.
● Vagad was called Vargat
Dungarpur inscription Dungarpur 1404 AD ● Engraved in Sanskrit language at Upargaon (Dungarpur).
● Description of the history of the Vagad dynasties.

Coins
● Mint in Nagaur -Amarshahi
● Coins of alwar - Akhaishi, Ravshahi, Rawshahi Taka (copper coins), Angrezi Paav aana coins
● Coins of Bikaner- gajshahi
● Coins of Dholpur - tamanchashahi
● Coins of Jodhpur - Vijayshahi, Bhimshahi, Gajshahi, Lallulia
● Coins of Jaipur - Jhaadshahi, Muhammad Shahi, Hali
● Coins of Jaisalmer - Akhaishahi, Muhammadshahi, Dodiya
● Coins of Mewar - Chittauri, Bhiladi, Udaipur, Mughli Coin Elchi, Chandodi, Swarupshahi, Dhingaal, Shahalami
● Coins of Pali - Bijaishahi
● Coins of Jhalawar - Old Madanshahi, New Madanshahi
● Coins of Bundi - Ramshahi, Katarshahi, Chehreshahi, purana rupya, gyarah-Sana
● Coins of Sirohi – Silver bhiladi, Copper dhabbushahi
● Coins of Pratapgarh - Salimshahi, Mubarakshahi, Sikka Mubarak london
● Coins of Dungarpur - Udayshahi, Trishuliya, Patrisiria, Chittaudi, Salimshahi
● Coins of Banswara - Salimshahi, Lachmanshahi
● Study of Coins - Numismatics
● Coin trade in Indian History, Indus Valley Civilization, and Vedic Civilization - Based on Barter system.
● First coin circulation - 2500 years ago
○ The coins were found in a fragmented state during excavation.
○ Special symbols on them- hence they are also called punch mark coins.
○ In square, rectangular, and circular form.
● Kautilya's Arthashastra – Coins known as Pana/Karshapan - Mostly of silver metal.
● First of all, the Chauhan dynasty of Rajasthan issued currencies.
○ Copper coins - Drumm and vishopaka
○ Silver coins - rupak
○ Gold coins - dinar
● Akbar issued the Elchi coins in Rajasthan.
○ Akbar had good relations with amer.
■ Therefore, permission was given to open a first mint there.

Important facts
● In 1893, William Wilfrid Webb wrote a book titled "The Currency of the Hindu State of Rajputana" on the subject of
coins of the princely states of the then Rajputana.
● The excavation of Raidh (Tonk) has yielded 3075 silver punchmark coins which are the oldest coins of India and the
largest number of coins found from a single place.

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 ○ These coins were called dharana or pana.
● Kushana period coins have been found from Rang mahal (Hanumangarh).
○ Kushana coins have been called Muranda and the first Kushan Kanishka coin has also been found from here.
● Many coins have also been found from Bairath civilization (Jaipur), out of which 16 coins belong to the famous Greek
ruler Menander. *RAS Pre 2018
● Indo-Sasani coins have been identified by Indians by the name Gadhiya which is a silver coin and were made of copper
of metal.
● The Swaroopshahi of Mewar and the Alamshahi of Marwar were of British influence on which "Aurang Aram Hind and
Englishtan Queen Victoria" were written.
● In Rajasthan for the first time in 1900 AD, Kaldar's challan was issued in place of local coins.

Ancient coins of Rajasthan

● Kaldar (Silver) is the most famous of the coins issued during the time of the British.

