Diploma Engineering

Laboratory Manual
(FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY)
(4341903)

[Mechanical Engineering (4th Semester)]

Enrolment No
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Academic Term
Institute

Directorate Of Technical Education

Gandhinagar - Gujarat
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms …………………………….………………………………………………………………….

Enrollment No. …………………….…………..…………. of 4th Semester of Diploma in Mechanical
Engineering of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903) has satisfactorily
completed the term work in course ………………………………………………………………………………for the
academic year: …………………… Term: Odd/Even prescribed in the GTU curriculum.

Place:………………..

Date: ………………….

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Preface
The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required skills as
well as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant
competencies in psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused
outcome-based curriculum -2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma engineering programmes. In this more
time is allotted to practical work than theory. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst
students, and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst Students,
Instructors and Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather than writing practice in
study type. It is essential for effective implementation of competency focused outcome- based green
curriculum-2021. Every practical has been keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop & enhance
relevant industry needed competency in each and every student. These psychomotor skills are very
difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content delivery method in the classroom.
Accordingly, this lab manual has been designed to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes,
rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove concept and theory.
By using this lab manual, students can read procedure one day in advance to actual
performance day of practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have idea of
judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes
amongst students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this manual begins by competency, industry
relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role for doing the
practical. The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be taken while
performing experiment.
This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-cantered lab activities
for each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve outcomes.
It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.
The main objective of this course is to understand with practical aspect of fluid and fluid properties,
fluid flow, hydraulic machinery with different measuring equipment used. This manual is designed to
develop the skills in students to apply their knowledge in selection of appropriate devices to measure
different fluid parameters in real application. This knowledge develops the skills to select pump/turbine for
given situation, estimate losses in pipe, estimate efficiency of hydraulic machines with consideration of all
affective parameters. Although we try our level best to design this lab manual, but always there are chances
of improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Programme Outcomes (POs):

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined technical

problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified
needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the context
of technological changes in field of engineering.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

a. CO1: Identify fluid properties and their effect on the flow system.

b. CO2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

c. CO3: Estimate various flow losses to select suitable pipe as per the given situation.

d. CO4: Select a hydraulic machine for a particular application.

Sr. No. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4

01 Demonstrate various fluid properties.

Measure pressure using pressure measurement

02
devices.

03 Verify Bernoulli's theorem.

Measure fluid flow by Venturi meter and orifice

04
meter.

05 Determine the hydraulic coefficient of an orifice.

06 Measure fluid flow using Notch.

07 Estimate Reynold's number using the given test rig.

Determine major and minor head losses through a

08
pipe.

09 Perform a test on the centrifugal pump test rig.

10 Perform a test on the reciprocating pump test rig.

11 Perform a test on a hydraulic turbine test rig.

12 Demonstrate the use of different hydraulic devices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following Industry relevant skills are expected to develop the competency ‘Select, operate
and maintain fluid machinery based on fluid laws and characteristics.

1. Select and use pressure measuring devices and flow measuring devices for particular
application.
2. Identify and estimate the fluid flow losses in a pipe for given situation.
3. Operate and maintain hydraulic machineries with safety precautions.

Guidelines to Course Faculty

1. Couse faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation strategies
described in curriculum.
2. Couse faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting of each experiment.
3. Course faculty should Involve & give opportunity to all students for hands on experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz also.
6. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing same experiment through fast learners.

Instructions for Students

1. Organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
3. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
4. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc.
5. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
6. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
7. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Continuous Assessment Sheet

Enrollment Number: Batch:

Name: Academic Year:

Marks
Sr. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment Date Sign
Page (25)
No.

01 Demonstrate various fluid properties.

Measure pressure using pressure measurement

02
devices.

03 Verify Bernoulli's theorem.

Measure fluid flow by Venturi meter and orifice

04
meter.

05 Determine the hydraulic coefficient of an orifice.

06 Measure fluid flow using Notch.

07 Estimate Reynold's number using the given test rig.

Determine major and minor head losses through a

08
pipe.

