CHAPTER V

Nursing Informatics
System

BSN 2A
GROUP 5 MEMBERS:
Rebecca Apelado
Cephas Jose Apelo
Johara Cris Armateo
Abigail Atencio
NURSING INFORMATICS SYSTEM
Informatics can be broadly be describe as study and practice of creating, storing, finding,
manipulating and sharing information. It is application of information technology to practically
any field, but for the purpose of this study we will only consider nursing informatics.
What is Nursing Informatics System?
Nursing informatics is science and practice integrated with nursing, information, and its
knowledge, family, and the society. The term “Nursing Information System”, is combining
nursing, information, and computer science to process and manage data to be knowledge to use it
in nursing practice. The definition of nursing informatics has developed and has been perfected.
American Nurses Association (ANA) states that the definition is as; “special which integrates
nursing science, computer science, and the science to manage information and our data
communication, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice.”
A. Introduction
Health informatics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates healthcare science with information
technology and engineering science. The aim is to develop technologically-based healthcare
software and hardware to improve healthcare service and patient outcomes.
Nursing informatics (NI) is a subdivision of health informatics. This subdivision focuses on
nursing practices. Nursing informatics incorporates nursing knowledge and information with
technology. It also aids in developing ways for better management of health information that
support nursing practices.
Examples of successful implementation of the technologies by nursing informatics include the
following:
• computerized provider order entry
• electronic medical records
• Such progress enabled health experts to access easily
- medical history
- medication lists
- tests
- imaging results
- nursing notes of patients
These successful implementations helped to make efficient decisions for improving healthcare
outcomes. Nursing informatics significantly reduced the following:
• medical errors
• patient-care delays
• health care costs
First Informatics Nurse
According to the literature, Florence Nightingale has been the forerunner of nursing informatics
specialists. She was a British nurse and statistician best known for her role during the Crimean
War. During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale collected, organized, handled, and
investigated data to write reports on the health of British soldiers. Nursing informatics is a
specialized form of health informatics.
History of Nursing Informatics
Since computers were introduced into the healthcare system, the practices of nursing informatics
evolution are re-continuous. Significant milestones during the health informatics history timeline
of nursing informatics are intertwined with the advancement of computer and information
technologies and the growing demand for nursing data.
Beginning of Nursing Informatics
In the 1950s, when the computer was introduced into healthcare facilities and began collecting and
handling large amounts of patient data, nursing informatics came into existence.
Since its advancement, the computer has been regarded as a tool that could be used in many
disciplines. The French first described healthcare informatics in the 1960s as "informatique
médical." The term "informatique" refers to the field of applied computer science dealing with data
processing.
Becoming an Official Subdivision of Healthcare Informatics
In the 1980s, nursing informatics became a subdivision of healthcare informatics. It was paralleled
with the rapid evolution of the field. This rapid evolution provided a solid foundation for
establishing nursing informatics as an essential specialty in today's healthcare system.
In later years, several organizations emerged that supported nursing informatics development.
In 1982, the Capital Area Roundtable on Informatics in Nursing (CARING) was created as a non-
profit organization in the United States of America. It was founded by a group of nurses who
focused on advancing automated healthcare information systems.
The American Nursing Informatics Association (ANIA) was a similar organization that came into
existence in 1992. Later, ANIA merged with CARING in 2010.
Another subsequent advancement in nursing informatics was the successful publishing of the first
journal of nursing informatics in 1983. This journal was called Computers in Nursing. The journal
is still published. However, it is published under its new name, Computers, Informatics, Nursing.
Nursing Informatics
Integration of nursing information management with information processing and information
technology to support the people worldwide
“A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage
and communicate data, information, and knowledge in nursing. Nursing informatics facilitates the
integration of data, information and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in
their decision-making in all roles and settings. This support is accomplished through the use of
information structures, information processes, and information technology.” (ANA. 2009)
An outgrowth of computers
Nurses have traditionally been involved with a lot of paperwork and had the need to file and
retrieve a variety of forms and other paperwork. In the beginning, some of the paperwork was done