Princely state Coins

Bikaner Gajshahi Coins (Silver)
Jaisalmer Muhammad Shahi, Akhaishahi, Dodiya (Copper)
Udaipur Swaroopshahi, Chandodi, Shah Alamshahi, Dhingal, Trishulian, Bhiladi, Karshapan, Bheedriya,
Padmashahi
Dungarpur Udayshahi, Trishuliya, Patrisiriya, Chittaudi, Salimshahi sikka
Banswara Salimshahi sikka, Lakshmanshahi
Pratapgarh Salimshahi, Mubarakshahi, Sikka Mubarak, London coin
Shahpura Sandia, Madheshahi, Chittaudi, Bhiladi Coins
Kota Gumanshahi, Hali, Madanshahi coins
Jhalawar Old and New Madanshahi Coins
Karauli Manakshahi
Dholpur Tamanchashahi coin
Bharatpur Shah alma
Alwar Akhaishi, Rawshahi coind, Rawshahi copper coind, English pav anna coin
Jaipur Jhadshahi, Muhammad Shahi, Hali
Jodhpur Vijayshahi, Bhimshahi, Gadiya, Gajshahi, Lallulia Rupya
Sojat Lallulia (Pali)
Salumber Padamshahi (Copper currency)
Kishangarh Shah alami
Bundi Ramshahi Coin, Gyarah- Sana, Katarshahi, Chereshahi, purana rupya
Nagaur's mint Amarshahi

Pali Bijaishahi
Sirohi Silver Bhiladi, copper Dhabbushahi
Salumber Padamshahi

Copper plate
Major copper plate of rajasthan
Copper plates Era Description
Dhulev copper plates 679 AD ● Maharaj Bheti of Kishkindha (Kalyanpur) ordered his Ministers and informed
them that he had donated the village named Ubarak to a Brahmin named
Bhattinag.
Broach gurjar copper 978 AD ● Description of the campaign of Gurjar dynasty from Saptsaindhav India to
plates Ganga Kaveri.

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 ● Based on this, Cunningham considered the Rajputs to be of the Yuchi tribe of
the Kushanas.
Mathandev copper 959 AD ● There is mention of the arrangement of land donation for temple.
plate
Virpur donation 1185 AD ● In this, there is a mention of giving land by the feudal of Chalukya king
plates Bhimdev of Gujarat, Guhil dynasty king Amritpaldev of Vagad on Suryaparva.
Ahar copper plate 1206 AD ● It belongs to the Solanki king Bhimdev (II) of Gujarat .
● The geneology of Solanki kings from Mulraj to Bhimdev II of Gujarat has been
given.
Parsoli's copper plate 1473 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raimal .
● Mention of varieties of land – Pival, Gormo, Mal, Magra.
○ These lands were free of all taxes at that time.
Kherada copper plate 1437 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Kumbha.
● There is mention of a donation of 400 taka (currency) to Shambhu.
● Information about the atonement made by Rana Kumbha, the donation of
that time, the religious status in Eklingji has been given.
Cheekli copper Plate 1483 AD ● Information about miscellaneous ‘lag-baag' collected from farmers.
● Description of farming by Patel, Suthar and Brahmins.
Dhol Copper plate 1574 AD ● It dates back to the time of Maharana Pratap when he managed the military
post of a village called Dhol and gave a land grant at Dhol to his administrator
Joshi Puno.
Theekra village 1464 AD ● The word 'Mauja' is used here for the village.
copper plate
Pur copper plate 1535 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Shri Vikramaditya .
● Information about the land grant given by Hadi Queen Karmavati while
entering Jauhar.
● Throws light on Jauhar custom - gives the exact time of second Saka of Chittor.
Koghakhedi (Mewar) 1713 AD ● The mention of the village of Koghakhedi which was given by Maharana
copper plate Sangram Singh II to Dinkar Bhatt in Hiranyashavadan.
Copper plate of 1576 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Pratap Singh .
village Pipli (Mewar) ● Explains that after the Battle of Haldighati, Maharana started the work of
settling people in the region of Central Mewar.

