1-99 CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN INTERNAL HEAT GAIN Internal heat gain is the sensible and latent heat released within the air conditioned space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines, pipes, etc. This chapter outlines the procedures for determin: ing the instantaneous heat gain from these sources. A portion of the heat gain from internal sources is radiant heat which is partially absorbed in the building structure, thereby reducing the instan- taneous heat gain. Chapter 3, “Heat Storage, Di versity and Stratification,” contains the data and methods for estimating the actual cooling load from the heat sources referred to in the following text. PEOPLE Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate. The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. The normal body processes are performed most efficiently at a deep tissue tempera: ture of about 98.6 F; this temperature may vary only thru a narrow range. However, the human body is capable of maintaining this temperature, thru a wide ambient temperature range, by conserving or Aissipating the heat generated within itself ‘This heat is carried to the surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by: 1, Radiation from the body surface to tne sur- rounding surfaces. 2, Convection from the body surface and the res- piratory tract to the surrounding air. 3. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory tract to the surrounding air. ‘The amount of heat dissipated by radiation and convection is determined by the difference in tem- perature between the body surface and its surround: ings. The body surface temperature is regulated by the quantity of blood being pumped to the surface; the more blood, the higher the surface temperature up to a limit of about 96 F. The heat dissipated by evaporation is determined by the difference in vapor pressure between the body and the air. Basis of Table 48. — Heat Gain from People Table 48 is based on the metabolic rate of an aver- age adult male, weighing 150 pounds, at different levels of activity, and generally for occupancies longer than 3 hours. These have been adjusted for typical compositions of mixed groups of males and females for the, listed applications. The metabolic rate of women is about 85%, of that for a male, and for children about 75%. ‘The heat gain for restaurant applications has been increased $0 Btu/hr sensible and 80 Btu/hr latent heat per person to include the food served, ‘The data in Table 48 as noted are for continuous occupancy. The excess heat and moisture brought in by people, where short time occupancy is occur ring (under 15 minutes), may increase the heat gain from people by as much as 10%, Use of Table 48 — Heat Gain from People ‘To establish the proper heat gain, theroom design temperature and the activity level of the occupants must be known. Example 1 — Bowling Alley Given: A 10 lane bowling alley, 0 people, with a room design ‘dry-bulb- temperature of 75 F. Estimate one penon per alley bowling, 20 of the remainder seated, and 20 standing, Find: ‘Sensible and latent heat gain from people 10 528) + (20 x 210) + BO x 240) 15.650 Bru/he (10 % 925) + (20 x 160) + (20 x 270) = 17480 Buu/hr Latent heat gain ucHTs Lights generate sensible heat by the conversion of the electrical power input into light and heat. The heat is dissipated by radiation to the surrounding surfaces, by conduction into the adjacent materials and by convection to the surrounding air. The radiant portion of the light load is partially stored, and the convection portion may be stratified as described on page 39. Refer to Table 12, page 35, t0 determine the actual cooling load. Incandescent lights convert approximately 10% of the power input into light with the rest being generated as heat within the bulb and dissipated by radiation, convection’ and conduction. About 80% of the power input is dissipated by radiation and only about 10% by convection and conduction, Fig. 30.CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1101 HEAT GAIN” Poorescent Total tight Wath x 1257 x34 Incondesent Tota ight Wat x 3.4 “Rater to Tables 12 and 13, popes 38:27 to determine ecvol coating ood. ‘Pivorescent ght wattage is mutipbed by 1.25 yo indude heat goin ia boon, ‘APPLIANCES, Most appliances contribute both sensible and Jatent heat to a space. Electric appliances contribute latent heat, only by virtue of the function they perfor drying, cooking, etc, whereas gas burning appliances contribute additional moisture as a product of combustion. A properly designed hood with a positive exhaust system removes a con