09 Perform a test on the centrifugal pump test rig.

10 Perform a test on the reciprocating pump test rig.

11 Perform a test on a hydraulic turbine test rig.

12 Demonstrate the use of different hydraulic devices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.1: Demonstrate various fluid properties.

A. Objective
1. To compare different fluid based on their properties.
2. To select appropriate fluid for given application.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.

PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Compare and Interpret fluid properties for selected fluid.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-1: Identify fluid properties and their effect on the flow system.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-1: Demonstrate various fluid properties.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.
G. Prerequisite Theory

Fluids are the substances that flow easily because of increased intermolecular spaces and
do not have fixed shape. Liquids and gases are considered as fluids. Fluid mechanics is that
branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and dynamics of liquids and
gases. The analysis of the behaviour of fluids is based upon the fundamental laws of applied
mechanics that relate to the conservation of mass, energy and momentum.
Difference between fluid & solid:
Fluid Solid
1. The spacing between molecules are 1. Molecules are closely spaced.
relatively large in fluid. 2. It can resist tensile, compressive and
2. It cannot resist tensile force; it can shear forces up to certain limit.
resist compressive force only when it 3. Intra molecular cohesive force is large.
is kept in container. It flows under 4. It has definite volume.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

action of shear force. 5. At STP iron, wood, aluminium, copper

3. Intra molecular cohesive force is small. are solids.
4. It does not have definite volume it
occupies shape & size of container.
5. At STP water, air & oxygen are fluids.

Properties of Fluid:
Let’s take a look on some Important properties of fluid
I. Density:

The density of a fluid is generally designated by the Greek symbol is defined as the
mass of the fluid over an infinitesimal volume. Density is expressed in the SI System kg/m3.

II. Specific Volume:

It is defined as the ratio of volume per unit mass of fluid. It is denoted by v. it is

the reciprocal of density. The unit is m3/kg.

III. Specific Weight:

The specific weight of a fluid is designated by the Greek symbol (gamma), and is generally
defined as the weight per unit volume. SI systems, respectively. ρ= 1000 kg/m3

IV. Relative Density (Specific Gravity):

The relative density of any fluid is defined as the ratio of the density of that fluid
to the density of the standard fluid. For liquids we take water as a standard fluid with
density ρ=1000 kg/m3

V. Viscosity:
Viscosity (represented by μ,) is a material property, unique to f l u i d s , that
measures the fluid’s resistance to flow. Though a property of the fluid, its effect is
understood only when the fluid is in motion. When different elements move with different
velocities, each element tries to drag its neighbouring elements along with it. Thus, shear
stress occurs between fluid elements of different velocities. The unit of viscosity m2/s
VI Surface Tension:

A liquid molecule at free surface lying surrounded one molecular with the other
molecular by cohesion force and due to this it makes one surface layer and the force act on
this unit length is called surface tension. It is denoted by σ. Its unit is N/m.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

VII Capillarity:

The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general
level of liquid is known as capillarity. It is measured in m or mm.

H. Resources/Equipment Required
As per the activities selected by course coordinator.
I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed
1. Follow safety rules of equipment/Instruments used.
2. Handle the fluid carefully.
J. Experimental Procedure
Note:
For demonstration of different fluid properties course coordinator can perform any
activities related to above mentioned properties. Instruct students to write down the
procedure of the activities done (for selected properties).
Sample of these activities.

PART-A Measurement of fluid density

1. Take one vessel(container) and measure the size.
2. Measure the mass of the vessel through the mass measurement balance.
3. Place the fluid in a container of a known size.
4. Measure the mass of the vessel with the fluid.
5. Then repeat this step with another fluid.
6. Extract the fluid mass only for each reading and then repeat this step with each type
of fluid used in the experiment.
7. Then find density according to the law mentioned earlier.