The copper plate of 1650 AD ● Related to giving donations to Bhatt Vishwanath of the village Keetkhedi.
Keetkhedi ● Given during the consecration of the temple of Govardhannathji built by
(Pratapgarh) Rajmata Chauhan.
Degrol village copper 1648 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Jagat Singh.
plate
The copper plate of 1656 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raj Singh .
Rangili Village ○ He gave a village named Rangeela to Gandharva Mohan.
(Mewar) ○ The cost of Khad, Lakad and Taka in the village was removed.
Donation plate of 1643 AD ● It belongs to the period of Samar Singh (Banswara).
bedwas village ● Plough land donation is mentioned.
Raj Singh copper 1678 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raj Singh.
plate
Paranpur Donation 1676 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharaja Shri Rawat Pratap Singh.
plate ● The names of the rulers of that time and the tradition of religious rites are
mentioned.
● Taxes like Taki, Lag and Rakhwali etc. are also described.
Patanya Village 1677 AD ● Mention of Maharawat Pratap Singh (Pratapgarh) donating Patanya village to

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 Donation plate Mahta Jayadeva.
● The names of the Guhil kings from Guhil to Bhartribhatta are given in the
opening lines.
Sakhedi Copper plate 1716 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharawat Gopal Singh.
● Mention of a local tax kathakaval & Lagat-Vilagat.
Bengu copper plate 1715 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Sangram Singh .
Varkhedi copper 1739 AD ● Belongs to time of Maharawat Gopal Singh.
plate ○ Information about Kanha that he was given the village Varkhedi in Lakh-
pasaav and laagat in Lakhna.
○ 'Lakh Pasav' was a reward and the laagat of Lakhna mattered a lot.
Pratapgarh copper 1817 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharawat Samant Singh.
plate ● Mention of removal of 'tanki' tax on Brahmins engaged in the state
Gadbod copper plate 1739 AD ● Belongs to the time of Maharana Shri Sangram Singh.
Twin Donation plates 1747 and ● Belongs to the time of Maharawal Prithvi Singh.
of Banswara 1750 AD.
Bedvas copper plate 1559 AD ● Throws light on the confirmation of the 1616 Samvat of establishing Udaipur.
Lava village copper 1558 AD ● Maharana Udai Singh ordered Brahmin Bhola that he would no longer collect
plate mapa tax in the marriage of future girls.
○ His right to get the girls of that area married will remain the same.'
Kul purohit donation 1459 AD It mentions about "neg" on auspicious occasions.
plate

Archive/ Epigraphic Sources

The following books are stored in the State Archives, Bikaner.
● Hakikat Bahi - Mention of the daily routine of the king
● Hukumat Bahi - Replication of the orders of the king
● Kamthana Bahi - Information related to buildings and fortification
● Kharita Bahi - Description of Correspondences

Literary sources

Important facts
 Ras - Composed by Jain poets around 11th century.
 Raso-Raso literature was written parallelly to Ras literature, though which the
background of the evaluation of the historical, social, religious, cultural conditions
of the time
 was created.
o It is the gift of Rajasthan itself.
 Veli - In Rajasthani Veli literature, there is a mention of the valor, history,
scholarship, generosity, love-feeling, devotion, genealogy etc.
 Khyat - Khyat means fame, that is, a book written in praise of a King.
o In Khyat there is praise in exaggeration.
o In the history of Rajasthan, Khyans atttained an important place in the history
after 16th century.
o It is a detailed form of genealogy and citation writing.
 Renowned literature is written in prose.

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Prithviraj Raso, Chandbardai
● This book was written by the court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan, Chandbardai in Pingal language which was completed by
his son Jalhan.
● It mentions the origin of Gurjara-Pratihara, Parmar, Solanki/Chalukya, and The popular saying is "Chaar
Chauhans from the fire pit of Mount Abu of Guru Vashishta, Vishwamitra etc. baans chubees gaj angul
● It throws light especially on the history of Prithviraj Chauhan. asht praman, taa upar
○ It describes the battle of tarain and Sanyogita issue . sultaan hai mat chuke
chauhan"
Muhnot nainsi ri khyat
● It is written in Marwari and Dingal.
● Nainsi (1610-70) was the court poet and Diwan of Jodhpur Maharaja Jaswant Singh I. Nainsi was called "Abul
● In this a detailed history of the Rathores of Jodhpur & entire Rajputana has been Fazal of Rajputane" by
written. Munshi Devi Prasad.

Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat / Gawan Ri Khayat

● Written by Muhnot Nainasi.
● Being very large, it is also called "Sarvsangraha".
● It describes the economic and social figures of that time and for this reason it is also called "Gazetteer of Rajasthan".

Bankidas Ri khyat / Jodhpur Rajya ri khyat

● Writer - Bankidas (court poet of Maharaja Mansingh Rathod of Jodhpur)
● There is a description of the Rathores and other clans.
● Written in Marwari and Dingal languages.

Dayaldas Ri Khyat
● Writer - Dayaldas Sidhaich (court poet of Maharaj Ratan Singh of Bikaner)
● It is written in Marwari (Dingal) language.
● In this, the history of Bikaner's Rathores from the beginning to Maharaja Sardar Singh has been written (2 parts)

Mundiyar Ri Khyat * RAS Pre 2013

● Account of the establishment of the Rathore kingdom in Marwar by Rao Siha to Maharaja Jaswant Singh I.
● It is also written in this khyat that Jodha Bai, the mother of Akbar's son Salim, was the adopted sister of Motaraja Udai
Singh, whose mother was Maldev's maid servant.

Kavi Raja Ri Khyat

● In this khyat, the reign of Maharaja Jaswant Singh I, the king of Jodhpur, has been described in detail.
● Apart from this, the anecdotes of Rao Jodha, Raimal, Soor Singh's minister Bhati Gobinddas are also included.

Kishangarh Ri khyat
● History of Rathores of Kishangarh

Bhatiyon Ri Khayat
● History of Bhatis of Jaisalmerss

Rajasthani Literature litterateur

Prithviraja Raso Chandrabardai
Bisaldev Raso Narpati Nalh
Hammir Raso Sharangdhar

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Sangat Raso Girdhar Aansia
Veli Krishna Rukmani Ri Prithviraj Rathod
Achaldas Khichi Ri Vachanika Shivdas Gadan
Pathal Aur Peethal Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Dharti Dhora Ri Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Leeltaans Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Roothi Rani, Chetawani Ra Changatya Kesari Singh Barath
Rajasthani Kahavatan Murlidhar Vyas
Rajasthani Shabdkosh Sitaram Leelas
Nainsi Ri Khyat Muhnot Nainsi
Marwad Ra Pargana Ri Vigat Muhnot Nainsi
Rao Ratan Ri Veli (About Raja Ratan Singh Of Bundi) Kalyan Das
Kanhade Prabandh Kavi Padmanabha (Description Of Alauddin's Jalore
Invasion)
Rao Jaitsi Ro Chhand Bithu Suja
Raj Roopak Vir Bhan
Suraj Prakash Karnidan (Court Poet Of Jodhpur Maharaja Abhay Singh)
Vansh Bhaskar Suryamal Misran

Sanskrit literature Litterateur

Prithviraj Vijay Jayanak (Kashmiri)
Hammir Mahakavya Nayan Chandra Suri
Hammir Madmardan Jaisingh Suri
Kuvalayamala Udyotan Suri
Vansh Bhaskar / Chhand Mayukh Suryamalla Mishran (Bundi)
Nrityaratnakosh Rana Kumbha
Bhasha Bhushan Jaswant Singh
Ekling Mahatamya Kumbha
Lalit Vigraraj Kavi Somdev
Rajvallabh Mandan (Chief Poet Of Maharana Kumbha)
Rajvinod Bhatt Sadashiv
Karmachandra Vanshhotkirtanakam Jaya Som
Kavyam
Amarsar Pandit Jeevdhar
Rajratnakar Sadashiv
Ajitodaya Jagjivan Bhatt (Court Poet Of Jodhpur King Ajit Singh)