siderableamount of the generated heat and moisture from most types of appliances. Basis of Tobles 50 thru 52 — Heat Gain from Restaurant Appliances ond ‘Miscellaneous Appliances ‘The data in these tables have been determined from manufacturers data, the American Gas Asso- ciation data, Directory of Approved Gas Appliances and actual tests by Carrier Corporation, TABLE 5O—HEAT GAIN FROM RESTAURANT APPLIANCES wor woooeo*—rurcrmic T RECOM HEAT GAIN overaut mre mare mame] "Fon ave use Arruance pinaenstons Tor | muscenantous | max | TAIN rere | con DATA. Arona | m0, | Serie] teers | Toe Wenice Snot eat | ect oe Bro/he | Bru/te | Bru/tor | Btu/he | Bhe/ne Cation owe ws on maa] 306 | yoo) 220 | 1170 ‘Wome sel hen ‘oe | 200 | 0 | “to | ‘a0 “aioe arin Unite Water notes —2000, Sin 4 gat Fea 204304 20H aoe, | oie 16900 4x00 | 1200 | 4000 wdeen—2900 we ation U3 wah ror Tox | Heck ah viveo | 3000 | 2600 | 1700 | 200 at Waivers 2K | kam | Medel ples {900 | 3000 | 2200 | 1500 | $700 oe Tadeo mie | Nac pets t¥o0e | 3600 | 3400 | 3300 | S700 Dovgheet Machine Bana to | Eshoww opment | freon hp mor | 14000 soo Woe Bator Tonys aw Thon | bed. 550 wom wietaiseom” | sro 1200 | 00 Food Wormer with lee Tele, seporre ‘Warmers per top rave. | "“eaing eur for'eocr | 1280 | 500 | 250 | 350 | 700 wore baste worm | te Feed Warmer without 7 - T ate Warmer: por sa awe. | vino, wibou plore | 1020 | 400 | 200 | 350 | 550 woe ee | Fey Kents iw tar | Dx Ta ww | 00 | va | 200 | «oo ‘ry Kettle—25 1h fat Vex 18x 1H ‘asto._| Frying oreo 12” x 147 | 23000 | 2000 | 3900 | 5700 | 9500 ‘Griddle, Frying Tes tenon “hota. | Frying top 18"2 14" | 0000 | 2000 | 3100 | 1700 | «800 Srila, Moat wala 8 ‘Ave._| Cooking ere 10° 19°] 10200 | voo0 | 3900 | 2100 | «ano rite, sendwich Wala 1H ‘Ae | Grtterse 27x19" | 5400 | v900 | 2700 | 700 | 3400 Rall Warmer Baia ‘ate_| Ove dover 1so0=| 400 | 1100 | 100 | 1200 Tessier, Continvavs 15m 15 20H The | Sis wh 340 wes he 7300 | s000 | sio0 | 1300 | e400 ‘Toaster, Continvevs: 20 x 15x 20H Auto. _ rozae | 4000 | e100 | 2400 | 2700 Toowter PopUp exten ne ‘0 | vo00 | 2450 | «30 | 2900 Waite en 12519 10H ‘wie | One wate?” | 2400 | ooo | vio0 | 790 | 1050 Waite won force Gram | 14 019 10H ‘ao | 12 Catan Jona och 24" x 3%" 7500_| 1300 | 3100 | 2100 | $200 |W propery deugned portive exhow hood l ered, muiply recommended vole By 21-102 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMA'FING Use of Tables 50 thru 52 — Heat Gain from Restaurant Appliances and ‘Miscellaneous Appliances ‘The Maintaining Rate is the heat generated when the appliance is being maintained at operating tem- perature but not being used. ‘The Recommended for Average Use values are those which the appliance generates under normal use. These appliances seldom operate at maximum capacity during peak load since they are normally ‘warmed up prior to the peak. ‘The values in Tables 50 thru 52 are for unhooded appliances. If the appliance has a properly designed positive exhaust hood, reduce the sensible and the latent heat gains by 50%. A hood, to be effective, should extend beyond the appliance approximately 4 inches per foot of height between the appliance and the face of the hood. The lower edge should not be higher than 4 feet above the appliance and the average face velocity across the hood should not be less than 70 fpm. TABLE 51—HEAT GAIN FROM RESTAURANT APPLIANCES: NOT HOODED*—0AS BURNING AND STEAM HEATED Tacom went oan ovesaut re ure |mam-| "Sent Sve use arruawes caneesons | "ore | —miseetuaneous | MAK (entered | come paar | atin] el voce et | Sea ca bie oe ry ee Niel pod alts rn wo 10 ie» 274 fa. | Neel pled Teed Warr, Valeo p= Satan seace on | wove om ee | 2000 iy Kereta wt re [Fone ree 1010 | 50 Ty Keate—28 tw | iss fat. [Freee Th 16 | 3100 itsam 20 mej | 7000 asco 000 wi tee) Bho oa ‘Stoves, Short Order— Ring type bumers | ‘Spon top Vaies por ‘ioe ase | 0 1200 | 120 ss00 | 900 | eaco essa vooaa | 7700 | 2300_| 11000 Tye 900] 1900 | tae Heda am 3 | Neo | tte bana 3ieo_| tino | Soo 13 ie» 208 2ie0 | 2102 | sae 1s ot eam os | hao | sso Woe 3roo_| tno | fate Avro. | 40 | 500 | 900 40119 | 00 ___|ver | _ T propery designed poiive exhaust hood iw red muiply recommended vol by 0.CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1-103 TABLE 52—HEAT GAIN FROM MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES or noootD* "MFR [RECOM WEAT GAIN FOR AVG USE re Max APPUANCE oF MISCELLANEOUS DATA wanna | Semibie [tery [Tot CONTROL West | ‘Hoot ite | twine | tine | ite murcrn¢ Wait Beye, Blower Type Fon 165 wom, TS emps, 115 vole AC Mon, (low 973 wots, high 1580 worm) | 370 | 2,00 soo | 2700 pe. 2° 