-

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 3746:1995

TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1
4851903 0634741 O T O

Published 1995-12-01

INTERNATIONAL ORMNIUTION FOR STANDARDIZIllONi M W Y H A P O & H M OPrAHH3Al.W no CTAH&APTH3AL(HH- ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise

sources using sound pressure - Survey method using an
enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting piane
TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1

Acoustique - Détermination des niveaux de puissance acoustique émis par les sources de bruit à partir de la pression
acoustique -Méthode de contrôle employant une surface de mesure enveloppanteau-dessus d’un plan réfléchissant

RECTIFICATIF TECHNIQUE 1
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Technical corrigendum 1 to International Standard IS0 3746:1995 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOFC 43,
Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
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Page 4

3.7 frequency range of interest

Change the range of centre frequencies from

“25 Hz to 8 O00 Hz” to “125 Hz to 8 O00 Hz”

ICs 17.140.10 Ref. No. IS0 3746:1995/Cor.l:1995(E)

Descriptors: acoustics, sound sources, noise (sound), engine noise, tests, acoustic tests, determination, sound pressure, sound power,
acoustic measurements.
8 IS01995
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I NT ER NAT I O NA L IS0
STANDARD 3746
Second edition
1995-08-15

Acoustics -
Determination of sound
power levels of noise sources using sound
pressure -
Survey method using an
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enveloping measurement surface over a

reflecting plane

Acoustique - Détermination des niveaux de puissance acoustique émis

par les sources de bruit à partir de la pression acoustique - Méthode de
contrôle employant une surface de mesure enveloppante au-dessus d'un
plan réfléchissant

Reference number
IS0 3746:1995(E)

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IS0 3746:1995(E)
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Contents
Page

Scope .............................................................................................. 1

Normative references ..................................................................... 3

Definitions ....................................................................................... 3

Acoustic environment ............................................................... 4

Instrumentation ......................................................................... 5

Installation and operation of source under test ........................ 5

Measurement of sound pressure levels ................................... 7

Calculation of A-weighted surface sound pressure level and

A-weighted sound power level ............................................... 10

Information to be recorded ..................................................... 12

10 Information to be reported .................................................... 13

Annexes

A Qualification procedures for the acoustic environment ........ 14

B Microphone array on the hemispherical measurement surface 17

C Microphone array on the parallelepiped measurement surface 21

D Guidelines for the detection of impulsive noise .................... 26

E Bibliography ............................................................................ 27

O I S 0 1995
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland
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Q IS0 I S 0 3746:1995(E)

Foreword
I S 0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. I S 0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard I S 0 3746 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.

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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition
(IS0 3746:19791, which has been technically revised.
Annexes A, B and C form an integral part of this International Standard.
Annexes D and E are for information only.
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...
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IS0 3746:1995(E) Q IS0

Introduction
0.1 This International Standard is one of the I S 0 3740 series, which
specifies various methods for determining the sound power levels of ma-
chines, equipment and their sub-assemblies. When selecting one of the
methods of the I S 0 3740 series, it is necessary to select the most ap-
propriate for the conditions and purposes of the noise test. General
guidelines to assist in the selection are provided in I S 0 3740. The
I S 0 3740 series gives only general principles regarding the operating and
mounting conditions of the machine or equipment under test. Reference
should be made to the test code for a specific type of machine or equip-
ment, if available, for specifications on mounting and operating conditions.

0.2 This International Standard specifies a method for measuring the

sound pressure levels on a measurement surface enveloping the source
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and for calculating the sound power level produced by the source. The
enveloping surface method can be used for any of three grades of accu-
racy (see table0.1). and is used in this International Standard for grade 3
accuracy.

The use of this International Standard requires certain qualification criteria

to be fulfilled as described in table 0.1. If the relevant qualification criteria
cannot be met, it might be possible to use I S 0 3747 or I S 0 9614.

Noise test codes for specific families of machines or equipment should

be based without any contradiction on the requirements of one or more
of the basic documents of the I S 0 3740 or I S 0 9614 series.

If measurements are made in typical machine rooms, where sources are

normally installed, corrections may be required to account for background
noise or undesired reflections.

The methods specified in this International Standard permit the determi-

nation of sound power level as an A-weighted value directly from the A-
weighted sound pressure level measurements.

0.3 In this International Standard, the computation of sound power level

from sound pressure level measurements is based on the premise that the
sound power output of the source is directly proportional to the mean-
square sound pressure averaged in time and space.
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iv
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0 IS0 IS0 3746:1995(E)

Table 0.1 -
Overview of International Standards for determination
of sound power levels of noise sources using enveloping surface
methods over a reflecting plane and giving different grades of
accuracy
IS0 3745 IS0 3744
IS0 3746
Precision Engineering
Parameter Survey method
method method
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

'est environment Hemi-anechoic Outdoors or indoors Outdoors or in-

room doors

Merion for suitability

K2< 0,5 dB K2< 2 dB K,Q 7 dB
bf test environment11

folume of sound Preferably less No restriction: lim- No restriction: lim-

iource than 0,5 % of ited only by avail- ited only by avail-
test room able test able test
volume environment environment

Zharacter of noise
I Any (broad-band, narrow-band, discrete-frequency, steady, non-
steady, impulsive)

.imitation for back- hL2 10 dB (if ALL>,6 dB (if POS- ALL 3 dB

!round noisel) possible, ex- ible, exceeding
ceeding 15 dB) 15 dB)
Ki Q 0,4 dB K i < 1,3 dB K , Q 3 dB

dumber of measure-
nent points

nstrumentation:
i) Sound level meter a) type 1 as a) type 1 as a) type 2 as
at least complying specified in specified in specified in
with IEC 651 IEC 651 IEC 651
1) Integrating sound b) type 1 as b) type 1 as b) type 2 as
level meter at specified in specified in specified in
least complying IEC 804 IEC 804 IEC 804
with
:) Frequency band c) class 1 as c) class 1 as
filter set a t least specified in specified in
complying with IEC 1260 IEC 1260

'recision of method U,< 1 dB U,< 1.5 dB U,< 3 dB (if

'or determining i,,,, K2 < 5 dB)
sxpressed as standard u,< 4 dB (if
jeviation of repro- 5 d Bg K 2 á 7 dB)
If discrete tones
are predominant,
the value of o, is
1 dB greater

1) The values of Ki and K2 given shall be met in each frequency band within the fre-
quency range of interest for determining the sound power spectrum. For determining
A-weighted sound power levels, the same criteria apply to K,, and K
,.
2) Under given circumstances, it is permissible to use a reduced number of microphone
positions.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 I S 0 IS0 3746:1995(E)