PART-B Measurement of fluid viscosity

1. Take cylinder/vessel of known size.
2. Take ball of known size, mass and material.
3. Fill the vessel/cylinder with one fluid.
4. Mark two different points on outside the cylinder wall.
5. Throw the ball inside the cylinder which is filled filled with fluid and with marking.
6. Run timer and collect the data of time taken by ball to travel between two marking
points.
7. Find the speed of the ball in the fluid .
8. Speed (u) = distance / time(m/s)
9. After that we compensate for the values extracted from the general law of the
viscosity mentioned above and extract the values of viscosity of the fluid.
10. Repeat the procedure for another fluid.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

K. Observation
Observation Table (For Reference only)
PART-A

Mass of Mass of Mass of fluid

Type of Volume of Density
beaker beaker and
fluid (kg) Fluid (m3) (kg/m3)
(kg) fluid(kg)

Fluid A

Fluid B

Fluid C

PART-B (For Reference only)

Height of
Time Velocityof Density Viscosity
Type of fluid fluid
(sec) fluid (m) (kg/m3) (m2/s)
(m)

Fluid A

Fluid B

Fluid C

L. Conclusion

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

M. Review Questions
1) Compare the following liquids concerning their density (for the same mass,
compare the volume) (1) Petrol (2) Water (3) Edible oil (4) Caster oil (5) Mercury.

2) Explain variation of viscosity with temperature.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.1: Demonstrate various fluid properties.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.2: Measure pressure using pressure measurement devices.

A. Objective
1. To understand the term pressure and pressure head.
2. To measure the pressure using different pressure measuring devices.
3. To compare the different pressure measuring devices.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.

PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.

PO-3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined

technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet
specified needs.

PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools
and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Compare pressure measuring devices.
2. Use different pressure measuring devices.
D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-2: Measure pressure using pressure measurement devices.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory

Fluid pressure can be defined as the measure of force per-unit-area exerted by a

fluid, acting perpendicularly to any surface it contacts. The standard SI unit for pressure
measurement is the Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to one Newton per square meter
(N/m2) or the Kilo Pascal (kPa) where 1 kPa = 1000 Pa. Fluid pressure also represented into
equivalent of head. 1 Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm of Hg.
Pressure can be expressed in many different units including in terms of a height of
a column of liquid. The Table below lists commonly used units of pressure measurement
and the conversion between the units. Pressure measurements can be divided into three
categories: absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum
pressure.

Absolute Pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to

absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Atmospheric Pressure: An atmospheric air exerts some pressure upon all surface with
which it in contact and it is known as atmospheric pressure. All the sea level under normal
condition the equivalent value of atmospheric is 1.03 kg/cm2 or 10.3 m of water or 760
mm of Hg.
Gauge Pressure: When it measured above atmospheric and atmospheric pressure taken as
reference known as gauge pressure.
Vacuum Pressure: When it measured below atmospheric and atmospheric pressure taken
as reference known as vacuum pressure.

pg > 0
paym = atmospheric

pAbs > pa pg < 0 pressure

= 101.325 kPa

pA < pa
pAbs = 0 = absolute
Pressure Measuring Devices:
zero
The pressure measuring devices classified into two according to its working principle.
1. Manometer
2. Mechanical Gauge
1. Manometer:
It is defined as devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing
column of fluid by same or another column of fluid. e.g. Peizometer, U-tube
manometer, Vertical Single column manometer, inclined single column manometer, U-
tube differential manometer and inverted U-tube differential manometer.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

2. Mechanical Gauge:
It is defined as devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing
column of fluid by spring or dead weight. e.g. bourdon gauge, diaphragm gauge, below
gauge and dead weight pressure gauge.

H. Resources/Equipment Required

[Link]. Instrument/Equipment Specification*

Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
1 Vertical U-tune manometer 1

2 Inclined U-tube manometer 1

3 Differential manometer 1

4 Bourdon Gauge 1

5 Flow metering device set up 1

6 Syringe assembly for 1

pressurizing and reducing
pressure in the measurement
devices.