80 wom, sampu, TIS vel AC | Mon low 300 wots, high 710 wate) 2400 | 1870 a0 | 2200 Fermanent Wave Machine | WO heater of 25 wor coh, - 38 a normal ne 5100 a0 130 | 1.000 wrt r2p00 | 2540 | ssas0 Ae ede die 30 30 A amide & & 200 Ben dea ae Ber ke 38 Barn atx 84 ‘Strtizer, Water ‘ne. ‘Seana, Uinail fue. | Mea eae ~ Mods! 120 Amer Steriizer Co / ‘Model 100 Aner Sterrer Co | [DS eethow Phrsicions end Dents office ect load may be opprede [Ne mtg fr act ‘GAS GURNING a dia borat wih | on | momtocsd gor 100 80 240 | 1200 man | Faia with vt gor 3000 | 1480 “a0 | 2.100 Mon | Heda with nat S00 | 1380 avo | 4480 ‘mon. dia bor wih not gos ss00 | 3000 770 | 380 Man | 1th die mouth a ree p00 | 3350 to | 4300 ‘iger Lighier ‘Man | Coninwove flame type 2,300 CJ Too | p00 Wate Dryer System ‘Gomis of heater & for which blows 1 Auto. Tot ‘ai Ww duct system 10 sso | 15000 | 4000 | 19000 io. helmet 21900 | 6000 | 27.000 “propery designed postive exhoust Rood bh vaed, mip recommend vole by 301-104 Exompte 2 — Restaurant Given: ‘A restaurant sith the following electric appl properly designed postive exhaust hood on eae ‘Two S:gallon coffee urns. both used in the ‘only one used either in the afternoon or evening. 2. One 2044 f food warmer without plate warmer 3. Two 24 x 20-x 10 inch Trying griddles 4. One 4sice pop-up toaster, used only in the morning, 5, Tw0.25 Ih deep fat fry kets. ces with Find: Heat gain from these appliances during the afternoon and evening meal Solution: Use Table 50 Sensible Latent 1 Coffee Urn — only one in use: Sensible heat gain Latent heat gain 2 Food Warmer: Sensible heat gain = 20% 200%.50= 2000) Latent heat gain =20 350% 50= 00) 3. Frying Griddles Sensible heat gain Latent heat gain 700 hs0 2x 5300 % 50 2% 2000 50 530 4. Toaster ~ notin use 5. Fry Kettles: Sensitile heat gai Latent heat gain = 2x3800%.50= 3800 2% 5700 50= 5700 “Total sensible hea ga “Total latent heat gain = Ha280 ELECTRIC MOTORS, Electric motors contribute sensible heat to a space by converting the electrical power input to heat. Some of this power input is dissipated as heat in the motor frame and can be evaluated as input x (1 ~ motor eff. ‘The rest of the power input (brake horsepower or motor output) is dissipated by the driven machine and in the drive mechanism. The driven machine utilizes this motor output to do work which may or ‘may not result in a heat gain to the space. Motors driving fans and pumps: The power input increases the pressure and velocity of the fluid and the temperature of the fluid. ‘The increased energy level in the fluid is degen- ‘erated in pressure drop throughout the system and appears as a heat gain to the fluid at the point where pressure drop occurs. This heat gain does not appear as @ temperature rise because, as the pressure re- duces, the fluid expands. The fluid expansion is 2 cooling process which exactly offsets the heat generated by friction, The heat of compression re- quired to increase the energy level is generated at the fan or pump and is a heat gain at this point. PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING If the fluid is conveyed outside of the air con- ditioned space, only the inefficiency of the motor driving fan or pump should be included in room sensible heat gain. If the temperature of the fluid is maintained by a separate source, these heat gains to the fluid heat of compression are a load on this separate source only. ‘The heat gain or loss from the system should be calculated separately (“System Heat Gain,” p. 110). Motors driving process machinery (lathe, punch press, etc.): The total power input to the machine is dissipated as heat at the machine. If the product is removed from the conditioned space at a higher temperature than it came in, some of the heat input into the machine is removed and should not be considered a heat gain to the conditioned space. The heat added toa product is determined by mul plying the number of pounds of material handled per hour by the specific heat and temperature rise Basis of Table 53 — Heat Gein from Electric Motors Table 53 is based on average eficiencies of squirrel cage induction open type integral horsepower and fractional horsepower motors. Power supply for fractional horsepower motors is 110 or 220 volts, 60 cycle, single phase; for integral horsepower motors, 208, 220, or 440 volts, 60 cycle, 2 or 3 phase general purpose and constant speed, 1160 or 1750 rpm. This table may also be applied with reasonable accuracy 0 50 cycle, single phase a-c, 50 and 60 cycle enclosed and fractional horsepower polyphase motors. Use of Table 53 ~ Heat Gain from Electric Motors ‘The data