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Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of

noise sources using sound pressure - Survey method
using an enveloping measurement surface over a
reflecting plane
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1 Scope This International Standard is applicable to noise

sources of any type and size (e.g. device, machine,
component, sub-assembly).
1.1 General
NOTE 3 Measurements according to this International
This Internation I Standard spe ifies a method for Standard may be impracticable for very tall or very long
measuring the sound pressure levels on a measure- sources such as chimneys, ducts, conveyors and multi-
ment surface enveloping the source in order to cal- source industrial plants.
culate the sound power level produced by the noise
source. it gives requirements for the test environment
and instrumentation as well as techniques for obtain- 1.3 Test environment
ing the surface sound pressure level from which the
sound power level of the source is calculated, leading The test environment that is applicable for measure-
to results which have a grade 3 accuracy. ments made in accordance with this International
Standard may be located indoors or outdoors, with
It is important that specific noise test codes for vari- one or more reflecting planes present, meeting
ous types of equipment be established and used in specified requirements.
accordance with this International Standard. For each
type of equipment, such noise test codes will give
1.4 Measurement uncertainty
detailed requirements on mounting, loading and op-
erating conditions for the equipment under test as
For sources which radiate steady broad-band noise,
well as a selection of the measurement surface and
determinations made in accordance with this Inter-
the microphone array as specified in this International
national Standard result, with few exceptions, in
Standard.
standard deviations of reproducibility of the A-
NOTE 1 The noise test code for a particular type of weighted sound power level equal to or less than
equipment should give detailed informationon the particular 3 dB (if K2* determined in accordance with annex A
surface that is selected, as the use of differently shaped is lower than 5 dB) or 4 dB (if Ka is within the range
measurement surfaces may yield differing estimates of the of 5 dB to 7 dB). For discrete-tone sources, the stan-
sound power level of a source. dard deviation of reproducibility is normally 1 dB
greater (see table 1).
1.2 Types of noise and noise sources
A single value of the sound power level of a noise
The method specified in this International Standard is source determined in accordance with the procedures
suitable for measurements of all types of noise. given in this International Standard is likely to differ
from the true value by an amount within the range of
NOTE 2 A classification of different types of noise the measurement uncertainty. The uncertainty in d e
(steady, non-steady, quasi-steady, impulsive, etc.) is given terminations of the sound power level arises from
in IS0 12001. several factors which affect the results, some associ-

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IS0 3746:1995(E) 8 IS0

ated with environmental conditions at the test site 5 A noise test code for a particular family of sound sources
and others with experimental techniques. may have lower values of the standard deviation of repro-
ducibility (see note 8).
If a particular noise source were to be transported t o 6 The standard deviations listed in table1 are associated
each of a number of different test sites, and if, at each with the test conditions and procedures defined in this
test site, the sound power level of that source were International Standard and not with the noise source itself.
t o be determined in accordance with this International They arise in part from variations between test sites,
Standard, the results would show a scatter. The changes in atmospheric conditions if outdoors, the ge-
standard deviation of the measured levels could be ometry of the test room or outdoor environment, the
calculated (see examples in IS0 7574-4:1985, annex acoustical properties of the reflecting plane, absorption at
B). With few exceptions, these standard deviations the test room boundaries if indoors, background noise, and
would not exceed those listed in table 1. The values the type and calibration of instrumentation. They are also
due to variations in experimental techniques, including the
given in table1 are standard deviations of repro- size and shape of the measurement surface, number and
ducibility, uR,are defined in IS0 7574-1. The values location of microphone positions, sound source location, in-
of table 1 take into account the cumulative effects of tegration times, and determination of environmental cor-
measurement uncertainty in applying the procedures rections, if any. The standard deviations are also affected
of this International Standard, but exclude variations by errors associated with measurements taken in the near
in the sound power output caused by changes in op- field of the source; such errors depend upon the nature of
erating conditions (e.g. rotational speed, line voltage) the sound source, but generally increase for smaller meas-
or mounting conditions. urement distances and lower frequencies (below 250 Hz).

7 If measurements are made at several test sites, the re-

The measurement uncertainty depends on the stan- sults of sound power determinations on a given source may
dard deviation of reproducibility tabulated in table 1 be in better agreement than would be implied by the stan-
and on the degree of confidence that is desired. As dard deviations of table 1.
examples, for a normal distribution of sound power
levels, there is a 90 % confidence that the expected 8 For a particular family of sound sources, a similar size
value of the sound power level of a source lies within with similar sound power spectra and similar operating
conditions, the standard deviations of reproducibility may

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the range f 1,6560~of the measured value and a
be smaller than the values given in table I.Hence, a noise
95 % confidence that it lies within the range
test code for a particular type of machinery or equipment
f 1,960~of the measured value. For further exam- making reference to this International Standard may state
ples, reference should be made to the IS0 7574 se- standard deviations smaller than those listed in table 1, if
ries and I S 0 9296. substantiation is available from the result of suitable inter-
laboratory tests.

9 The standard deviations of reproducibility, as tabulated

in table 1, include the uncertainty associated with repeated
Table 1 -
Estimated upper values of the measurements on the same noise under the same con-
ditions (standarddeviation of repeatability, see IS0 7574-1).
standard deviations of reproducibility of
This uncertainty is usually much smaller than the uncertainty
A-weighted sound power levels determined in
associated with variability from one test site to another.
accordance with this International Standard However, if it is difficult to maintain stable operating or
~

Highest standard mounting conditions for a particular source, the standard

Application deviation of deviation of repeatability may not be small compared with
reproducibility, oR the values given in tablel. In such cases, the fact that it
was difficult to obtain repeatable sound power level data on
dB the source should be recorded and stated in the test report.
For a source which emits noise 10 The procedures of this International Standard and the
with a relatively "flat" spectrum 3 standard deviations given in table 1 are applicable to meas-
over the frequency range of urements on an individual machine. Characterization of the
interest sound power levels of batches of machines of the same
family or type involves the use of random sampling tech-
For a source which emits noise niques in which confidence intervals are specified, and the
that contains predominant dis- 4 results are expressed in terms of statistical upper limits. In
crete tones applying these techniques, the total standard deviation must
be known or estimated, including the standard deviation of
NOTES production, as defined in IS0 7574-1, which is a measure
of the variation in sound power output between individual
4 If KZAis greater than or equal to 5 dB, uRmay be 1 dB machines within the batch. Statistical methods for the
greater than the values given in table 1.

2
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Q IS0 IS0 3746:1995(E)

characterization of batches of machines are described in I EC 804:1 985, Integrating-averaging sound level
I S 0 7574-4. meters, and Amendment 1 :I 989 and Amendment
2:1993.

I EC 942:1 988,Sound calibrators.

2 Normative references
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3 Definitions
The following standards contain provisions which, For the purposes of this International Standard, the
through reference in this text, constitute provisions following definitions apply.
of this International Standard. At the time of publi-
cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards 3.1 sound pressure, p : A fluctuating pressure
are subject to revision, and parties to agreements superimposed on the static pressure by the presence
based on this International Standard are encouraged of sound. It is expressed in pascals.

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to investigate the possibility of applying the most re-
cent editions of the standards indicated below. NOTE 11 The magnitude of the sound pressure can be
Members of IEC and I S 0 maintain registers of cur- expressed in several ways, such as instantaneous sound
rently valid International Standards. pressure, maximum sound pressure, or as the square root
of the mean-square sound pressure over designated time
I S 0 354:1985, Acoustics - Measurement of sound and space (¡.e. over the measurement surface).
absorption in a reverberation room.
3.2 sound pressure level, Lp:Ten times the log-
IS0 3744:1994,Acoustics - Determination of sound arithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the square of the
power levels of noise sources using sound pressure sound pressure to the square of the reference sound
- Engineering method in an essentially free field over pressure. Sound pressure levels are expressed in
a reflecting plane. decibels.

