&
~~
Oxygen farmiby o Childogens a Group-16
Members andelchonic .>. uration
oxygen, Ey, Sulbhuy, Selonium, tellusium and redwacive_
Poloniuin on qmembers & qeoup-6- Thee are also Called
Chaldogent he ove foymini eloments
ORYGeM “+S most abundomt Uement en earth ; about 46.6%
mm earth Gust and abmoe- 20% in atmosphre Suiphuv occurs
in @cath oyust af Setfeste. Sulphu ole Or and BB HoS m
wWlanoes. oyganic materials Such as Sif - protein, gache
OnIOM. musterd hoi” and wood Contam SulphuY. se
and Te are found os selenide and Fellurvle ores A
OCG in rake as a aay oduct of thowum and
Utomium minerals
Orgy 182s? ap!
Seg) = 1 astetbasiapt bp! ea ot
Seay «1S 25°36 28 3p od 48 AP cy
Tecsay «18° 22p° 8S ap‘ad 4s ap’ 4 dss: sp
4 6 lo
Pocgyy ~tst 252 apf as" spied as abl adapt est spl ea'” asteps
Valence elechoms - nstnp! (Six)
Bf fectve nuclear chang?
2p 4 9
Se> Te > fe
Sulphur hod maximum Catenalion Property in the group
Molediloy Shuchoe + atomichy
* Oxygen exisls ab Oy and O3 Consishne Pir “Par borcls
* Bothey membus Gn not fxm Pr-Py bund So |
ext as eight membered puckerdd ond stazgered
: ming adgme 3
Pe ONY RSs
Se motel has chair form
tye deine NEA lobo
Mlotopes gf OXfgen Or. £05
Moheps ¢y cuban - ghombic, monodinic , plastic. Suiphuy,
and Oolloidal Sulphur. Phombic. Sulphur
west stable form « fe g6'c
Phombic Sulphur &
Gveled to monoclinic Sulpkuy, $9 it y Glled
Ponitron temperalirre.
Oriclation state
* MemboS yf the Grup Gn form ~aobo Compounds in -2 40 -+6
oridateen atales . but Orygen dorms compounds m -2
+2 onidalion stole because tha no vaGnt ol: orbitals
in uly most
v Tendundy do form Compounds in -2 0-S- oloczeates down
Re qroyp and fo hardly shows -2 0-8. Th stabilely
of Gombounds in -2 0-S- algo cecreates down the Groups
* Th Gmpumds im -2 0-S- with elechopusihve medals has
wanie charaeder” Confishmg ton other wite Hey ore cvalenl-
Th ionic character clecreates clown the group
* Oxygen if Second must eechonegahve element, Go it exhbrs
@ +1 ond +2 oxidahan Shaks with Phorm only -
and OF>
sak and Po form Gompourds in 42,44 «46
‘ deB but +4 and +6 0-S- ase ‘Or Common
Lee ace
© 44 0-8 anfSe3 dus to inet pair oecl #0 stabibly ef Compounds mM +4 O-S- imereates doun the Group and stably gy compo -
_ounds in 46 os. docreaged ena the group ‘,
chemral reachvily
x oxygen if most veachve elemen? of ihe Grup amd ‘reachvily
docreated clown Ke qnoup. Reachen of. omgygen ctth most
¢ cements ax exothermic anal spontaneous
+ Due & umav aslabrlay of cl- orbitals in ouley musk orbit of
onygen alin , its Covadency and Co-wcinalion numb Gre
rat hb fou -
Reach ity HySe > Hp Te
Thermal Slabliy Hao > HS 7 HaSe> bbTe .
Reducing Chavocley H20 chlovich > Promide> dle
, Amongst a , only hexa pluorides aoe stable.
i :
—— —+ a Fo fr =
omgm = OR GE 1 chO, dor | 0, ArO,, 1 L0, Dey
| job cf, 06 , of, ho, ‘ bo, Log
Sulphur — SoPo. SFy, Sfe Sach. sds i" 528% i
\ S2Fio { sey Cc: (
Selenium Iseh, Se Fy | Seely, , Secly, } \ songs ° sear, |
(Sek | Secky | Set i
Tellurim | tere, Taf | Teds , Tecly | Teg, Tey | Tel,
| TeFs { “tay
Polo mum | PoF | Pocky. pd, } Bom, de
+ 0,5 and Se orm dimente momohakde having Shrucheo<_
Samby do Hy A, sec,
* cantvol alow is cshalde is _ sp? hypbriclted , bau" canbrol atorn in
tebsholde x spd hybndited and Gmlral alom im Aexahahek
hos sp ol :
Wl Se 1s Or et steriGlly proteced $.ahm , and Gn not
ie, bul Sefs © TePe Aycly wendy
1 Sf is uted @ golerud insulator m high voltage-- generators
. 4 and Swrtch 820%, due d> inert}
Constant-- ednats and hgh cheleckec.