in Table 53 includes the heat gain from electric motors and their driven machines when both the motor and the driven machine are in the conditioned space, or when only the driven machine is in the conditioned space, or when only the motor is in the conditioned space. Caution: The power input to electric motors does not necessarily equal the rated horse- power divided by the motor efficiency. Frequently these motors may be operating under a continuous overload, or may be operating at less than rated capacity. It is always advisable to measure *he power input wherever possible. Thi is espe- cially important in estimates for industrial installations where the motor-machine oad is normally a major portion of the ‘cooling load.CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN When readings ave obtained directiy in watts and when both motors and driven machines are in the air conditioned space, the heat gain is equal to the number of watts times the factor 8.4 Beu/ (watt)(hr). When the machine is in the conditioned space and the motor outside, multiply the watts by the motor efficiency and by the factor 8.4 to devermine heat gain to the space. When the machine is outside the conditioned 1-105 space, multiply the watts by one minus the motor efficiency and by the factor 3. Although the results are less accurate, it may be expedient to obtain power input measurements using a clamp-on ammeter and voltmerer. ‘These instruments permit instantaneous readings only. ‘They afford means for determining the load factor but the usage factor must be obtained by a careful investigation of the operating conditions TABLE 53—HEAT GAIN FROM ELECTRIC MOTORS CONTINUOUS OPERATION? TOCATION OF EQUIPMENT with RESPECT TO CONDITIONED SPACE OR AIR STREAMS NAMEPLATE Fun Loan, ote a Motor Os T hove ‘or at Diechecey | gees. Daven techine out | Speaeee ex 2545 hr 2545 rx 2545 1) = % et) me Dy per Howe © 0 T 70 190 6 Bo 20 no 35 0 | io © 70 no “ 100 | 360 rs 120 1 ao % visto | 0 a 2aa0 730 7 Siz 80 «© on L 330 «© 36300 ‘39900 “Tor necminect operation, on appropriate wage factor should be wed, preferably meswred ‘Ht motors are overloaded and amovnt of evrloading is unknown, miply th above hac goin Factors hy the following menimum serie foctors: io ea far Tome ee [wn [ee [ae Mopmte | ta pas | tas] yas Tage] soma | Yl fe [i [ae | [No overioed bs allowable wth encoved motor {or © fon or pump int condoned spe sting sir ond pumping Mud o oud of space, vt values In ot cohimn.1-106 The following is a conversion table which can be used to determine Joad factors from measurements: TO FIND aP KILOWATTS * ourrut INPUT Tx Exe Te 900 Expt 00 DE x ple oH 178 | Ex Bx ph 18 a ae a “TX EX pixelix2 | IX EX2X pe nls 100 (OTE: For 2 phase, 3 wire circuit, come gn conductor current 140 times that of the other two conductors Exomple 3—Electric Motor Heat Gain in o Factory (Motor Bhp Established by @ Survey) Given: 1. Forty-five 10 hp motors operated at 80% rated capacity driving various types of machines located within air ‘conditioned space (lathes, screw machines, ete). Five Ihp motors operated at 809; rated capacity, driving screw machines, each handling 5000 ths of bronze per the, Both the Gal product and the shavings from the screw machines are removed fram the space on con- veyor belts, Rise in bronse temperature is 90 F; sp bt i 91 Beu (tb) ®) 2. Ten § hp motors (5 bhp) driving fans, echausting air to the outdoors. 3. ‘Three 20 hp motors (20 bhp) driving process water pumps, water discarded outdoors Find: “Total heat gain from motors. Solution: Use? te 1. chines ~ Heat gain to space 5 x $0,000 x 80 = jn from screw machines 5 % 30,000 «80 = 120,000 Btu br Heat removed from space from screw machine work 5000 5 x 80 x 01 = 7.500 Beu/he Net heat gain from screw machines ospace = 120,00 ~ 7500 = 2. Fan exhausting air tothe outdoors: Hieat gain co space = 10 X 2800 = 28,000 13. Process water pumped to outside air conditioned space reat gain to space'= Heat 112800 x 7800= 29,500 ‘Total heat gain from motors on machines, fans, and pumps = 1,248,000 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING NOTE: If the process water were to be recirculated and cooled in the circuit from an outside source, the heat gain to the water 3X (56.500 ~ 7500) ‘would become a load on this outside source. PIPING, TANKS AND EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM ‘A FREE SURFACE Hot pipes and tanks add sensible heat to a space by convection and radiation. Conversely, cold pipes remove sensible heat. All open tanks containing hot water contribute not only sensible heat but also latent heat due to evaporation. In