Persian literature litterateur

Chachnama Ali Ahmed
Mimta-Ul-Futuh Amir Khusro
Khazain-Ul-Futuh Amir Khusro
Tuzuk -E- Babri (Turkish) , Babarnama Babar
Humayunama Gulbadan Begum
Akbarnama / Ain I Akbari Abul Fazl
Tuzuk -E -Jahangiri Jahangir
Tarikh-E-Rajasthan Kaliram Kayastha
Waqia-E- Rajputana Munshi Jwala Sahai

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Important Historical Battles
Year War Fought Between Result
1191 First Battle Of Tarain Prithviraj - Mohammad Gauri Gauri defeated
1192 Second Battle Of Tarain Prithviraj - Mohammad Gauri Prithviraj defeated
1301 Battle Of Ranthambore Hammir Dev - Alauddin Khilji Hammir defeated
1303 Battle Of Chittor Rana Ratan Singh - Alauddin Khilji Rana Ratan Singh
defeated
1311 Battle Of Sivana Saatal Deo Chauhan - Alauddin Khilji Sutal Deo defeated
1527 Battle Of Khanwa Rana Sanga - Babur Rana Sanga defeated
1544 Battle Of Sammel (Jaitaran) Maldeo-Sher Shah Suri Maldeo defeated
1576 Battle Of Haldighati Maharana Pratap-Akbar Maharana Pratap
defeated
1582 Battle Of Diver Maharana Pratap, Amar Singh - Mughal Maharana victorious
Army
1644 Mateere Ki Raad Amar Singh (Nagaur) - Karn Singh Amar Singh victorious
1803 Battle Of Laswari Daulat Rao Scindhia-Lord Lake Scindhia defeated

Other Antiquities
● In the Vedas, the Saraswati river is eloquently and widely appreciated.
○ Rigveda - the "lifeline" of ancient Rajasthan.
○ Mention of fishermen also.
○ Shatapatha Brahmana - People near the banks of Saraswati.
● The brahmana mentions the Saluva people as a janapada with the Matsyas - who developed an extensive kingdom with
their capital at Virat (present-day Bairath or Biratnagar in Jaipur district).
○ The Pandavas, with the help of their allies, the Matsyas, spent the period of their exile in Virat.
● Mahabharata - Matsya Janpad rich in cattle; Matsya people were famous for their truthfulness.
○ Malavas - A tribe of great warriors who helped the Kauravas in their fight against the Pandavas.
● Sacred places of Rajasthan in Puranas:
○ Skandapurana - gives a list of Indian states which includes some of the states of Rajasthan - Shakambhara
Sapadalaksha; Mewar Sapdalaksha; Tomar Sapadalaksha: Vaguri (beded); Virat (Bairat); and bhadr.
● The Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang - mentioned a place called Po-li-ye-ta-lo which is considered equivalent to Virat or
Bairath (Jaipur district).
○ According to him, "the people of this city were brave and courageous and their king, who belonged to the Fei-shi
(Vaish) caste was famous for his courage and skill in battle."
● 700-1200 AD - Literary activity high.
○ Light on the political, social, economic and religious conditions of Rajasthan through the creations.

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 2 Pre and Proto-Historic Age of
Chapter
Rajasthan
The pre- and proto-historic periods of Rajasthan are divided into chronological order as follows.
Geological Period Time Culture/Tools
Pleistocene 500000 BC Lower Paleolithic – Hand axe, acheulianTools
50000 BC to 20000 BC Middle Paleolithic – scraper, borer, flakes
20000 BC to 10000 BC Upper Paleolithic – Blade, Burins
Holocene 8000 BC to 2000 BC Mesolithic – Microliths, Blades

2500 BC to 1000 BC Chalcolithic-Ahar culture, Harappan culture, Ganeshwar,

Jodhpura
After 1000 BC Early Iron Age, Jodhpura, Noh etc.

Palaeolithic Age in Rajasthan (500000 BC - 10000 BC)

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● During this period man used stone tools and he did not have knowledge of the art of smelting metals and making tools.
● The Paleolithic age is divided into 3 sub-eras-

Lower Paleolithic Age (5,00,000 BC - 50,000 BC)

● Mainly concentrated in the east of the Aravalli.