Reachviby. corth oxycen,
« on burning m @iv all members gf the Group (exept ongygen)
firm horde (x02 and ice (X05) mainly
+ Redlucing pmperty of xo, decreases dawon the qroup- 805 is
Beducing agent, chore ab Ted, below’ (ia onidssing agent:
«Stabile of chucodds dacreates clown the group: .
v Madre choracter ef dhorede decacals dawn the qioup
SO,4SeO, = Addie, Teo, and fod, = Amphoterte
* SO, is gos having SP hybrdared Ay Bund ongle
S- atom: c eee tg SE
+ SeO, erusts af polymenc volahib soled
ge ON ON Tey and PO are
y a é crystalline. Solicl
4 Tromdes’ a7 mort addlc than duomdes of the efemen)-
and adcle Shength Aocwreales fom $0, & fod.
4 505 is godeow state exists ab triargulor panos mokGle_
but in Sold Stob ait posses Linear than or Cyclic dimer os
° uw W © " ia ee
I No BN oH 07 wy _3=0 etre
2 or ~° a of SO N
oO
oF Ro . Nf 0
+ Sed, im Solid stak exis at Cythe dehumey - Te Q, PUsSeSbes
@ Schd ThusrK. Shuchise a which TeOs ortshedea share
oth vextiary 0X0 atids of Sulphuy
+ Plage mumber of oxo-0c
GAS of Sulphur aoe Knoum cikich OCW
in free Stote o in form Y i Sats
oO
Sulphur ous acd H2So0, a Dibasrc
HO7 Sow
3
Thao Supplunovs Ol Hy S503, g o
Ho” “op
°
HafeSuphurors atl H$50y ued boy
| o °
Su /| Atel Hy Sy 0 Ho-S-0-$-0on
2° 2S
9
Sulphuric add Hy SOY po-d-on 0
}
i
ThnSulphuricatsl H,50, Ho—S-oH ”
oO
a 8
PyroSuiphurtc. ote! HbS20, Ho-S-0-3-o8
oO °
wf
Thonic abel S26 Monpogcer
°
°
;
Poythwnie ocel HaSm¢ Ho Se
(KH 42.3.4-) 2 Pevory Mond Sulphuric age O
Gavk aco HySOg- Ho-$ 5-0-1 Di bade
}
ferry LSulphurte_ adel 9 °
‘ HoO-S -0-0-S
MahallS aad 1 550g Bo Be obec,
Dionsgen Oo) B soo:
«Tn lobovoory 2Kclog PA gk +302
» oxidsd gt U6 veachve motels clifoacte om heatny
2fg,0 — 2hg +02 2 poy — 6 Pho +0y
Ligo — Lg + Or 2 PbO + 2pbo tO.
* Ry daGompvSihon eo
QHe0, ——7 20 +09.
* on large Scole oO, is prepored by clecholy&is 4 water
2H —+ Lip +02
© Indushtal Og is obtaneol tay from air by fis} vemos! of
Coy and ankey vepour; then vemai ning gales are Cquifed
and GFachana My datilled #9 give Ny * Op
« 0, is a lous and odour ls gos:
«© Op Aas povomnag neh chavocter due Ho presen Y duo
unpat electors
«The binary Gompounols qf onygen cotth othe element
ar Glled ord y t Op combines tort, Non- metals to hen atidc. ontda«
S402 = CO seo, + G0,
+ SO = RO , Jel, + 702 21,05
Tate atic ondes olZolve in wafer f0 form oxoadds
Aojo+Sto + 4HaPG $03 + Ho —+ HyS0,
c,0, + Hao — teddy
© 02 Comba ith met % fim oxides» In general metol
ordi ae bolic. SH Nad, Myo, GO, REHYRO, Mnd
Some met crider has cimpholere chareoler
ey ALG, ZnO, Mnla
¥ Oras Y metal im hyhey oxdalion dol Ak atache
chovecey LK, 03, M05.