with a computer. Basic information was entered into a computer database. Nurses would be able
to retrieve this data as needed, but most of the information was still recorded on paper. As
computers became faster and more robust, more information was entered into a computer.
Eventually, this led to a push to reduce paperwork to the bare minimum.
Local area networks for healthcare
Today, computers are hooked together to allow for doctors and nurses to share information quickly
with nurses and give them the information they need to give the patient the best quality care
possible. The information flows the other way as well. From nurse to doctor, a physician can look
at data on a computer screen concerning things such as body temperature, heart rate and blood
pressure that was taken earlier by a nurse. All of the patient’s data from the current office or hospital
visits and all data from the past is right in front of the doctor. This gives a doctor a better
opportunity to treat the patient effectively.
Nursing informatics in the Internet age
Now, in the age of the Internet, the data has been expanded to include a wider range of possible
users including the patient. Prescriptions can be written online and accessed by the patient’s
pharmacy. They can be processed and be ready often before the patient has arrived at the drug
store. Test labs can upload the results from blood testing and other types of testing, so medical
personal can see and use this information. Patients can also go online, and with the use of a
username and password, they can look at their medical records including test lab reports.
Working in the field of nursing informatics
In order for a system to work best for nursing, it must work for the entire healthcare system. This
may mean an entire hospital, a clinic, a chain of clinics, a doctor’s office or specialized healthcare
facilities such as drug rehabilitation facility. Whatever the particular application, a system must be
developed and implemented so that it helps create greater efficiency and higher quality patient
care. This includes installing the right software and modifying it if needed. It also includes
communication between local computers as well as communication with other facilities that are
needed to integrate patient data. It also includes a certain amount of training to make sure everyone
understands how to use the system. Naturally, a system like this can be complex, and it also takes
attention and maintenance to keep everything running well.
B. WHAT IS A PERSONAL DIGITALL ASSISTANT (PDA)?
Personal digital assistant is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provides computing
and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business use, often for keeping
schedules, calendars and address book information handy.
Popular in the 1990s and early 2000s, personal digital assistants (PDAs) were the precursors to
smartphones. Most PDAs had a small physical keyboard, and some had an electronically sensitive
pad on which handwriting could be received. Original uses for a personal digital assistant included
schedule and address book storage and retrieval and note-entering. However, many types of
applications were written for PDAs.
History of PDA?
The first PDAs were developed in the early 1990s as digital improvements upon the traditional
pen-and-paper organizers used to record personal information such as telephone numbers,
addresses, and calendars.
The first PDA was the Newton MessagePad, developed by Apple and introduced in 1992 and
available in 1993. Apple CEO John Sculley coined the term PDA in 1992, but devices fitting that
description had existed for nearly a decade prior. In the mid-1990s, the manufacturers of PDAs,
pagers and cellular telephones began to combine the functionality of those devices into a new
device type now known as a smartphone.
In the 2010s, the technology industry recycled the term "personal digital assistant." The term now
more commonly refers to software that recognizes a user's voice and uses artificial intelligence to
respond to queries. Examples of this type of personal digital assistant include Apple's Siri,
Microsoft's Cortana and Amazon's Alexa.
Use in Nursing
Various researchers support the usefulness of PDA in promoting patient safety via an informatics -
based strategy to nursing education regarding the use of documentation in clinical encounters, in
retrieval of safety related information at point-of-care, and improving procedural skills.
PDA Generic Function and their application to Clinical Practice
PDA evolved as information to support personal
1. Address book – is an always alphabetical list that has fields for name, address, phone
numbers, organization, email, and other data.
2. 2Calculator – is a basic function calculator, capable of mathematical operations.
Calculators for specific medical calculations are available.
3. Date Book – allows the nurse to keep track of his/her schedule from a daily, weekly, and
monthly perspective.
4. Memo Pad – provides a place to compose memos, which can be synchronized with another
computer. One use is to produce and edit project outlines
5. Note Pad – is useful in jotting quick notes. It allows the nurse to write directly on the screen
in digital ink. It is also useful for changes in patients conditions, changes in orders that
occur on rounds and taking notes at Continuing Education offerings.
 6. To do list – allows the nurse to create multiple list and keep track of tasks to be done daily,
weekly or monthly.
Advantages