I S 0 3745:1977,Acoustics - Determination of sound The frequency weighting or the width of the fre-
power levels of noise sources - Precision methods quency band used and the time weighting (S, F, or I,
for anechoic and semi-anechoic rooms. see IEC 651) shall be indicated. The reference sound
pressure is 20 pPa (2x Pa).
I S 0 3747:1987,Acoustics - Determination of sound
power levels of noise sources - Survey method us- NOTE 12 For example, the A-weighted sound pressure
level with time weighting S is Lpx.
ing a reference sound source.
3.2.1 time-averaged sound pressure level, Lpeq,+
I S 0 4871 :-I', Acoustics - Declaration and verifica-
tion of noise emission values of machinery and Sound pressure level of a continuous steady sound
equipment. that, within a measurement time interval T, has the
same mean-square sound pressure as a sound under
I S 0 6926:1990,Acoustics - Determination of sound consideration which varies with time:
power levels of noise sources - Requirements for
the performance and calibration of reference sound
sources.

IS0 7574-1: 1985,Acoustics - Statistical methods for

determining and verifying stated noise emission
= 10 Ig [+I P2(4 di] dB ...
values of machinery and equipment Part 1: Gen- - Po
eral considerations and definitions.
Time-averaged sound pressure levels are expressed
in decibels and shall be measured with an instrument
Acoustics - Statistical methods for
I S 0 7574-4:1985,
determining and verifying stated noise emission which complies with the requirements of IEC 804.
values of machinery and equipment - Part 4: NOTES
Methods for stated values for batches of machines.
13 Timeaveraged sound pressure levels are usually A-
IEC 651 :1979,Sound level meters, and Amendment weighted and denoted by LpAsq,Twhich is usually abbrevi-
1:I 993. ated to Lpk

1) To be published. (Revision of I S 0 4871:1984)

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IS0 3746:1995(E) Q IS0

14 In general, the subscripts "eq" and "T" are omitted closes the source and terminates on the reflecting
since time-averaged sound pressure levels are necessarily plane or planes.
determined over a certain measurement time interval.
3.9 characteristic source dimension, 4:Half the
3.2.2 single-event sound pressure level, Lp,ls: length of the diagonal of the box consisting of the
Time-integrated sound pressure level of an isolated reference box and its images in adjoining reflecting
single sound event of specified duration T (or speci- planes.
fied measurement time TI normalized to To = 1 s. It is
expressed in decibels and is given by the following 3.10 measurement distance, d: The distance from
formula: the reference box to a box-shaped measurement sur-
face.
L p , l s = 10 l g [ l / P 2 W dr] dB
3.11 measurement radius, r: The radius of a
To 0 Po
hemispherical measurement surface.
m

= Lpeq,T + 10 lg -1
TO
dB ... 3.12 background noise: Noise from all sources
other than the source under test.
3.2.3 measurement time interval: A portion or a NOTE 16 Background noise may include contributions
multiple of an operational period or operational cycle from airborne sound, structureborne vibration, and elec-
for which the time-averaged sound pressure level is trical noise in instrumentation.
determined.
3.13 background noise correction, K,:A correction
3.3 measurement surface: A hypothetical surface term to account for the influence of background noise
of area S, enveloping the source on which the meas- on the surface sound pressure level; K, is frequency
urement points are located. The measurement sur- dependent and is expressed in decibels. The cor-
face terminates on one or more reflecting planes. rection in the case of A-weighting is denoted KIA.

3.4 surface sound pressure level, Lpf: The energy- 3.14 environmental correction, K2: A correction
average of the time-averaged sound pressure levels term to account for the influence of reflected or ab-
at all the microphone positions on the measurement sorbed sound on the surface sound pressure level;
surface, with the background noise correction K1 K2 is frequency dependent and is expressed in deci-
(3.13) and the environmental correction K2 (3.14) ap- bels. The correction in the case of A-weighting is de-
plied. It is expressed in decibels. noted &A.

3.5 sound power, W: The rate per unit time at 3.15 impulsive noise index (impulsiveness]: A
which airborne sound energy is radiated by a source. quantity by means of which the noise emitted by a
It is expressed in watts. source can be characterized as "impulsive". (See an-
nex D.)It is expressed in decibels.
3.6 sound power level, L+ Ten times the logarithm
to the base 10 of the ratio of the sound power radi- 4 Acoustic environment
ated by the sound source under test to the reference
sound power. It is expressed in decibels.
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4.1 General
The frequency weighting or the width of the fre-
Test environments that are suitable for measure-
quency band used shall be indicated. The reference
ments in accordance with this International Standard
sound power is 1 pW W).
include a flat outdoor area or a room which meets the
NOTE 15 For example, the A-weighted sound power qualification requirements of 4.2 and which is ade-
level is hn. quately isolated from background noise in accordance
with the requirements of 4.3.
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3.7 frequency range of interest: For general pur-

poses, the frequency range of interest includes the 4.2 Criterion for adequacy of the test
octave bands with centre frequencies from 25 Hz to environment
8 O00 Hz.
Annex A describes procedures for determining the
3.8 reference box: A hypothetical surface which is magnitude of the environmental correction K2,, to ac-
the smallest rectangular parallelepiped that just en- count for deviations of the test environment from the

4
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ideal condition. For this International Standard, the 6 Installation and operation of source
environmental correction K2* (see tableO.l and 8.3) under test
shall be numerically less than or equal to 7 dB.

NOTE 17 If the environmental correction K,, exceeds 6.1 General

7 dB, it is recommended that either a reference sound
source method (IS0 3747) or the method of IS0 9614 be The manner in which the source under test is installed
used. and operated may have a significant influence on the
sound power emitted by the source. This clause
specifies conditions that minimize variations in the
4.3 Criterion for background noise sound power output due to installation and operating
conditions of the source under test. The instructions
Averaged over the microphone positions, the A- of a noise test code, if any exists, shall be followed in
weighted sound pressure level of the background so far as installation and operation of the source under
noise shall be at least 3 dB below the sound pressure test is concerned.
level to be measured (see tableO.l and 8.2).
Particularly for large sources, it is important that a
noise test code specify which components, sub-
assemblies, auxiliary equipment, power sources, etc.
5 Instrumentation are to be included in the reference box.

5.1 General 6.2 Source location

The instrumentation system, including the micro- The source to be tested shall be installed with respect
phones and cables, shall meet the requirements for to the reflecting plane or planes in one or more lo-
a type 2 instrument specified in IEC 651 or, in the cations as if it were being installed for normal usage.
case of integrating-averaging sound level meters, the If several possibilities exist, or if typical installation
requirements for a type 2 instrument specified in conditions are unknown, special arrangements shall
IEC 804. be made and described in the test report. If the lo-
cation of the source within the test environment can
be selected, sufficient space shall be allowed so that
5.2 Calibration the measurement surface can develop the source
under test in accordance with the requirements of
During each series of measurements, a sound 7.1.
calibrator with an accuracy of f 0,3 dB (class 1 as
specified in IEC 942) shall be applied to the micro- 6.3 Source mounting
phone to verify the calibration of the entire measuring
system at one or more frequencies over the fre- In many cases, the sound power emitted will depend
quency range of interest. upon the support or mounting conditions of the
source under test. Whenever a typical condition of
The compliance of the calibrator shall be verified with mounting exists for the equipment under test, that
the requirements of IEC 942 once a year and the condition shall be used or simulated, if feasible.
compliance of the instrumentation system with the
requirements of IEC 651 (and IEC 804 in the case of If a typical condition of mounting does not exist or
integrating systems) at least every 2 years in a labor- cannot be utilized for the test, care shall be taken to
atory making calibrations traceable to appropriate avoid changes in the sound output of the source
measurement standards. caused by the mounting system employed for the
test. Steps shall be taken to reduce any sound radi-
The date of the last verification of the compliance with ation from the structure on which the equipment may
the relevant IEC standards shall be recorded. be mounted.
NOTES
5.3 Microphone windscreen 18 Manv small sound sources, althounh themselves Door
radiators of low-frequency sound, m a i as a result of the
If measurements are to be made a method of mounting, radiate more low-frequency sound
windscreen is recommended. Ensure that the when their vibrational energy is transmitted to surfaces
windscreen does not affect the accuracy of the large enough to be efficient radiators. In such cases, if
instrumentation. practicable, resilient mountings should be interposed be-