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Check water level before starting of pump.
2. Ensure Priming necessity for the available pump.
3. Handle manometers/gauges carefully.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

J. Experimental Procedure

1) Select the set up/flow meter device in your laboratory where you want to measure
pressure.
2) Connect U tube manometer to a section where the pressure is to be measured. U
tube Manometer can be connected to any of the flow meter devices.
3) Remove air from the limbs of U tube mercury manometer.
4) Switch on the pump. Open the control valve slowly and observe the change in
mercury levels(Right and left limbs) in the manometer.
5) Calculate the pressure difference.
6) Increase the flow gradually by operating control valve and take four to five
readings.
7) Similarly connect the Inclined U tube manometer to any of the flow meter and
calculate pressure difference.
8) Using the syringe connects its plastic tubing to Pressure gauge. Push the syringe
arm to generate pressure. Observe the deflection on the gauge.
9) Now connect the syringe tubing to vacuum gauge. Release the arm of syringe to
generate vacuum and observe the change in deflection.
K. Observations & Calculations

Note: Course faculty can select any activity with the availability of type of pressure
measuring device available in laboratory.

Sample Observation Table

Bourdon Guage
Manometric Reading
Sr. kg/cm2
Types of Manometer
No h1 h2 L

cm cm cm

1 -
U-tube manometer
2 -

3 - -
Differential U-tube manometer
4 - -

5 -
Inclined U-tube manometer
6 -

7 Differential U- tube -

8 manometer(Inclined) -

Specific gravity of fluid flowing in pipe (s1)=______________.

Specific gravity of heavy fluid (mercury) (s2) = ___________.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Inclination angle of the tube (θ) = _________°

h1= Height of liquid from datum line to centre of pipe

h2 = Height of heavy fluid above the datum line

L = Length of heavy fluid above the datum line

Sample Calculations

For U-tube manometer

ha = (h2s2-h1s1)

For Differential U-tube manometer

ha-hb = h2(s2-s1)

For Inclined U-tube manometer

ha = (L sinθ s2- h1s1)

For Inclined Differential U-tube manometer

ha-hb = L sinθ (s2-s1)

Reading No:1

For U-tube manometer

1. Pressure head at point A (ha)

ha = (h2s2-h1s1) = ____________ cm of water= ____________ m of water

2. Pressure at point A (Pa)

Pa = ρgha = _____________ Pa

Calculation Table

Pressure head / Differential

Sr. No Types of manometer Pressure in Pa
pressure head

1
U-tube manometer
2

3 Differential U-tube
4 manometer

5 Inclined U-tube
6 manometer

7 Differential U- tube
8 manometer (Inclined)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

L. Conclusion

M. Review Questions

1. Calculate water pressure head and oil pressure head equivalent to intensity of pressure
343.35 kPa. (Take the specific gravity of oil = 0.8)

2. Why incline tube manometer gives the accurate reading compared to vertical column
manometer?

N. References:

1) [Link]
2) [Link]

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.2: Measure pressure using pressure measurement devices.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.3: Verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.

A. Objective

1. To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem for converging-diverging duct.

2. To observe, measure and calculate changes in fluid energy head with changes in flow
rate.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO-3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Apply Bernoulli’s theorem concept in real life application.

2. Measure different types of fluid energy.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-3: Verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory

Bernoulli’s theorem provides a correlation between the pressure head, kinetic head, and
datum head considering steady and incompressible flow with negligible frictional
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

resistance. It states that the “sum of the kinetic energy (the velocity head), the pressure
energy (static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at
any point remains constant” provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and
the fluid used is incompressible. The mathematical statement is as follows.

𝑝 𝑣2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 ( ) + 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 ( ) + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑧) = 𝐶
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Where,

𝑝 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑘𝑔⁄
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,
𝑚3
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑚⁄𝑠

𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚⁄ 2
𝑠
𝑧 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚

H. Experimental setup
The below figure shows a self-contained recirculating unit for Bernoulli’s
experiment. The apparatus consists Constant head tank, sump tank, overhead tank, and a
centrifugal pump for the circulation of water. A control panel is provided to operate the
pump. Various valves are provided for the controlled and safe operation of the
experimental setup. The test section is provided with a piezometer tube at various sections.
The experimental procedure is as follows.