+ Some. oxides 9 elyment Shows chowsdes of maethin one
Semple oth of Samu. or dfhren} elamens , 69 Glled ab
manad ote ef-s (04) —PP:O, (poy, 2760)
. a 5
ll oS e SG ea Ne
€ Ozone is PImed from atmospheric O2 1M poelence of Simlyht
oka hoight ¢f aokm forming OZone lage, ahrch protects
Garth's anface dom uv-tadation-
* In (oboratoyy Os is prepared hy passing Silent electn’c_
chacharge m 02 go>
305 = 203. Dit #4142. KF mot” + Pure O% isa pab--tlusr gas, dork-blus. hawid and Violet black
Sold - Tt hot a chavactenshe smell - Laie harms of loco
Gmenfsotion out breathing heComeb Uncorefirtebe #
cm above /o opm cmbanhalon Y Cesre
£ 03 Gn lbaale Nascent Oxs4G¢m Cadily- So act af a poweaful
ondising gent O03 = &+0
Hyshroadsls ¢ halygen extepr HE
QHX + Oz, —* H20 + Xs +02
Metel Sulphide to -melileulphate
Pbs + 40, —+ PbS&% + 402
*
n
Qfe + HyS0y +0, — Py(sOu + Ho 0%.
# NGQNOg + 03 —+ NaNOz +O.
« N@S0z + 0, —+ N&SOY +O,
« 2KyMndy + O34 H20—7 2KMmdy + 2KoL +02
ZIG LRN) + O,tH20 + ZKSIRCNI 6) + 2KOH + Oy
‘ Ag metal durns black 30 Contact with O3- due dv oxdalion
qe meal and reduchm ¢ Cx.ola
Os + 2Ag —+ Ag,0 +02
Os + Ayo — 2g &
* In O} god, Hy lo%3 i meniscus and Starts stickmg
gos amd. leses mobiliky dus & oxidation - Ths u Known
os tosling do menGary” O32 + 2H9 —+ Blo +O,
+ 0g ULberalis wdina from neubol KT Soluhon
Og + 2KT +420 —- 2koH t+ + 02°
Tn abkalme. meduum KZ it oreddad to KIO, + KIO,
fs # han Q, ic patsed in KOH Soluhim, an ow
dob gd Poko Bs
-nolie choraclay
2KOH t§0, —+ 2K + 502 + Hho
+ Cleacking achon
nge. BA Coloured
mm Ozone 4 obtained chich oa poramag
Og — O2+0
Coloured +0 —+ Colourlus.
+ NO gos exmtted fm exhaust System of SuperSonre gef-
aewplanes Combs cor/t Oa and responsihle fy depleimy
he tmanke tion 4 Ot
NO+02 ~+ NO, +09.
Anolkey heat d otone byey 55 ube! Gy freons (Circl,)
as csofei gevarts
* Ozone it Ube ab germidde , dismficdont and fos StevibiSmy
crolEY - Lt Gm als be uted as oraclding agent and
agent
+ O34+D —+ 20
& eduang naluxe on 5 - 2
O34 a0, —r bad + ‘2
Oz + HyO2 — Hy0 +20) __ Sulphurdioxide So, pr é
ne © ;
« @hen Sulphur uw burnt m aie S80, i formed! with Some
$03° S$+0, + $0, 28+30, + 280,
x” healmg Copper cath Cone. HS0y
Gut 2H2S04 —+ CuSOy + PSO, +8H9d
« By achan ag dul Ho on metal Sulpbe
N@,S02, + 2Hol —+ 2Nacl + HO + SO,
«on large Stale $0, is prepared by voastng-Suiphicle ores
in prefence of ait
2Zn8 + 30, — 220+ 280,
GPS, + Op —+ 2RyOz + gS0,
+ 80, is & Colouslud gad coil pungent smell and it highly
Srtublein aliv- SQ, +thO —+ HySQ,
¥ 80, reacts wilh met! hydromde to fore Suphle anol
in excels gf $0, meted biSulphle ib obtained
GOH + $0. — GSR) +20
GS0q, +20 + SO, — G(HS03),
v wilh de , 60, +d, — SQ chy -
# PbO, +80, —+ PbSOy
Reducing nadire- —~ S02 Con easily be Crtediteol ty Hy S0y
S behaved Aes Vedlutng agen”
SO, +Hpo +O H2SOu-
Sorta « S+ 2 T2HO —+ HSoy + 2H
v
2kMndy + SSQ, + Ltyo — 1ySoy+ ennsoy + 24, Soy
“ Kcr, + 3SQ, + Hsoy — kso, as C%CS0u, + Hy
onidting nalire
SO +2hs — 2to+ 35
$0, + amg 2mgo +g S
SO, +2C0 — 2C0, +S
Snel + $0, +4Hd —+ Snely + 2tho +S
Bligscly + 809 + 4H + 4 lycly + 2H20 +6
Bleaching achon - dae fo xeduchon.