industrial plants, furnaces or dryers are often encountered, These contribute sensible heat to the space by convection and radiation from the outside surfaces, and frequently dryers also contribute sensi- ble and latent heat from the drying process. Basis of Tables 54 thru 58 — Heat Gain from Piping, Tonks and Evaporation of Water Table 54 is based on nominal low in the pipe and 2 convection heat flow from a horizontal pipe of — row(3)a(2)" X (temp diff between hot water or steam and room). ‘The radiation from horizontal pipes is expressed by— 17.28 x 10-° x emissivity x (T, — Ty) where T, = room surface temp, deg R T, = pipe surface temp, deg R Tables 55 and 56 are based on the same equation and an insulation resistance of approximately 2.5 per inch of thickness for 85% magnesia and 2.9 per inch of thickness with moulded type. Caution: Tables 55 and 56 do not include an aliow- ance for fittings. A. safety factor of 10% should be added for pipe runs having ‘numerous fittings. Table 57 is based on an emissivity of 0.9 for painted metal and painted or bare wood and con- crete. The emissivity of chrome, bright nickel plate, stainless steel, or galvanized iron is 0.4. The resist- ance (r) of wood is 0.883 per inch and of concrete 0.08 per inch. The metal surface temperature has been assumed equal to the water temperature. NOTE: The heat gain from furnaces and ovens can be estimated from Table 57, using the out- side temperature of furnace and oven. Table 58 is based on the following formula for still air: Heat of evaporation = 95 (vapor pressureCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1-107 differential between water and air), where vapor pressure is expressed in inches of mercury, and the room conditions are 75 F db and 50% rh. Use of Tabies 54 thru 58 = Heat Gain from Piping, Tanks and Evaporation cof Water Example 4— Heat Goin from Hot Water Pipe and Storage Tank Giver ‘Room conditions ~ 75 F db, 50% rh 50 fof 10-inch uninsulated hot water (125 F) pipe. ‘The hot water is stored im a 10 ft wide x 20 ft long x 10 fe ‘high, painted metal tank with the top open to the atmot- phere, The tank is supported on open steel framework Find: Semsible and latent heat gain Solution: Use Tables 54,57 and 58 Ben he Pi Sensible heat gain = 50 X90 X476= 11,900 ‘Tank ~ Sensible heat gain, sides (20x 10x 2)+ (10 x 10 x 2) X50x18= 4.000 = Sensible heat gain, bottom = @0x 10) X 50x 1 15,000 ‘Total sensible heat gai wm ‘Total latent heat gain, top = (20 X 10) x 330 = 66,000 STEAM When steam is escaping into the conditioned space, the room sensible heat gain is only that heat represented by the difference in heat content of steam at the steam temperature and at the room dry- TABLE 54—HEAT TRANSMISSION COI ‘tu/(he) (linear ft) (deg F dif between bulb temperature (lb/hr x temp diff x 45). The latent heat gain is equal to the pounds per hour ‘escaping times 1050 Bru/ib. MOISTURE ABSORPTION When moisture (regain) is absorbed by hygro- scopic materials, sensible heat is added to the space. ‘The heat so gained is equal to the latent heat of vaporization which is approximately 1050 Beu/Ib times the pounds of water absorbed. This sensible heat is an addition to room sensible heat, and a deduction from room latent heat if the hygroscopic material is removed from the conditioned space, LATENT HEAT GAIN — CREDIT TO ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT Some forms of latent heat gain reduce room sensible heat. Moisture evaporating at the room ‘wetbulb temperature (not heated or cooled from external source) utilizes room sensible heat for heat of evaporation, This form of latent heat gain should be deducted from room sensible heat and added to room latent heat. This does not change the total room heat gain, but may have considerable effect on the sensible heat factor. ‘When the evaporation of moisture derives its heat from another source such as steam or electric heating coils, only the latent heat gain to the room is figured; room sensible heat is not reduced. The power input to the steam or electric coils balances the heat of evaporation except for the initial warmup of the water. CIENTS FOR BARE STEEL PIPES ‘ond surrounding air) HoT WATER rn Spi wont 10 F 130 F We F noF ad sie ‘onct™ TEMPERATURE DIFFER nd) 7 oF wor oF 140 wwe | T * O46 050 058 os % 036 oat on os 1 ose 07 oan 09 1% cas 09 hoe Me Mm 096 toe | 133 ie 2 ae iz 13 eT T ™ 149 133 ry Vea | 2 Vas i 2s ze | | 4 190 208 2a 23s ‘ an 230 an 245 238 280 330 ral 3 in j; tae or aus peed 196 sa ae at bor ea | 39 oo 75 re °A170 F de room tamparstorePART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 