5
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IS0 3746:1995(E) Q IS0

tween the device to be measured and the supporting sur- the particular type of machinery or equipment under
faces so that the transmission of vibration to the support test, shall be used. If there is no test code, the source
and the reaction on the SoUrCe are both minimized. In this shall be operated, if possible, in a manner which is
case, the mounting base should have a sufficiently high typical of normal use. In such cases, one or more of
mechanical impedance to prevent it from vibrating and the following operating conditions shall be selected:
radiatina sound excessivelv. Such resilient mounts should
not be-used if the device under test is not resiliently
mounted in typical field installations. - device under specified load and operating con-
ditions;
19 Coupling conditions, e.g. between prime movers and
driven machines, may exert considerable influence on the - device under full load (if different from above);
sound radiation of the source under test.
- device under no load (idling);
6.3.1 Hand-held machinery and equipment
- device under operating conditions corresponding
Such machinery and equipment shall be suspended to maximum sound generation representative of
or guided by hand, so that no structure-borne sound normal use;
is transmitted via any attachment that does not be-
long to the machine under test. If the source under - device with simulated load operating under care-
test requires a support for its operation, the support fully defined conditions;
structure shall be small, considered to be a part of the
source under test, and described in the machine test - device under operating conditions with character-
code. istic work cycle.

6.3.2Base-mounted and wall-mounted The sound power level of the source may be deter-
machinery and equipment mined for any desired set of operating conditions (¡.e.
loading, device speed, temperature, etc.). These test
Such machinery and equipment shall be placed on a conditions shall be selected beforehand and shall be
held constant during the test. The source shall be in

//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
reflecting (acoustically hard) plane (floor, wall). Base-
mounted machines intended exclusively for mounting the desired operating condition before any noise
in front of a wall shall be installed on an acoustically measurements are made.
hard floor surface in front of an acoustically hard wall.
Table-top equipment shall be placed on the floor at If the noise emission depends on secondary operating
least 1,5 m from any wall of the room, unless a table parameters, such as the type of material being pro-
or stand is required for operation in accordance with cessed or the type of tool being used, as far as is
the test code for the equipment under test. Such practicable, those parameters shall be selected that
equipment shall be placed in the centre of the top of give rise to the smallest variations and that are typical
the test table. of the operation. The noise test code for a specific
family of machines shall specify the tool and the ma-
6.4 Auxiliary equipment terial for the test.

Care shall be taken to ensure that any typical electrical For special purposes it is appropriate to define one or
conduits, piping or air ducts connected to the source more operating conditions in such a way that the
under test do not radiate significant amounts of sound noise emission of machines of the same family is
energy into the test environment. highly reproducible and that the operating conditions
which are most common and typical for the family of
If practicable, all auxiliary equipment necessary for the machines are covered. These operating conditions
operation of the source under test and which is not a shall be defined in specific test codes.
part of the source (see 6.1) shall be located outside
the test environment. If simulated operating conditions are used, they shall
be chosen to give sound power levels representative
If impracticable, the auxiliary equipment shall be in- of normal usage of the source under test.
cluded in the reference box and its operating con-
ditions described in the test report. If appropriate, the results for several separate operat-
ing conditions, each lasting for defined periods of
6.5 Operation of source during test time, shall be combined by energy-averaging to yield
the result for a composite overall operating procedure.
During the measurements, the operating conditions
specified in the relevant test code, if one exists for

6 --`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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The operating conditions of the source during the NOTE 20 The specific noise test code pertinent to the
acoustical measurements shall be fully described in particular source under investigation should be consulted for
the test report. detailed information.

The construction of the reference box, the size and

7 Measurement of sound pressure levels shape of the measurement surface, as well as the
measurement distance d or the radius of the hemi-
7.1 Selection of the measurement surface sphere r, shall be described in the test report.
To facilitate the location of the microphone positions
on the measurement surface, a hypothetical refer-
ence box shall be defined. When defining the dimen- 7.2 Hemispherical measurement surface
sions of this reference box, elements protruding from
the source which are not significant radiators of sound The hemisphere shall be centred in the middle of the
energy may be disregarded. These protruding el- box consisting of the reference box and its images in
ements should be identified in specific noise test adjoining reflecting planes, point Q in figure 1. The
codes for different types of equipment. The micro- radius r of the hemispherical measurement surface
phone positions lie on the measurement surface, a shall be equal to or greater than twice the character-
hypothetical surface of area S which envelops the istic source dimension d, and not less than 1 m.
source as well as the reference box and terminates
The radius of the hemisphere should be one of the
on the reflecting plane(s).
following values (in metres): 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, IO, 12, 14
The location of the source under test, the measure- or 16. Some of these radii may be so large that the
ment surface and the microphone positions are de- environmental requirements given in annex A cannot
fined by a coordinate system with the horizontal axes be satisfied; such large values of the radii shall not be
x and y in the ground plane parallel to the length and used.
width of the reference box. The characteristic source
dimension d, is shown in figure 1.
7.2.1 Area and key microphone positions on the
One of the following two shapes shall be used for the hemispherical measurement surface
measurement surface:
If there is only one reflecting plane, the microphone
a) a hemispherical surface or partial hemispherical positions lie on the hypothetical hemispherical surface
surface of radius r; of area S = 27cr2, enveloping the source and terminat-
ing on the reflecting plane. If the source under test is
bl a rectangular parallelepiped whose sides are par- in front of a wall, S = nr*. If it is in the corner,
allel to those of the reference box; in this case, S = 0 , 5 x r2 . The key microphone positions of the
the measurement distance d is the distance be- hemispherical surface are shown in figures B.l and
tween the measurement surface and the refer- 8.2 in annex B. FigureB.l specifies the locations of
ence box. four key microphone positions, each associated with
equal areas on the surface of the hemisphere of
For sources usually mounted and/or to be measured radius r.
in rooms or spaces under unfavourable acoustical
conditions (for example, many reflecting objects and If a source is installed adjacent to more than one re-
high levels of background noise), the selection of a flecting plane, reference shall be made to figure B.3
small measurement distance is appropriate and usu- in annex B to define a suitable measurement surface
ally dictates the selection of a parallelepiped meas- and the microphone positions.
urement surface. For sources usually mounted
and/or to be measured in large open areas under sat- In special cases (¡.e. for families of machines, such as
isfactory acoustical conditions, a large measurement construction equipment or earth-moving machinery,
distance is usually selected and in this case the which are to be measured in a moving state or in a
hemispherical measurement surface is preferred. driving mode), a different number and arrangement
of microphone positions can be used. However, this
For measurements on a series of similar sources (for is only possible if preliminary investigation has shown
example, machines of the same type or a given family that the resulting sound power level value is equal to
of equipment), the use of the same shape of meas- or larger by less than 1 dB than that determined with
--`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

urement surface is required. the array specified in this International Standard.