22 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment/C
Specification* Quantity
No. omponents/Trainer kit

1. Bernoulli’s Apparatus 1

2. Stopwatch - 1

3. Supply tank - 1

4. 1
Measuring Tank -

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Always use clean water.

2. Keep apparatus free from dust.
3. To avoid unnecessary clogging of components run the pump at least once a fortnight.
4. While experimenting always maintain the water in the overhead tank.
5. After the experiment is complete drain the apparatus and Switch Off the power supply.
6. Avoid parallax errors while noting down the reading from tubes.

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Measure the cross-sectional area at each piezometric section of the tapered duct
accurately.
2. Check water supply point is attached properly to the apparatus and verify the bypass
valve (V2) is fully open.
3. Provide electric supply to the water circulating pump and start the pump.
4. Close all valves gradually and let the water flows along the system.
5. Wait for the steady flow of water along the system, once achieved note down the
piezometric reading.
6. Collect water in the measuring tank and note down time and level of water in the tank.
7. Change the flow rate and repeat the procedure.
8. Stop the pump and open valves (V5) and (V6) to empty water from the system.
9. Prepare the observation table and compute the data.

23 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

L. Observations and Calculations

Observation Table

Piezometric Section
Sr. No. Diameter (d) Flow area (a)
(cm) (cm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Height to be measured in Measuring tank (H): _______cm.

Cross-sectional Area of Measuring tank (A): _______ cm2.

Pressure Head (h) Time (t) Measuring Tank Reading Time (t)
Test No. Piezometric Section
(cm) (second) Initial,I (cm) Final,F(cm) (second)

1
2
3
4
1 5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
2 5
6
7
8
9

24 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Calculations (Sample Calculation for reading No: _______)

1. Flow rate (Q):

𝐴 × (𝐹 − 𝐼) 3
𝑄= = _____________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝑡
2. Piezometric Section: ______
I. Flow Area (a):
𝜋
𝑎 = × 𝑑2 = ________ 𝑚2
4
II. Pressure Head (h):
𝑝
ℎ= = ____________ 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑔
III. Velocity (v):
𝑄
𝑣 = = ____________ 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑎
IV. Velocity Head:
𝑣2
= _____________ 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
2𝑔
V. Total Head:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑
Calculation Table

Pressure Head
Velocity Head
Flow Area (a)
Distance into

Flow rate (Q)

(m of water)

(m of water)

(m of water)
Piezometric

Velocity (v)

Total Head
duct (m)
Test No.

Section

(m3/s)

(m/s)
(m2)

(h)
1
2
3
4
1 5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
2 5
6
7
8
9

25 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

M. Graph

1. Piezometric Head v/s position of piezometric Section.

2. Total Head v/s position of piezometric Section.

26 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Interpretation of Results

O. Conclusion

P. Practical related Quiz.

1 Each term of Bernoulli’s equation represent.
𝑝 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

a. Energy b. Energy/unit mass

c. Energy/unit volume d. Energy/Unit weight

2 In converging section of venturi, pressure head

a. Increases b. Decreases
c. Remains Constant d. None of the above

3 Bernoulli’s equation deals with

a. Momentum equation b. Mass conservation
c. Energy conservation d. Force conservation

4 Value of datum head (z) in present experiment

a. 1 b. 2
c. 0 d. 3

Q. Reference

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
27 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.3: Verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

28 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.4: Flow measurement using Venturimeter and Orificemeter.
A. Objective
1. To Determine the coefficient of Discharge for the Venturimeter.
2. To Determine the coefficient of Discharge for the Orificemeter.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization
to solve the engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
PO-3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select type of flow measuring device as per the given situation.
2. Use Venturimeter and Orificemeter for flow measurement.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-4: Measure fluid flow by Venturimeter and orificemeter.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory
Venturimeter is used to measure flow through the pipe, which works on the principle of
Bernoulli’s equation. The pressure difference inside the pipe is created by reducing the
cross-section area of the pipe. Due to variation in the cross-section area, the pressure
difference is generated, which is measured using a differential manometer. The
Venturimeter has a cylindrical entrance, converging cone, throat, and diverging cone. The

29 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

differential U - tube manometer is attached at the cylindrical entrance and throat section
to measure pressure difference. The length of the diverging cone is higher (2 to 4 times)
compared to the length of the converging cone to avoid flow separation and recover
maximum kinetic energy.