• Light weight and fits nicely into pockes

• Provides medical information at the point of care
• Programs work quickly with no lag or booting up
• Provides medical dictionary, nursing diagnosis, lab values/interpretations, metric
Conversations, risk management, collects and stores data at bedside, provide an entire drug
profile including implementation.
• Aid student nurses by decreasing amount of books in clinical
• Reduces stress and saves time and money
Disadvantages

• The need to be trained poses problem for the already busy nurse
• The relationship between the device and the user may not be positive
• Medication programs are not 100% perfect
• Software limited to drug interaction are more accurate
• If having to purchase device for own desire, it can be costly
C. E-MAIL & BOOKMARKS
EMAIL

• E-mail (electronic mail) are messages transmitted and received by digital computers
through a network.
• Ray Tomlinson is a computer programmer who implemented the first email program in
1971.
• An e-mail system allows computer users on a network to send text, graphics, sounds, and
animated images to other users. (Britannica)
• Emails make use of a server called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol through the internet.
This dedicated port is assigned to the server to help the client transfer the messages through
the mail.
Purpose:
• Emails are used for the purpose of communication.
• Casual/Informal Purpose such as:
• Contacting friends, relatives and personal affairs
• Education Purpose: communicating with professors and supervisors, students
• Information Purpose: requesting information,
• Professional Purpose: Applying for jobs, internships, and scholarships.
• Business communication:
 • Take note that depending on your purposes, the messages you send will differ in their
formality, intended audience, and desired outcomes.
Purpose:
• Allow users to send text, graphics, sounds, and images to other computer users.
• Information can be sent to selected groups, large group users, or individuals.
• Recipients can choose to print, save, view, forward, or react to communications.
• Best form of communicating with a person who is hard to get using other forms of
communication such as telephone.
• Addresses can be stored in an address book and retrieved instantly
Example:
1. Gmail
2. Yahoo mail
Considerations for safe usage:
Email communication has been acknowledged as a resource which improves access, efficiency,
responsiveness, patient focus, and the quality of healthcare. The use of this technology has evolved
prior to the dissemination of comprehensive guidelines, leaving the
Advanced Practice Nurse with a practice gap.
Here's the consideration for safe usage of emails
1. Confidentiality
• Nurses have a duty to protect patients’ confidentiality by avoiding any inappropriate
disclosure of patient information. Emails from patients should only be accessible to
those directly involved either in patient care or in the running of the service itself.
• Practitioners must also ensure that if they choose to communicate via email, they
comply with statutory regulations such as the Data Protection Act (1998) when storing
emails or using patients’ contact details.
2. Accountability
• Practitioners are accountable for the information or advice they provide to patients,
regardless of the method used to communicate it. To ensure that email content is
clinically accurate and evidence-based, many organizations using email as a way of
delivering healthcare information have a policy of peer review.
• It reduces the chance of clients receiving an email that may be misleading. Having clear
organizational guidelines about the scope of email communication may also provide
clinical staff with additional support and security.
3. Resources
Communicating by email can be time-consuming, and if peer review is also introduced,
this increases the use of healthcare professionals’ time even further. Organizations will
have to consider their resources before offering patients the opportunity to have email
 contact. However, as email can give people a permanent, written record, it may reduce
repeat queries from patients who have forgotten or felt unsure about previous advice or

BOOKMARK

• A web browser feature used to save a web site's URL address for future reference.
Bookmarks save user and browser time, which is especially useful for Web pages with
long URLs or accessing a specific part of the site that might not be the homepage for
the site.
Purpose

• To allow users easy accessibility to a specific link or website they had visited or
frequently visit.
• Provides users convenience and efficient web surfing since they won't need to type out
the entire address and can instead, click an easily accessible link found in the menu of
your
• Provides customization and personalization of a browser depending on their web
activity.
Function
• Create a shortcut for quick access to that web page.
• Stores the title and URL of the page.
• Allow users to save and share websites or articles with others.
• It can be organized in folders and can be accessed through the browser's menu.
• Allows you to access your websites anywhere.

Consideration for Safe Passage

If you share your computer with other users, there may be times when you want to create a
bookmark and keep it private.

Here are some Chrome Extensions that will password protect your bookmarks.
1. Secure Bookmarks
• Secure Bookmarks allows you to store such bookmarks in a separate list, safely
encrypted on your hard drive. Secure Bookmarks includes a ten second set-up page and
a clean and intuitive interface, allowing you to create, edit, and rearrange bookmarks
easily. Use folders to organize your bookmarks. Plus, you can exchange bookmarks
between Chrome and Secure Bookmarks effortlessly from the Settings page. You can
export your data to an encrypted text file, which can be used to restore information or
share between computers.
2. Private Bookmarks
 • Save your websites, where no one can see them. This extension adds a button to your
browser toolbar. Click to open and set a new password or login if you already have one
set. After that, you are able to add websites by right-clicking on a page or by opening
the extension and clicking <Add to private bookmarks. Private Bookmarks gives you
the ability to save your bookmarks where no one can see them. It’s password protected,
so you’re safe.
3. Hidden Bookmarks
• Create and manage hidden bookmarks that are visible only for you through a
configurable keys-shortcut. Enhance your privacy on several levels up. This extension
provides you an ability to create bookmarks which are hidden from prying eyes, only
you will be aware of the existence of these bookmarks.