//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$

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 IS0 3746:1995(E)

a) Reference box on one reflecting plane

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\

b) Reference box on two reflecting planes

c) Reference box on three reflecting planes

do= Jm
Figure 1 - Examples illustrating reference boxes and characteristic source dimensions d, with respect to
the origin of the coordinate system Q

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7.2.2 Additional microphone positions on the The microphone positions on the parallelepiped
hemispherical measurement surface measurement surface are shown in figures C.l to C.8
in annex C. The area S of the measurement surface
Sound pressure level measurements are required at according to figures C.2 to C.6 is given by the formula
additional microphone positions on the hemispherical
measurement surface if S = 4(ab + bc + CU) . . . (3)

a) the range of sound pressure level values meas- where

ured at the key microphone positions (¡.e. the dif-
ference in decibels between the highest and U = 0.51, +d
lowest sound pressure levels) exceeds twice the
number of key measurement points, or
b = 0.512 +d
~=13+d
b) the source radiates noise with a high directivity,
or
I,, l2 and l3 are the length, width and height of the
reference box.
c) the noise from a large source is radiated only from
a small portion of the source, for example, the If a source is installed adjacent to more than one re-
openings of an otherwise enclosed machine. flecting plane, reference shall be made to figures C.7
and C.8 in annex C to define a suitable measurement
For the microphone array on the hemisphere, an ad-
surface. The calculation of the area S of the meas-
ditional 4-point array is defined by rotating the original
urement surfaces under these conditions is given in
array of figure B.l through 180" about the z-axis (see
the respective figures. The microphone positions shall
tableB.l and figureB.2). Note that the top point on
be located according to figures C.1 to C.8.
the z-axis of the new array is coincident with the top
point of the original array. The total number of micro-
phone positions is increased from 4 to 7. 7.3.2 Additional microphone positions on the
parallelepiped measurement surface
If conditions b) or c) exist, additional measurement
positions on the measurement surface in the region Sound pressure level measurements are required at
of high noise radiation shall be used (see 7.4.1). additional microphone positions on the parallelepiped
measurement surface if
7.3 Parallelepiped measurement surface
a) the range of sound pressure level values meas-
The measurement distance d is the perpendicular ured at the key microphone positions (¡.e. the dif-
distance between the reference box and the meas- ference in decibels between the highest and the
urement surface. The preferred value of d is 1 m and lowest sound pressure levels) exceeds twice the

//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
it shall be at least 0,15 m. number of measurement points, or
The value of d should be one of the following values
b) the source radiates noise with a high directivity,
(in metres): 0,15, 0,25, 0,5, 1, 2, 4 or 8. Measurement or
distances larger than 1 m may be selected for large
sources. The environmental requirements given in c) the noise from a large source is radiated only from
annex A should be satisfied for the value of d se- a small portion of the source, for example, the
lected. openings of an otherwise enclosed machine.
7.3.1 Area and microphone positions on the For the microphone array on the parallelepiped, the
parallelepipedmeasurement surface number of measurement points is increased as
shown in figure C.1, annex C, by increasing the num-
The microphone positions lie on the measurement ber of equally sized rectangular partial areas.
surface, a hypothetical surface of area S enveloping
the source whose sides are parallel to the sides of the If conditions b) or c) exist, additional measurement
reference box and spaced out a distance d (measure- positions on the measurement surface in the region
ment distance) from the box. of high noise radiation shall be used (see 7.4.1).

--`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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IS0 3746:1995(E) 0 IS0

7.4 Additional procedures for selection of The microphone shall always be oriented in such a
microphone positions way that the angle of incidence of the sound waves
is that for which the microphone is calibrated.

7.4.1 Additional localized microphone positions The time-averaged sound pressure level (see 3.2.1)
on the measurement surface shall be measured using an integrating sound level
meter complying with IEC 804, unless it is shown that
If additional localized microphone positions are re- the sound pressure fluctuations measured with time-
quired in accordance with 7.2.2 or 7.3.2, a detailed weighting characteristic S are less than f 1 dB; in this
investigation is necessary of the sound pressure case it is also permissible to use a sound level meter

--`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
levels over a restricted portion of the measurement complying with IEC 651. In the latter case, express

//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
surface. The purpose of this detailed investigation is the time-averaged sound pressure level as the aver-
to determine the highest and lowest values of the age of the maximum and minimum levels during the
sound pressure level in the frequency bands of period of measurement.
interest. The additional microphone positions will
usually not be associated with equal areas on the 7.5.3 Procedure
measurement surface.
Observe the A-weighted sound pressure level over a
In this case, the calculation procedure of typical period of operation of the source. Take
I S 0 3745:1977, 8.1.2 (unequal areas) for the determi- readings of the A-weighted sound pressure level at
nation of & shall be used. each microphone position.

7.4.2 Reduction in the number of microphone Determine the following:

positions
a) the A-weighted sound pressure levels LpAduring
The number of microphone positions can be reduced operation of the source under test;
if preliminary investigations for a particular family of
machines show that, by using the reduced number b) the A-weighted sound pressure levels LØPA
pro-
duced by the background noise.
of microphone positions, the determined surface
sound pressure levels do not deviate by more than The period of observation shall be at least 30 s unless
1 dB from those determined from measurements othetwise stated in the noise test code for the spe-
over the complete set of microphone positions in ac- cific family of machinery or equipment.
cordance with 7.2 and 7.3. An example is when the
radiation pattern is shown to be symmetrical. For the measurement of isolated single-sound events,
determine the single-event sound pressure level Lp,
NOTE 21 The overhead position(s) may be deleted for (see 3.2.2).
safety reasons, if so stated in the relevant noise test code.
For noise that varies with time, it is important to
specify carefully the period of observation, and this
7.5 Measurement will usually depend on the purpose of the measure-
ments. For a machine with modes of operation having
7.5.1 Environmental conditions different noise levels, select an appropriate measuring
period for each mode and state this in the test report.
Environmental conditions having an adverse effect on
the microphone used for the measurements (for
8 Calculation of A-weighted surface
example, strong electric or magnetic fields, wind,
impingement of air discharge from the equipment sound pressure level and Amweighted
being tested, high or low temperatures) shall be sound power level
avoided by proper selection or positioning of the
microphone. The instructions of the manufacturers of 8.1 Calculation of &weighted sound
-
the measurement instruments regarding adverse en- level averaged over the
vironmental conditions shall be followed.
measurement surface

7.5.2 Measuring instruments Calculate average A-weighted sound pressure levels

over the measurement surface, ¡.e. L'pn from the
In addition to the requirements given in clause 5, the measured A-weighted sound pressure levels LIpAi,and
-
following apply. from the A-weighted sound pressure levels of

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 4851903 Ob25533 151

Q IS0 IS0 3746:1995(E)

the background noise L”pAi, using the following under test. If such data are reported, it shall be clearly
equations: stated in the text of the report, as well as in graphs
and tables of results, that the background noise re-
G=
r~
10 Ig 1 IL NxlOo,lL‘flI
- i=l
1

J
dB . . . (4) quirements of this International Standard have not
been fulfilled.