The orifice meter is used to measure the flow of liquid flowing through the
pipeline. The pressure difference is measured between the pipe and the orifice. The
diameter of the orifice is 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe.

The theoretical Discharge of the Venturi meter (Qth)

𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √2𝑔ℎ𝑤
𝑄𝑡ℎ =
√𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2
30 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

The coefficient of discharge (Cd) is a parameter, which is used to measure the performance
of the venturi meter.
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ
Pressure head difference between two ends of the Differential U- tube manometer
𝑆𝑚
ℎ𝑤 = ℎ × ( − 1)
𝑆𝑤
Where,

𝐴1 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ; 𝑚2

𝐴2 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡/𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 ; 𝑚2

𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; 𝑚⁄ 2
𝑠
ℎ𝑤 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ; 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
ℎ = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ; 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
𝑆𝑚 = 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13.6
𝑆𝑤 = 𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1
3
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ; 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ; 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

H. Experimental setup

31 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

The combined setup for flow measurement through the pipe is shown in the figure. The
Venturi meter and orifice meter is attached to the pipe through which flow is to be
measured. The differential U-tube manometer is attached to the definite pint of the flow-
measuring device to measure the pressure difference along the section. The centrifugal
pump is used to circulate the water through the pipe from the sump.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment/C
Specification* Quantity
omponents/Trainer kit
No.

1. Venturi meter with 1

differential U-tube
Manometer

2. Orifice meter with 1

differential U-tube
Manometer

3. Stopwatch 1

4. Constant water supply - 1

5. 1
Measuring Tank -

6. -
water circulating Pump

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed
1. Always use clean water.
2. Keep apparatus free from dust.
3. To avoid unnecessary clogging of components run the pump at least once a
fortnight.
4. While experimenting always maintain the water in the overhead tank.
5. After the experiment is complete drain the apparatus and Switch Off the power
supply.
6. Avoid parallax errors while noting down the reading from tubes.

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Check all the valve of the apparatus is opened before starting the pump.
2. Assure continuous water supply is available and the sump is filled above the
minimum level of water required.
3. Start the pump and gradually close the bypass valve, allow to water flow to the
system.

32 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

4. Close the flow valve of the orifice meter section to bypass the flow toward the
Venturi meter section.
5. Observe the manometer reading and note it down.
6. Measure the volume of the tank to be filled and the time required to fill that volume.
7. Now bypass the venturi meter section by closing the valve and allowing water to
flow along the orifice meter.
8. Observe the manometer reading and note it down.
9. Measure the volume of the tank to be filled and the time required to fill that volume.
10. Repeat the procedure for various flow rates.
11. Prepare an observation table and compute the data.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations
Diameter of Inlet Pipe (d1): _________ cm

Diameter of throat/orifice (d2): __________ cm

Height to be measured in Measuring tank (H): _______cm.

Cross-sectional Area of Measuring tank (A): _______ cm2.

[A] Venturimeter

Pressure Time required to

Pressure Head Measuring Tank Reading
Head fill the height (H)
Sr. Difference
Difference in the measuring
No. (hw)
(h) Initial,I (cm) Final,F(cm) tank (t)
(cm of water)
(cm of Hg) (second)
1
2
3
4
5

[B] Orifice meter

Pressure Time required to

Pressure Head Measuring Tank Reading
Head fill the height (H)
Sr. Difference
Difference in the measuring
No. (hw)
(h) Initial,I (cm) Final,F(cm) tank (t)
(cm of water)
(cm of Hg) (second)
1
2
3
4
5

33 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Calculations (Sample Calculations for Reading No._____)

1. Actual Discharge (Qact):

𝐴 × (𝐹 − 𝐼) 3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = _____________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝑡
2. Cross-section area of pipe (A1):
𝜋
𝐴1 = × 𝑑1 2 = _______________ 𝑚2
4
3. Cross-section area of throat/orifice (A2):
𝜋
𝐴2 = × 𝑑2 2 = _______________ 𝑚2
4

