11/27/2020 Understanding of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) — Deep Learning | by Prabhu | Medium

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Understanding of Convolutional Neural

Network (CNN) — Deep Learning
Prabhu Mar 4, 2018 · 5 min read

In neural networks, Convolutional neural network (ConvNets or CNNs) is one of the

main categories to do images recognition, images classifications. Objects detections,
recognition faces etc., are some of the areas where CNNs are widely used.

CNN image classifications takes an input image, process it and classify it under certain
categories (Eg., Dog, Cat, Tiger, Lion). Computers sees an input image as array of pixels
and it depends on the image resolution. Based on the image resolution, it will see h x w x
d( h = Height, w = Width, d = Dimension ). Eg., An image of 6 x 6 x 3 array of matrix of
RGB (3 refers to RGB values) and an image of 4 x 4 x 1 array of matrix of grayscale
image.

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Figure 1 : Array of RGB Matrix

Technically, deep learning CNN models to train and test, each input image will pass it
through a series of convolution layers with filters (Kernals), Pooling, fully connected
layers (FC) and apply Softmax function to classify an object with probabilistic values
between 0 and 1. The below figure is a complete flow of CNN to process an input image
and classifies the objects based on values.

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Figure 2 : Neural network with many convolutional layers

Convolution Layer

Convolution is the first layer to extract features from an input image. Convolution
preserves the relationship between pixels by learning image features using small squares
of input data. It is a mathematical operation that takes two inputs such as image matrix
and a filter or kernel.

Figure 3: Image matrix multiplies kernel or filter matrix

Consider a 5 x 5 whose image pixel values are 0, 1 and filter matrix 3 x 3 as shown in
below

Figure 4: Image matrix multiplies kernel or filter matrix

Then the convolution of 5 x 5 image matrix multiplies with 3 x 3 filter matrix which is
called “Feature Map” as output shown in below
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Figure 5: 3 3 Output matrix

Convolution of an image with different filters can perform operations such as edge
detection, blur and sharpen by applying filters. The below example shows various
convolution image after applying different types of filters (Kernels).

Figure 7 : Some common filters

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Strides

Stride is the number of pixels shifts over the input matrix. When the stride is 1 then we
move the filters to 1 pixel at a time. When the stride is 2 then we move the filters to 2
pixels at a time and so on. The below figure shows convolution would work with a stride
of 2.

Figure 6 : Stride of 2 pixels

Padding

Sometimes filter does not fit perfectly fit the input image. We have two options:

Pad the picture with zeros (zero-padding) so that it fits

Drop the part of the image where the filter did not fit. This is called valid padding
which keeps only valid part of the image.

Non Linearity (ReLU)

ReLU stands for Rectified Linear Unit for a non-linear operation. The output is ƒ(x) =
max(0,x).

Why ReLU is important : ReLU’s purpose is to introduce non-linearity in our ConvNet.

Since, the real world data would want our ConvNet to learn would be non-negative
linear values.
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Figure 7 : ReLU operation

There are other non linear functions such as tanh or sigmoid that can also be used
instead of ReLU. Most of the data scientists use ReLU since performance wise ReLU is
better than the other two.

Pooling Layer

Pooling layers section would reduce the number of parameters when the images are too
large. Spatial pooling also called subsampling or downsampling which reduces the
dimensionality of each map but retains important information. Spatial pooling can be of
different types:

Max Pooling

Average Pooling

Sum Pooling

Max pooling takes the largest element from the rectified feature map. Taking the largest
element could also take the average pooling. Sum of all elements in the feature map call
as sum pooling.

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Figure 8 : Max Pooling

Fully Connected Layer

The layer we call as FC layer, we flattened our matrix into vector and feed it into a fully
connected layer like a neural network.

Figure 9 : After pooling layer, flattened as FC layer

In the above diagram, the feature map matrix will be converted as vector (x1, x2, x3,
…). With the fully connected layers, we combined these features together to create a
model. Finally, we have an activation function such as softmax or sigmoid to classify the
outputs as cat, dog, car, truck etc.,

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Figure 10 : Complete CNN architecture

Summary

Provide input image into convolution layer

Choose parameters, apply filters with strides, padding if requires. Perform

convolution on the image and apply ReLU activation to the matrix.

Perform pooling to reduce dimensionality size

Add as many convolutional layers until satisfied

Flatten the output and feed into a fully connected layer (FC Layer)

Output the class using an activation function (Logistic Regression with cost
functions) and classifies images.

In the next post, I would like to talk about some popular CNN architectures such as
AlexNet, VGGNet, GoogLeNet, and ResNet.

References :

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Understanding-Convolutional-Neural-Networks/

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Machine Learning Cnn Convolution Neural Net Image Recognition Neural Networks

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