8.3 Corrections for test environment

. . . (5)
The environmental correction K2, is determined by
one of the procedures described in annex A.
where
Measurements in accordance with this International
is the A-weighted sound pressure level Standard are valid if K2,< 7 dB (see tableO.l).
averaged over the measurement surface,
in decibels, with the source under test in
operation; 8.4 Calculation of the A-weighted surface
- sound pressure level
is the A-weighted sound pressure level of
cPA
the background noise averaged over the Determine the A-weighted surface sound pressure
measurement surface, in decibels; level L G by correcting the value for background
noise and for reflected sound by using the following
LPAiis the A-weighted sound pressure level equation with corrections KIA and K2,:
measured at the ith microphone position, - -
in decibels; LpfA = LpA - KIA - K2A . . . (7)

is the A-weighted sound pressure level of

the background noise measured a t the ith 8.5 Calculation of the A-weighted sound
microphone position, in decibels; power level

N is the number of microphone positions. The A-weighted sound power level bAshall be cal-
culated as follows:
NOTE 22 The averaging procedure in equations (4) and
(5) is based on a uniform distribution of the microphone
positions on the measurement surface.

where
8.2 Corrections for background noise
LZ is the A-weighted surface sound pressure
level according to equation (7);
Calculate the correction Ki, from measured A-
weighted values by using the following equation: S is the area of the measurement surface, in
Kip,= - 1O Ig (1 - I O- op’uA) dB . . . (6) square metres;
2
So = I m .
where
AL,=LpA-L’PA 8.6 Determination of optional quantities
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If AL, > 10 dB, in this International Standard no cor- The following optional quantities may be required by
rection is made. If ALA > 3 dB, the measurement is noise test codes for specific types of sources.
valid according to this International Standard (see ta-
ble 0.1 ). a) Information on impulsive noise in accordance with
one of the methods of annex D; and/or the pres-
For values of ALA between 3 dB and 10 dB, make ence of discrete tones determined by listening.
corrections according to equation (6).
b) The sound pressure spectrum a t a single micro-
If AL, < 3 dB, the accuracy of the result(s) is reduced. phone position on the measurement surface or
The maximum correction to be applied to these averaged over the measurement surface.
measurements is 3 dB. The result may, however, be
reported and may be useful for determining an upper c) The variation of the A-weighted sound pressure
boundary to the sound power level of the source level with time at a defined microphone position.

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 m 4853903 Ob25534 098 m
IS0 3746:1995(E)

d) The sound pressure level with different time c) Characteristics of windscreen (if any).
and/or frequency weighting at individual micro-
phone position(s) on the measurement surface.
9.5 Acoustical data
9 Information to be recorded A-weighted sound power level.
The information listed in 9.1 to 9.6, when applicable, NOTE 23 IS0 9296 requires that the declared A-
shall be compiled and recorded for all measurements weighted sound power level, kAd,of computers and
made in accordance with this International Standard. business equipment be expressed in bels. using the
identity 1 B = 10 dB.
9.1 Sound source
The shape of the measurement surface, the
Description of the sound source, including its measurement distance or radius, and the location
of microphone positions.
- tvpe,
- technical data, The area S of the measurement surface.
- dimensions,
- manufacturer, The background noise correction K,, for the A-
- machine serial number, weighted surface sound pressure level.
- year of manufacture.
The environmental correction K2A and the method
by which it was determined in accordance with
9.2 Test conditions
one of the procedures of annex A.
a) Operating conditions. A-weighted sound pressure levels (respec-
tively L'pA,,s,i)a t each measuring point i.
b) Mounting conditions.
The
-A-weighted surface sound pressure level
Cl Location of sound source in test environment.
GrAr,where x is the measurement distance d or
the measurement radius r.
d) If the test object has multiple noise sources, a
description of the source(s) in operation during the
Place, date when the measurements were per-
measurements.
formed, and the name of the person responsible
for the test.
9.3 Acoustic environment

a) Description of the test environment: 9.6 Optional data

- if indoors, description of physical treatment of The value of the A-weighted sound pressure level
walls, ceiling and floor; sketch showing the 10- at a specified microphone position on the meas-
cation of the source and room contents; urement surface.
- if outdoors, sketch showing the location of the Information on impulsive noise in accordance with
source with respect to surrounding terrain, in- one of the methods of annex D, and/or the pres-
cluding a physical description of the test envi- ence of discrete tones determined by listening.
ronment.
Variation of the A-weighted sound pressure levei
b) Acoustical qualification of the test environment in with time at a specified microphone position or
accordance with annex A. over the measurement surface.

9.4 Instrumentation Wind speed and direction.

a) Equipment used for measurements, including Any noise data required by the noise test code.
name, type, serial number and manufacturer.
Where it is not possible to apply a method of
b) Method used for checking the calibration of the higher grade of accuracy, information on fre-
microphones and other system components; the quency band pressure levels may also be of
date, place and result of calibration shall be given. interest.

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 -

4851903 Ob25535 T24

8 IS0 IS 0 3746:1995(E)

10 Information to be reported formity with the requirements of this International

Standard.
Only those recorded data (see clause 9) are to be re-
ported which are required for the purpose of the The A-weighted sound power level of the source
measurements (see IS0 48711. under test shall be reported to the nearest whole
decibel.
The report shall state whether or not the reported
sound power levels have been obtained in full con-
//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\

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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

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 4651'303 0625536 '360 H
IS0 3746:1995E) Q IS0
//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\

Annex A
(normative)

Qualification procedures for the acoustic environment

A.l General A.2.1.1 Shape and size

The reflecting surface shall be larger than the pro-

jection of the measurement surface on it.

A.2.1.2 Sound absorption coefficient

A test area outdoors or an ordinary room will provide
a suitable enviromnent if the requirements given in The sound absorption coefficient (see I S 0 354) of the
this annex are satisfied. reflecting plane should preferably be less than 0.1
over the frequency range of interest. This requirement
Reflecting objects other than reflecting plane(s) shall is usually fulfilled when outdoor measurements are
be removed to the maximum extent possible from the made over concrete, sealed asphalt or stone surfaces.
vicinity of the machine under test. A test site shall For reflecting planes with higher sound absorption
ideally provide a measurement surface which lies coefficient, for example, grass- or snow-covered
ground, the measurement distance shall be not
a) inside a sound field that is essentially undisturbed greater than 1 m. For indoor measurements, wooden
by reflections from nearby objects and the room
and tile floors are also permitted.
bounda ries, a

b) outside the m r field of the sound source under A.2.2 Reflecting objects
test.
No reflecting objects that are not part of the source
For the purposes of the survey method, the meas- under test shall be located inside the measurement
urement surface is considered to lie outside the near surface.
field if the measurement distance from the source
under test is equal to or greater than 0,15 m. A.2.3 Precautions for outdoor

--`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
measurements
For outdoor measurements, the specified conditions
of A.2 shall be satisfied. For indoor measurements, Avoid adverse meteorological conditions during the
one of the alternative qualification procedures of A.3 measurements, for example, temperature gradients,
shall be followed. Otherwise, the measurement will wind gradients, precipitation and high humidity.
not .be in conformity with the requirements of this
International StandBrd. In all cases, observe the precautions of the manufac-
turer as stated in the instruction manuals for the in-
NOTE 24 Alternatiuely, the test environment qualification struments.
procedures of I S 0 X44 may be followed in place of this
annex.