55—HEAT TRANSMISSION COI ICIENTS FOR INSULATED Bru/(hr) (linear ft) (deg F diff between pipe and room) on ee 185 PERCENT MAGNESIA INSULATION in Vins thick | 1% im Thiek | 2m Tock % O16 or nF . x one) as ena ' oz | ow | ons 1% 04 om) a7 Mm on ote 2 ou eat 4 037 oa 2 os) (Oar a4 230 “ 032 5 038 oa | 033 ose 2 | on Other ination H other types of iloion are vied, muliply the ‘values by the fogors shown nthe flowing Fable PIPE COVERING FACTORS 136 va Laminated Asbestos (Sponge Fel) | 098 Mineral Woot 90 Dratomaceon Sica (Soper K) 136 Brown Atherton ber (Woot et) oat TABLE 56—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR INSULATED COLD PIPES* mouiven Tee} 8B1u/(h) (linear) (deg F diff benween pipe ond room) ia ware WAVY Onin snow ive size [hava icin ‘va Tate | ow eimmanan sree _| contin % i 2 aoe g ‘a * oe : wo | te | ert | 3 3 | 3 ans | Mu ry 3s oe 7 an % a 10 023 ‘ oa ts 231 i 36 Te timation moterak Vales this table are boxed on = metal having conducvly ke 0.30. Newever, 0 13% safety fair wor edded otis k 2 er minal woo! bord fe 0.32) TheCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT G 1-106 TABLE 57—HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS FOR UNINSULATED TANKS SENSIBLE HEAT Gam Bru/(hr) (sq f) (deg F diff between liquid and room) Taatan ~m008 Toner ayn ea Sah z ater Fone ote construction | __ febted eteand ar Bane cap Tene oi Tene Ot FL #0 [2007 i [we Fs va] ae tas vita tajete|@ yp RL B BRL Re ae la [et BLb LB 3/8] SLRS |S [Se TABLE 58—EVAPORATION FROM A FREE WATER SURFACE—LATENT HEAT GAIN STILL AIR, ROOM AT 75 Fab, 50% RH ware temp | 75F ] ior | ae ] VF ] WSF | WOOF Bestia 2 | wo | 30 | oo | 120 | 290 SYSTEM HEAT GAIN ‘The system heat gain is considered as the heat added to or lost by the system components, such as the ducts, piping, air conditioning fan, and pump, etc. This heat gain must be estimated and included in the load estimate but can be accurately evaluated only after the system has been designed. SUPPLY AIR DUCT HEAT GAIN The supply duct normally has 50 F db to 60 F db air flowing through it. The duct may pass through an’unconditioned space having a tempera- ture of, say, 90 F db and up. This results in a heat gain to the duct before it reaches the space to be conditioned. This, in effect, reduces the cooling ‘capacity of the conditioned air. To compensate for it, the cooling capacity of the air quantity must be increased. It is recommended that long runs of ducts in unconditioned spaces be insulated to minimize heat gain, Basis or Chart 3 Percent Room Sensible Heat to be Added for Heat Goin to Supply Duet Chart 3 is based on a difference of 30 ¥ db be. tween supply air and unconditioned space, a supply duct velocity of 1800 fpm in a square duct, still air on the outside of the duct and a supply air rise of 17 F db. Correction factors for different room tempera: tures, duct velocities and temperature differences are \cluded below Chart 3, Values are plotted for use with uninsulated, furred and insulated ducts. Use of Chart 3 — Percent Room Sensible Heat to be Added for Heot Gain to Supply Duct To use this chart, evaluate the length of duct running thru the unconditioned space, the tempera ture of unconditioned space, the duct velocity, the supply air temperature, and room sensible heat sub- total. Example 5 — Heat Gain to Supply Duet Given: 20 fof unineulated duct in unconditioned space at 100 F db Dact velocity ~ 2000 fpr Supply air temperature — 60 F db Room sensible heat gain ~ 10000) Buu /he Finds Percent addition to room sensible heat Solution: ‘The supply air to unconditioned space temperature differ ‘ence = 100 — 60 = 40 F db From Chart 3, percent addition = 4.5% Correction for 40 F db temperature difference a 2000 fpm duct velocity = 1.26 ‘Actual percent addition = 45 x 126 1%,1-110 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING CHART 3—HEAT GAIN TO SUPPLY DUCT Percent of Room Sensible Heat Pie z o=unx ct heat goin (Bu) ct heat fonamision factor (Bu /arag fF) P= rectongular ect perimeter (A 1 = duct length) SUPPLY AIR DUCT LEAKAGE LOSS ‘Air leakage from the supply duct may be a serious loss of cooling effvct, except when it leaks into the conditioned space. This loss of cooling effect must be added to the room sensible and latent heat load, Experience indicates that the average air leakage from the entire length of supply ducts, whether large cor small systems, averages around 10% of the supply air quantity. Smaller leakage per foot of length for larger perimeter ducts appears to be counterbal- anced by the longer length of run. Individual work- 2.165 x AY ies x AV + OF (am) A = duct oreo (og = duct veloc (pm) 11 = temperctore of rope ar entering duct (F) ta = amperature of worounding ot (F) ‘toed on formulas in ASHRAE Guide 1963, p. 184,185, manship is the greatest variable, and duct leakages from 5% to 80% have been found. The following is a guide to the evaluation of duct leakages under various conditions: 1, Bare ducts within conditioned space — usually not necessary to figure leakage. 