● Specialized stone tools - Hand axe, Flakes and Cleavers. Important Facts
● Raw materials for making tools - Quartzite, Quartz and ● Preliminary survey work in North-East Rajasthan
Basalt. was done by General Alexander Cunningham.
● Early Stone Age sites in Rajasthan identified as ● He was also the first Director General of the
Acheulian culture Archaeological Survey of India.
○ Named after the French site Saint Acheful.
○ The first effective colonization of the Indian subcontinent.
● Acheulian culture - hunter-gatherer culture.
● Lower Paleolithic sites of Rajasthan - Mandapia, Bingod, Deoli, Nathdwara, Bhainsrodgarh and Navaghat.

Important fact
 Located on the banks of river Banas in Bhilwara, Mandapiya was discovered by VN Mishra.

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Middle Paleolithic (50,000 BC - 20,000 BC)
● The Acheulian culture gradually transformed into the Middle Paleolithic by developing new tools and technology.
● Tools - Side scrapers, end scraper, points / drill, borers, flakes etc.
○ Here the chopper-chopping (khandaka-gandasa) apparatus is absent and the handaxe and cleaver are rare.
● Tools - Small, thin and light.
● Raw material - Silicaeceous rock like chert, quartz, agate, jasper.
● Middle Palaeolithic sites in Rajasthan - Luni Valley, Pali and Jodhpur.
○ No deposits have been found to the south of Sojat and Pali.
● Other places - Mogra, Nagari, Baridhani, Samdari, Luni, Dhundara, Sri Krishnapura, Golio, Hundgaon, Bhavi, Pichak etc.

Upper Paleolithic (20,000 BC - 10,000 BC)

● The tools were more sophisticated than in the early and medieval period.
● Marked regional diversity with respect to refinement of techniques and standardization of finished tool forms.
● The tools of the upper Palaeolithic period were mainly made of flakes and blades.
● Important Discovery - Ostrich eggshells were found at more than 40 sites in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
○ There is evidence that the ostrich is a bird adapted to arid climates.
● Settlements - a characteristic tendency to be located near permanent sources of water.
● Society was divided into small communities, usually consisting of less than 100 people.
○ To some extent they were nomads who used to move from one place to another.
● The earliest form of art by humans is in the form of rock paintings (Bhimbetka) of the upper Palaeolithic period.
● Upper Palaeolithic sites in Rajasthan - Late stone tools and remains are mainly found from Chambal, Bhainsrodgarh,
Nawaghat; and Hamirgarh, Jahazpur, Deoli and Gilund on the banks of Banas; and Pali, Samdari, Shikarpur, Sojat,
Pipad, Khivsar on the banks of river Luni.

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Mesolithic Age in Rajasthan (50,000 BCE – 20,000 BCE)

● The beginning of this era in Rajasthan is believed to be about 50000 years ago.
● A little more developed than the culture of the early stone age, but till this time man had the knowledge of neither
animal husbandry nor farming.
● Culture was still far from organized social life.
● Small, lightweight and efficiently made equipment discovered.
○ Pointed and used as the tip of an arrow or spear.
● Mesolithic sites have been specially discovered in 2 areas of Rajasthan -
○ South-East Rajasthan (Mewar)
○ Lower Luni Basin in Western Rajasthan
● However, the maximum number of Mesolithic sites using small stone tools have been discovered in south-eastern
Rajasthan, east of the Aravalli water divide.
○ Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Bagore
● Scraper -
○ 3 x 10 cm long rectangular and round tools.
○ One or both the edges were sharpened and one edge was used to behold the tool.
● Points
○ There are tools as long and as wide as a triangular scraper.
○ It was also known as 'Nok' or 'Astragra'.
○ Discovery - in the valleys of the Bedach river of Chittor, in the valleys of the Luni and its tributaries and from
Biratnagar.

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