A.3 Qualification procedure and

A.2 Environmental conditions
requirements for test sites
A.2.1 Types of reflecting planes
A.3.1 Test procedure using a reference
Examples of permitted reflecting planes outdoors in- sound source
clude compacted earth, artificial surfaces such as
concrete or sealed! asphalt, and for indoor measure- The correction may be determined by calculating
ments the reflecthg plane is usually the floor. Take the sound power level of a reference sound source
care to ensure that the reflecting surface does not (see I S 0 6926) which has previously been calibrated
radiate any appreciable sound energy due to vibration.

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 4853903 Ob25537 8T7

Q IS0 IS0 3746:1995lE)

in a free field over a reflecting plane. In this case, flections from room boundaries and/or reflecting ob-
Ka is given by the expression jects near the source under test. The magnitude of
this environmental correction K z A depends principally
K2A = G A - &Ar . . . (A.l) on the ratio of the sound absorption area A of the test
room to the area S of the measurement surface. The
where
magnitude does not depend strongly on the location
GA is the environmentally uncorrected A- of the source in the test room.
weighted sound power level of the refer-
In this International Standard, the environmental cor-
ence sound source, determined in
rection KWis given by
accordance with clauses 7 and 8 when
using the value O for KzA = 10 lg[1 + 4(S/A)] dB . . . (A.2)
hAr
is the calibrated A-weighted sound power where
level of the reference sound source
[reference 1 pW( = lo-'' W)], in deci- A is the equivalent sound absorption area of
bels. the room at 1 kHz, in square metres;

NOTE 25 Guidelines for the location of the reference S is the area of the measurement surface, in
sound source in the test environment are to be found in square metres.
I C 0 3744:1994,annex A.
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Environmental corrections as a function of AIS calcu-

A.3.2 Other procedures lated using equation (A.2) are illustrated in figureA.l.

Alternative methods are given in A.3.2.1 and A.3.2.2

The environmental correction K2A in equation (7) Of
to determine the equivalent sound absorption area A
8.4 accounts for the influence of undesired sound re-
of the test room.

10

VI
d
aJ
.-
v e
D
W

.-C

0.5 I 2 5 10 20 50 100 200

AIS

Figure A.l - Environmental correction Ka, in decibels

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
 Y85LîO3 0 6 2 5 5 3 8 733
IS0 3746:1995(E) 0 IS0

A.3.2.1 Approximate method of the test room which is excited by broad-band noise
or an impulsive sound with A-weighting on the re-
The mean sound absorption coefficient a of the sur- ceiving system (see IS0 354).The value of A is given,
face of the room, is estimated by using tableA.l. The in square metres, by the expression
value of A is given, in square metres, by the formula
A = 0,16(V/T) . . . (A.4)
A = a& . . . (A.3)
where
where
V is the volume of the test room, in cubic
CL is the mean sound absorption coefficient, met res:
given for A-weighted quantities in
tableA.l; T is the reverberation time of the test room,
in seconds.
Sv is the. total area of the boundary surfaces
of the test room (walls, ceiling and floor), NOTE 26 For the purpose of determining KzA directly
in square metres. from A-weighted measured values, it is more convenient to
use the reverberationtime measured in the frequency band
with a centre frequency of 1 kHz.
Table A.l -
Approximate values of the mean
sound absorption coefficient u A.3.3 Qualification requirements for test
Mean
rooms
sound
Description of room For the measurement surface in a test room to be
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absorption
coefficient satisfactory for measurements in accordance with the
requirements of this International Standard, the ratio
a
of the sound absorption area A to the area S of the
Nearly empty room with smooth hard measurement surface shall be equal to or greater than
0.05 walls made of concrete, brick, plaster or 1, that is
tile
AIS> 1 . . . (A.5)
Partly empty room; room with smooth
o, 1 walls The larger the ratio AIS is, the better.

0,15 1 Room with furniture; rectangular machin-

ery room; rectangular industrial room
If the above requirement cannot be satisfied, a new
measurement surface shall be chosen. The new
measurement surface shall have a smaller total area,
Irregularly shaped room with furniture; ir- but shall still lie outside the near field (see A.1).
02 regularly shaped machinery room or in-
Alternatively, the ratio AIS may be increased by intro-
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dustrial room
ducing additional sound-absorbing materials into the
Room,with upholstered furniture; machin- test room and then redetermining the value of the
ery OE industrial room with a small amount ratio AIS under the new conditions.
0.25 of sound-absorbing material on ceiling or
walls. (for example, partially absorptive If the requirement of this clause cannot be satisfied
ceilinsf for any measurement surface which lies outside the

0 3 I Room with sound-absorbing materials on

both,ceiling and walls
near field of the source under test, the particular en-
vironment cannot be used for measurements on the
source under test in accordance with the require-
Room with large amounts of sound- ments of this International Standard.
absorbing materials on ceiling and walls
For outdoor test sites, the environmental correction
K2* usually has very small values.
A.3.2.2 Reverbemtion method
NOTE 27 In some special outdoor cases, the value of
If it is required, d&ermine a value of the sound ab- K, may be negative, but for the purposes of this Inter-
sorption area A b y measuring the reverberation time national Standard KzA is then assumed to be zero.

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4853903 Ob25539 b7T

IS0 3746:1995(E)

Annex B
(normative)

Microphone array on the hemispherical measurement surface

B.l Key microphone positions and B.2 Microphone positions for sources
additional microphone positions emitting discrete tones
Four key microphone positions associated with equal If the source emits discrete tones, strong interference
areas of the measurement surface are numbered 4, effects can occur if several microphone positions are
5, 6 and 10 in figures B.l and B.2, and their coordi- placed at the same height above the reflecting plane.
nates according to the coordinate system defined in In such a case, the use of a microphone array with the
7.1 are listed in table B . l . Four additional microphone coordinates numbered 4, 5, 6 and IO in tablei3.2 is

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positions are numbered 14, 15, 16 and 20 in figure B.2 recommended.
and their coordinates are also listed in table B.l.

NOTE 28 The numbering of the microphone positions is

the same in IS0 3744.

Microphone Y
Table B.l - Coordinates of key microphone -
X -
r
-
z
r
position r
positions (4,5,6, 10) and additional microphone
positions (14, 15, 16, 20) 4 0,16 0,90 0,41
Microphone Y z 5 - 0,83 0,32 0,45
X
r
-
r
position 6 - 0,83 - 0,40 0,38
4 - 0,45 0,77 0,45 10 0.1 o - 0,lO 0.99
5 - 0,45 - 0.77 0.45
6 0,89 O 0,45 B.3 Microphone positions for sources
10 O O 1,o adjacent to two reflecting planes
14 0,45 - 0,77 0,45
For a source installed adjacent to two reflecting
15 0,45 0,77 0,45
planes, reference shall be made to figureB.3 for the
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16 - 0,89 O 0,45 purposes of defining a suitable measurement surface

20 O O 1,o and microphone positions. The radius r of the spheri-
cal measurement surface shall be at least 3 m.
NOTE - The overhead positions 1O and 20 coincide and
it is permissible to omit these if so indicated in the rele-
vant noise test code.