4. Pressure Head difference (hw):

𝑆𝑚
ℎ𝑤 = ℎ × ( − 1) = __________________ 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝑤
5. Theoretical Discharge (Qth):

𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √2𝑔ℎ𝑤 3
𝑄𝑡ℎ = = _______________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
√𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2

6. Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd):

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 = = ____________
𝑄𝑡ℎ

Calculation Table
[A] Venturimeter:

Actual Theoretical Avg. Co-

Pressure Head Co-efficient
Discharge Discharge efficient of
Sr. No. Difference (hw) of Discharge
(Qact) (Qth) Discharge
(m of water) (Cd)
(m3/s) (m3/s) (Cd)avg

34 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

[B] Orificemeter:

Actual Theoretical
Pressure Head Co-efficient Avg. Co-
Discharge Discharge
Sr. No. Difference (hw) of Discharge efficient of
(Qact) (Qth)
(m of water) (Cd) Discharge (Cd)
(m3/s) (m3/s)

M. Graph

1. Plot Pressure drops v/s Flow rate for Venturi meter.

2. Plot Pressure drops v/s Flow rate for Orifice meter.

35 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

36 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Interpretation of Results

O. Conclusion

P. Review Questions
1 An orifice meter is used to measure
a. Pressure b. Energy
c. Flow rate d. Pressure Drop

2 Which of the following is not flow measuring Device

a. Orifice meter b. Rota meter
c. Venturi meter d. Pitot tube

3 The ratio of flow rate is represented by

a. Co-efficient of velocity b. Co-efficient of Discharge
c. Co-efficient of Contraction d. Drag co-efficient

4 The value for the coefficient of discharge for the Venturi meter lies between
a. 0.95 to 0.98 b. 0.66 to 0.68
c. 0.55 to 0.58 d. 0.77 to 0.88

Q. Reference
1. [Link]
2. [Link]

37 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.4: Flow measurement using Venturi meter and Orifice meter.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

38 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.5: Determine the hydraulic coefficient of an orifice.
A. Objective
1. To Determine the coefficient of Discharge for the given Orifice.
2. To Determine the coefficient of Velocity for the Orifice.
3. To Determine the coefficient of Contraction for the Orifice.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization
to solve the engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
PO-3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select appropriate flow measuring device.
2. Use orifice for flow measurement.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-5: Determine the hydraulic coefficient of an orifice.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory
An orifice is an opening made in the side or bottom of tank, having a closed perimeter,
through which the fluid may be discharged. The orifice is used for discharge measurement.
The jet approaching the orifice continue to converge beyond the orifice till the streamlines

39 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

becomes parallel. This section of the jet is then a section of in. area and is known as vena
contracta.

The co-efficient of contraction (Cc) is the ratio of cross-section area of vena contracta (ac)
to the cross-section area of orifice (ao).
𝑎𝑐
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑎𝑜
The co-efficient of Velocity (Cv) is the ratio of actual velocity of fluid at vena contracta (vc)
to the theoretical velocity of the fluid (vo).
𝑣𝑐
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑣𝑜
The co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) is the ratio of actual discharge at vena contracta (Qc) to
the theoretical discharge of the fluid (Qo).
𝑄𝑐 𝑎𝑐 × 𝑣𝑐
𝐶𝑑 = = = 𝐶𝑐 × 𝐶𝑣
𝑄𝑜 𝑎𝑜 × 𝑣𝑜

H. Experimental setup
The experimental set up consist of a supply tank with overflow arrangement and
glass tube with gauge for water level measurement in the tank. Arrangement is made such
that the water passes only through this attached opening. Water comes out of the opening
in the form of jet. A horizontal scale, on which is mounted a vertical scale with a hook
gauge, is attached to the supply tank. Thus, hook gauge can be moved horizontally as well
as vertically in x and y direction and its corresponding movement can be read on horizontal
and vertical scales respectively. The collecting tank used to find the actual discharge of
water through the jet.