2. Furred or insulated ducts within conditioned space — a matter of judgment, depending on whether the leakage air actually gets into the room.CHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN Lin TABLE 59—HEAT GAIN FROM All CONDITIONING FAN HORSEPOWER, DRAW-THRU SYSTEM?! a Gana ATION TENT TAPPED OR ONTARY STaTEM™ rota Temp Oot Tom Out recone Room Senet Ae Seen hepsi Ale id etwins for [ise | mer] ee] or | wr [wr [mr | we ee PERCENT OF ROOM BENGE HEAT Te Ta, e, se) sp, ue) 2 pw yphy] ©] e os |ts | 33] %3 | oe] as) 33 | at | a] | 8 to [a | te] | | oo | a |e | | oe | . vas [ae [ae | ae |e | a 7 2 yom Ma & | 2) He) Ss) i i oti, (ts | a | | | oad ub Spece 200 faa [an as) as a = io unt | te Prey o rwinwm | t90 | 183 | aa ¢ i | soo [isa | vas 7 a fat |x # to [Seo | ast i oo fae | ua ry a | as os | a8 | a | % v | too | 38 | at ts a Bl vas | so | aa | as | 20 ze ay | 2s fomoett | te [ao | i) | it a | 3; | at in s_ | | | S| 7 8 |e Ee 30 [ao | sa | ao | a2 roe = 3 ae | te | ak | 3 mo) aS aviiem | ise [ita | | os | de soo [ase | ise | ne | as i [Se | see | us | ate | te | too [ss |S |e | oes |e I | “exces rom heet goin typical valves for bearing lone, oe which + dimpoted i operat room. ‘on Total Premare eavol fo sac pressure pin velety pressure of fon dchorge. Below 1200 fom the fon total presure is approximately equal to ‘he fon sac Above 1200 pm the fel premure hod 170% fon efciency omnes. "508% fon efcency omomed. {190% motor ond drive efficency eromed. ‘sowed {Hfer dewey systems his het on ction to the apply eit heat gain ond is lsodded tothe grond foto! heat; we the BSH finan the perce! Tad and 3. All ducts outside the conditioned space — assume 10% leakage. This leakage is a total loss and the full amount must be included. When only part of the supply duct is outside the conditioned space, include that fraction of 10% as the leakage. (Fraction is ratio of length outside of conditioned space to total length of supply duet.) HEAT GAIN FROM AIR CONDITIONING FAN HORSEPOWER The inefficiency of the air conditioning equip: ‘ment fan and the heat of compression adds heat to the system as described under “Electric Motors.” In the case of draw-through systems, this heat is an addition to the supply air heat gain and should be added to the room sensible heat, With blow-through systems (fan blowing air through the coil, etc.) the fan heat added is a load on the dehumidifier and, 1Sded 1 he room semble het. For blow-thru systems thie fon heat tothe OTM therefore, should be added to the grand total heat (see “Percent Addition to Grand Total Heat”) Bosis of Table 59 Heat Gain from Air Conditioning Fan Horsepower The air conditioning fan adds heat to the system in the following manner: I 1. Immediate temperature rise in the air due to the inefficiency of the fa . Energy gain in the air as a pressure and/or, velocity rise. . With the motor and drive in tne aur stream or conditioned space, the heat generated by the inefficiency of the motor and drive is also an immediate heat gain. The fan efficiencies are about 70%, for central station type fans and about 50% lor packaged equipment fans.Luz Use of Table 59 — Heat Gain from Air Conditioning Fan Horsepower ‘The approximate system pressure loss and de- humidified air rise (room minus supply air tempera- ture) differential must be estimated from the system ‘characteristics and type af application, These should be checked from the final system design. The normal comfort application has a dehumidi- fied air rise of between 15 F db and 25 F db and the fan total pressure depends on the amount of duct- work involved, the number of fittings (elbows, etc.) in the ductwork and the type of air distribution system used. Normally, the fan total pressure can be approximated as follows: 1. No ductwork (packaged equipment 1.00 inches of water. 2 Moderate amount of ductwork, low velocity systems — 0.75 to 1.50 inches of water. 3. Considerable ductwork, low velocity system — 1.25 to 2.00 inches of water. 4. Moderate amount of ductwork, high pressure system — 2,00 to 4.00 inches of water. 