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 4 8 5 3 9 0 3 Ob255YO 391 W
IS0 3746:1995(E)

Measurement surface -Referencebox

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0 Key microphone positions

Figure B.l - Microphone array on the hemisphere - Key microphone positions

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
 m 4853903 Ob25543 228 m
Q IS0 IS0 3746: 1995(E)

Reference box 2

* x

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Referencebox

Measurement
surface

O Key microphone positions

0 Additional microphone positions

NOTE - Key microphone positions are numbered 4, 5, 6 and IO; additional microphone positions are numbered 14, 15, 16
and 20.

Figure B.2 - Microphone array on the hemisphere

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 = 4851703 Ob25542 Lb4
IS0 3746:1995(E) Q IS0

Dimensions in meters

t
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\\

O Key microphone positions

O Additional microphone positions

Figure B.3 - Plan view of a spherical measurement surface and microphone positions around
a reference box adjacent to two reflecting planes
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20
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 4853903 Ob25543 O T O

I S 0 3746:1995(E)

Annex C
(normative)

Microphone array on the parallelepiped measurement surface

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C.l Microphone positions for sources NOTE 29 The overhead position(s) may be replaced by
positions at the corners of the measurement surface or may
mounted on one reflecting plane be omitted if so indicated in the relevant noise test code.
Each plane of the measurement surface shall be con-
sidered on its own and so subdivided that the result C.2 Microphone positions for sources
is the smallest possible number of equal-sized rec- adjacent to two Or three reflecting planes
tangular partial areas with a maximum length of side
equal to 3d (see figureC.l). The microphone positions For a source hstalled adjacent to more than one re-
are in the centre of each partial area. In this way the flecting Plane, reference shall be made to figures C.7
microphone positions for figures c.2 to c.6 are ob- to C.8 for the purpose Of defining a suitable meas-
tained. urement surface. The microphone positions shall be
as shown in figures C.2 to C.8.

Figure C.l - Procedure for fixing the specified microphone positions where a side of the measurement
surface exceeds 3d

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
 Y851903 Ob25544 T37
I S 0 3746:1995(E) 8 IS0

Figure C.2 - Example of a measurement surface and microphone positions for a small machine
(1, < d, i2< d, 13< 2d, where d is the measurement distance, normally 1 m)
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Figure C.3 - Example of a measurement surface and microphone positionsfor a tall machine with a small
base area (II < d, 12< d, 2d < 13< 5d)

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
 4851903 Ob25545 973
IS0 3746:1995(E)

Figure C.4 - Example of a measurement surface and microphone positionsfor a long machine
(4d < i, < 7d, i, < d, l3 < 2 4
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Figure C.5 - Example of a measurement surface and microphone positions for a medium-sized machine
(d < 1, < 4d, d < i, < 4d, 2d < 13 < 5d)

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 = 4851’703 Ob2554b BOT
IS0 3746:1995(E)

7
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Figure C.6 - Example of a measurement surface and microphone positions for a large machine
(4d<1, < 7d, d < 12 < 4d, 2 d < 13 < 5d)

Reference box

S = 2 (2uc + 2ob + bc)

Figure C.7 - Measurement surface (parallelepiped) with four microphone positions for floor-standing
appliances placed against a wall

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//^:^^#^~^^""~:@":^*^~$~"#:*~^#~:"@"#$~^$^~:^":^@::~*\\
 m 4853903 Ob25547 746 D

I S 0 3746:1995(E)

Measurement r Reference box

s =2 (ac + 2 n b + bd

Figure C.8 - Measurement sutface (parallelepiped) with three microphone positions for floor-standing
appliances placed against two walls
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--`,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

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 IS0 3746:1995(E) Q IS0

Annex D
(informative)

Guidelines for the detection of impulsive noise

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In some cases. comparison of the time-averaged A- For an isolated single event, or for a sequence of
weighted sound pressure level determined with the consecutive events with intervals of 1 s or more be-
time characteristics I, LpAieq, with the corresponding tween the events, the difference between the maxi-
value of LpAeqfor the same operational cycle, may be mum values of LpAIand LpAs may be used as a
helpful in deciding whether or not the noise contains descriptor of the single event. The difference
significant impulsive components. For this purpose, (LpAImax- LpACmax) is the single-event impulsive noise
the comparison is made at one or more microphone index, which may be used for describing a single-
positions, and a t least five operational cycles at each event impulsive noise. For consecutive single events,
position are observed. The difference - LpAeq) the arithmetic average of the maximum values of
is the impulsive noise index (impulsiveness). LpAIfor the individual events and the average maxi-
mum of LpAsover all the events are used.
NOTE 30 If the mean value of the impulsive noise index
is equal to or greater than 3 dB, the noise is considered to
be impulsive.
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26
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 0 IS0

Annex E
(informative)

Bibliography

[l] I S 0 3740:1980,Acoustics - Determination of noise emission values of machinery and equip-

sound power levels of noise sources - Guide- ment - Part 2: Methods for stated values for
lines for the use of basic standards and for the individual machines.
preparation of noise test codes.
[7] I S 0 7574-3:1985, Acoustics - Statis tical
[2] IS0 3741 :1988,Acoustics - Determination of methods for determining and verifying stated
sound power levels of noise sources - Pre- noise emission values of machinery and equip-
cision methods for broad-band sources in ment - Part 3: Simple (transition) method for
reverberation rooms. stated values for batches of machines.

[3] I S 0 3742:1988,Acoustics - Determination of [8] I S 0 9296:1 988, Acoustics Declared noise

-
sound power levels of noise sources - Pre- emission values of computer and business
cision methods for discrete-frequency and equipment.
narrow-band sources in reverberation rooms.
[9] I S 0 9614-1:1 993, Acoustics - Determination
[4] I S 0 3743-1:I 994, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using
of sound power levels of noise sources - En- sound intensity - Part 7: Measurement at dis-
gineering methods for small, movable sources crete points.
in reverberant fields - Part I: Comparison
method for hard-walled test rooms. [l O] I S 0 9614-2:-21, Acoustics - Determination of
sound power levels of noise sources using
[SI I S 0 3743-2:1994,Acoustics - Determination sound intensity - Part 2: Measurement by
of sound power levels of noise sources using scanning.
sound pressure - Engineering methods for
small, movable sources in reverberant fields - [I I] IS0 12001 :-2', Acoustics - Noise emitted by
Pari 2: Methods for special reverberation machinery and equipment - Rules for the
test rooms. drafting and presentation of a noise test code.

[6] I S 0 7574-2:1985, Acoustics - Statistical [I 21 IEC 1 260:-31, Electroacoustics - Octave-band

methods for determining and verifying stated and fractional-octave-band filters.
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2) To be published.
I
~ 3) To be published. (Revision of IEC 225:1966)

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27
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 -~

4851903 Ob25550 230

IS0 3746:1995(E) 8 IS0

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ICs 17.140.10
Descriptors: acoustics, sound sources, noise (sound), engine noise, tests, acoustic tests, determination, sound pressure, sound
power, acoustic measurements.
Price based on 27 pages

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