SO, +2420 —* HyS0y + 2H
(aloured mater + > Colourless
Go bleaching achun @ SO, 4 temporary’
Wes. O tn wefming- peholeum + Degas
@ I bleaching gy wool & SK
@ As anchor sobhicoid alg iho! i
culphuric acid ix most i mpovton! ees Homi -o-H
Tt Gm % manuftclured chemiGis, ©
xy dllowmg tw methucls
© Gonlack pyocets + T+ involves loom sicps
froduchon of $0, by burning Suiphur DaBtmg RSy_
StQ = $0, , 4RS, + NQ +2 Fee, +§ SO,
oxicahen @Y $0, + 805
280, + 0, “ett oso, AU = -47KGl
THis an exotherme jrGH reSulbng decrease m volum, &
for montium yield of 92, tt deerpriedond Should be
Carried out af higher prethurc anol loo kemperaitine » bub
of bono temperaline machen us Vey Shu. $0 if u Grried
out ct 4o0--suwe ding VyO5 ab Galalybt-
Th $0, gob oblained m above wach is @bsorbeol m
Cones HySoy > produce olaim - $03 +HS0y = He S207
Suiphaning otal of any dedired Concentration u oblamd
by chilubong olexm with wats
HyS2°7 +Hz,0 —t 2H2S0y
* Sulphunte aciol is @ Colourlers dense only liguid -
¥ PySoy is dibasic. aad
HyS0y + H20 =
- + 2- epee
Hsoy + H20 = Had + Soy Kaye F2 x10
Tr means frst ronsalion af HyS0y 4 almost Complele ond
Second vonsolion ut parhal, So HySOy i solo
pao’ tusoy Ka, 7LO
da weet
exis ad Hot A -
30, HSOG and Say - $0 Soy frms tuo
SoneS Gf Salis oorth bagie metal
oriole, hapchro aude
Grboralk and biGabonate °
Naou + Hysq, —+ NaHsoy + H20
2Na@ou + HySoy — Na,Soy + 2'b0
+ Reachon with elecho poSihve melols
Zn + HyS0y — ZnSoa, +42_
Fe + HeSoy —+ RSOy +H
+ Pchonaith Salts
2Nad + H2Soy — Naso, + 2H
FeS + lySoy —+ feSoy +H2S
KINO, + HpSOy + Soy + HNO,
KN0O, + HaS0y — KySoy + HNO2-
NO+ND, +20
ormdism af
Tp Contant Hor and Contaniraded H2SOy behaved Like Moderate
oxdising, agent Hy80y —* H20 + S02 O°
with meted
TT Hyg — H20 +502 ©
— WuS0y + H20
Gi+o+ tySOu —
~ Gan 24504 —* USOy + $0, +2H20
th om ebelt
ee eg S0y —* 20 # $Oe4 OFT
2p+5.0 — BOs
005+ Sto —+t 2HsPOy LHbSoy — ho+ $0, 40302
Ct 20 — co,
C+ 2tySoy — CO) +250, + 2tho
+ Gme HyS0y bberatd Eh fom KZ soluhom
OKT +2HS0y — Kso, + $0, + Z tHH,0
x Gone HySvy isa shong dehy drains, agent HySoy remove!
waby from reganic Compoun obs
Cy2H22 On seu, ZC +i bo
Glts0H = ++ Gy + Hoo
USS. HySoy is Very impostant yndushral chemrtal - Tt is needed
dr manufectusing of festlisers> Hysey it alto uted m
Peboluum wefomy, amanufechire of Pigment, paint, Lye
duleygent , mekalbargy
Soduum thinSulphale or Hypo - NQS:03 -SHy0
asd, +8 ~ N&S222
2NabS+ 4NaltS03 7 BNQS203 + 320
Nay S + No,803 +2 ~ NayS,0, +2NaZ
4NGS,0q 27 3NGSOy TF NG So
Nby S403, ¢and — 2niad + H20 + SO, 4+-S
Na,s,0, + Tz —* Na + 2Nqa Ft
Nag3,0, +c + 420 na,Soy+ 2H) +S
Na, $02 + 2fed, Fig(SOy), * SNS |
Pybr + 2NGS:0, — NQg [fy(530s Jo] + nla
[GSO HBG SAR Day fc5s0g) Tp Sela sne.
4