5. Considerable ductwork, high pressure system — 3.00 to 6.00 inches of water. Example 6 —Heat Gain from Air Conditioning Fon Horsepower 05 t0 Given: Same data as Example 5 0 ft of supply duct in conditioned space Find: Percent addition to room sensible heat. Solution: ‘Assume 1.50 inches of wate, fan total presture, and 20 F db dehumidifier rise. Refer to Table 59 Aboiti ae NS PART I. LOAD ESTIMATING Solution: 5.7% Supply duct leakage (20 f& duct of total 100A) = 20% Fan horsepower 23% Safety factor = 00% ‘Total percent addition to RSH 100%, ‘The percent additions to room latent heat for supply duct leakage loss and safety factor should be the same as the corresponding percent additions to room sensible heat. RETURN AIR DUCT HEAT AND LEAKAGE GAIN The evaluation of heat and leakage effects on return air ducts is made in the same manner as for supply air ducts, except that the process is reversed; there is inward gain of hot moist air instead of loss of cooling effect. Chart 3 can be used to approximate heat gain to the return duct system in terms of percent of RSH, using the following procedure: 1, Using RSH and the length of return air duet, use Chart 3 to establish the percent heat gain. 2 Use the multiplying factor from table below Chart 3 to adjust the percent heat gain for actual temperature difference between the surrounding the return air duct and the ai side the duct, and also for the actual velocity. 3. Multiply the resulting percentage of heat gain by the ratio of RSH to GTH. 4. Apply the resulting heat gain percentage to GTH. To determine the return air duct leakage. apply the following reasoning: aed aR Ai SES ~SAPEIT FACTOK ANU PERCENT 1 to the room sensible nnsidered as strictly a he survey or estimate, 10% and 5% at is the sub-total plus w for (1) supply duct leakage losses, (3) fan or, as explained in the a Room Sensible Heat ‘eat gain sub-total space used for return air — a matter of judg. ment, depending on whether the furred space may connect to unconditioned space. 3. Ducts outside conditioned space — assume up to 3% inleakage, depending on the length of duct. If there is only a short connection be tween conditioned space and apparatus, in- Ieakage may be disregarded. If there is a long run of duct, then apply judgment as to the amount of inleakage. HEAT GAIN FROM DEHUMIDIFIER PUMP HORSEPOWER With dehumidifier systems, the horsepower re- quired to pump the water adds heat to the system as outlined under “Electric Motors”. This heat will be an addition to the grand total heat. SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT A safety factor to be adder heat sub-total should be co factor of probable error in ¢ and should usually be betwee ‘The total room sensible he percentage additions to allo hheat gain, (2) supply duct horsepower and (4) safety fac preceding paragraph. Exomple 7 — Percent Addition Given’ Same data as Examples Sand 6 Find: Percent adition to room sensCHAPTER 7. INTERNAL AND SYSTEM HEAT GAIN 1.3 TABLE 60—HEAT GAIN FROM DEHUMIDIFIER PUMP HORSEPOWER SHALL PUMPS oo OFM TaRoe POMPAT too OPA emus WATER TEMP aie | SmULED WATER TEMP RSE oy [vr | wel we [wr | or | ve | wre] ue 7 ERCEAT OF GRAND TOTAL HEAT 20 1s rr vo | os vs | 1 os] es as Bl ele] EL, e) se) w]e) BB so | i | as | om | Ss | @ | | om | os | ot thine 3% ettney 70% Basis of Table 60 PERCENT ADDITION TO GRAND TOTAL HEAT — Heat Gain from Dehumidifier Pump Horsepower Table 60 is based on pump efficiencies of 50%, for smmall pumps and 70% for large pumps. Small pumps are considered to have a capacity of less than 100 gallons; large pumps, more than 100 gallons. Use of Table 60 — Heat Goin from Dehumidifier Pump Horsepower ‘The chilled water temperature rise in the dehu- midifier and the pump head must be approximated to use Table 60. 1, Large systems with considerable piping and fittings may require up to 100 {t pump head; normally, 70 ft head is the average. 2. ‘The normal water temperature rise in the de- humidifier is between 7 F and 12 F. Applica- dons using large amounts of water have a lower rise; those using small amounts of water have ‘The percent additions to the grand total heat heat and leakage gain to return air ducts, heat gain from the dehumidifier pump horsepower, and the heat gain to the dehumidifier and piping system. hese heat gains can be estimated as follows: 1. Heat and leakage gain to return air ducts, see above. 2 Heat gain from dehumidifier pump horse power, Table 60. 3, Dehumidifier and piping Josses: a, Very little external piping — 1% of GTH. b. Average external piping — 2% of GTH. Extensive external piping — 4% of GTH. 4. Blow-through fan system — add percent room sensible heat from Table 59 to GTH. 5. Dehumidifier in conditioned apparatus room — reduce the above percentages by one half.