D. WHAT IS A WIRELESS DEVICE?

• It refers to any device that is not a wireline which is capable of communication with
another device by use of radio waves or satellite signal, which includes cellular, mobile,
radio-based, and broadband telephones.
Basic Phones

• Basic phones can make voice calls, send, and receive SMS and make use of unstructured
supplementary services data.
Examples:
• Nokia 8250 (1999)
• Nokia 3210 (1999)
• Nokia 3310 (2000)
Feature Phones
• It offers features additional to a basic phone, including cameras and increased storage, as
well as the ability to access the internet. Feature phones usually have a standard numeric
keypad.
Examples:
• Nokia 3310 Dual Sim
• Nokia 105 Dual Sim 2017
• Samsung 1200
Smart Phones
• It offers advanced capabilities and features over feature phones, notably allowing users to
add applications to their phones.
Examples:
• Apple iPhone 14 Pro
 • Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra
• OnePlus 11
E. WHAT IS 2-WAY VIDEO TELECONFERENCING?
• It allows two or more locations to interact via two-way video and -audio transmissions
simultaneously. People in different geographic locations can have a meeting, can see and
hear one another using computers & Communications.
Components:
1. Video input (video camera or webcam)
2. Video output (computer monitor, television, or projector)
3. Audio input (microphone)
4. Audio output (speaker)
5. Data transfer (analog/ digital telephone network or internet)
Functions:

• Link people at multiple locations

• Interactive to provide two-way communications
• Dynamix to require user active participation
• Share news and information
• Make decisions
• Come to an agreement
Purposes:
1. It allows two or more locations to interact via two-way video and -audio transmissions
simultaneously. People in different geographic locations can have a meeting, can see and
hear one another using computers & Communications.
2. It allows Healthcare Service providers, especially nurses, to reach put people and serve
more. It also saves time and money
3. Video Conferencing Improves the Quality of Healthcare Services. It provides a secure
virtual environment
4. Used to meet with other nursing professionals one- on-one or in a group to collaborate on
projects, event planning, or mastermind sessions.
5. Used to meet with private clients one- on-one or in groups to discuss their concerns and
question
Use of Video Teleconferencing
• Remote patient monitoring (e.g., konsultaMD application)
• Administrative meeting
• Health education
F. THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN HEALTHCARE
 • Communications has been permanently changed by social media. A broad conceptual
definition of social media is the online and mobile accessible services that enable
individuals to connect, collaborate, and share with others. Common examples include
facetime, text messaging and other social media platforms like facebook, instagram,
twitter, and telegram. Social media is about the ability to easily connect, save, and access
content through services that enable information sharing collaboration with others.
Facebook
A prime example of social media is Facebook, a service focused on social networking by allowing
the user to connect with family and friends. There are a growing number of social media tools that
focus on digital services (e.g. creating a professional documents, uploading pictures, getting travel
directions) and then build in social components to enable feedback, collaboration, and sharing
amongst users.
G. What is WEB 2.0?
It is described by the internet as 'a second phase of development of the World Wide Web, including
its architecture and its applications'. Web 2.0 websites are different from those of early web
development, retroactively labeled Web 1.0, and designed to deliver applications to end-users,
rather than being static.
Blogs, vlogs, podcast, and wikis as Web 2.0 applications
Blogs and Vlogs
- A blog is very similar to a website, where one can find content regarding any topic in a
written/text format, along with images, gifs, etc. A vlog, on the other hand, consists of video
content published on any topic.
Podcast
- Today, podcasts are an extremely popular form of audio entertainment and have progressed
beyond being downloadable radio shows. Each podcast is a series created by a host and
then published episode-by-episode online, where subscribers can then download and listen
to each episode when it's released.
Wikis
- A wiki is a collaborative tool that allows students to contribute and modify one or more
pages of course related materials. Wikis are collaborative in nature and facilitate
community-building within a course. Essentially, a wiki is a web page with an open-editing
system