40 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment/Components/Tra
iner kit Specifications* Quantity
No.
1. Constant head tank with provision of 1
orifice

2. Hook Gauge - 1

3. Measuring Tank - 1

4. Constant water supply - 1

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Always use clean water.
2. Keep apparatus free from dust.
3. To avoid unnecessary clogging of components run the pump at least once a
fortnight.
4. While experimenting always maintain the water in the overhead tank.
5. After the experiment is complete drain the apparatus and Switch Off the power
supply.
6. Avoid parallax errors while noting down the reading from tubes.
7. Take reading from hook gauge carefully.

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Fill up sufficient water in sup tank & supply tank, up to level of orifice fixture.
2. Fit the required orifice to the tank.
3. Start the pump. Adjust the supply valve. Wait for some time till the water level in
the supply tank becomes steady.
4. When water level becomes steady, note down the time required for 10 litres level
rise in measuring tank.
5. Measure X and Y co-ordinates of two points in jet, one of which should be closer to
orifice and the other away from the orifice.
6. Repeat the procedure for different heads and for other orifice.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations

Diameter of Orifice (do): _________ cm

Cross-section area of orifice (ao): __________ cm2

Cross-section area of measuring tank (A): ________ cm2

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Observation Table

Reading on Scale Measuring Tank Reading Time to fill

Head over the
Sr. Initial,I(cm) Final,F(cm) measuring
Orifice (H) X=X’-X0 Y=Y’-Y0
No. tank,t
(cm) (cm) (cm)
(second)
1

Calculations (Sample calculation for Reading No.______)

1. Actual Discharge (Qv):

𝐴 × (𝐹 − 𝐼) 3
𝑄𝑣 = = _____________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝑡
2. Theoretical Discharge (Qo):
3
𝑄𝑜 = 𝑎𝑜 × √2 × 𝑔 × 𝐻 = _____________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
3. Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd):
𝑄𝑐
𝐶𝑑 = = ______________
𝑄𝑜
4. Theoretical velocity (vo):

𝑣𝑜 = √2 × 𝑔 × 𝐻 = _________________ 𝑚/𝑠
5. Actual Velocity (vc):

𝑔𝑋 2
𝑣𝑐 = √ = _________________ 𝑚/𝑠
2𝑌

6. Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv):

𝑣𝑐 𝑋2
𝐶𝑣 = =√ = ______________
𝑣𝑜 4𝑌𝐻

7. Co-efficient of contraction (Cc):

𝐶𝑑
𝐶𝑐 = = _______________
𝐶𝑣

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Calculation Table

Head Actual Theoretical

Co- Co-
over Discharge Discharge Co-efficient
3
efficient efficient
Sr. the (Qv) (Qo) 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 of
3
of of
No. Orifice 𝑚 ⁄ Contraction
𝑠 Discharge Velocity
(H) (Ca)
(Cd) (Cv)
(m)
1

M. Graph

Actual Discharge (Qo) v/s H1/2.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Interpretation of Results

O. Conclusion

P. Review Questions
1 An orifice and mouthpiece is used to measure
a. Pressure b. Energy
c. Flow rate d. Pressure Drop

2 Define Vena Contracta.

3 Differentiate between Orifice and Mouthpiece.

4 For different orifice, depending open size and shape and the head above
orifice, the value of Cv
a. 0.95 to 0.99 b. 0.61 to 0.69
c. 0.61 to 0.65 d. 0.77 to 0.88

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.5: Hydraulic co-efficient of Orifice.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

46 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.6: Measure fluid flow using Notch.
A. Objective
1. Measure the discharge of given open channel.
2. Determine the co-efficient of discharge for a given V-notch /Rectangular notch.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization
to solve the engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
PO-3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select type of notch for given situation.
2. Use Notch for flow measurement through open channel.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-2: Apply various laws of fluid mechanics to various real-life applications.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-6: Measure fluid flow using Notch.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcomes (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory
Following devices are used to measure the discharge of liquid.

1. Orifice
2. Notch
3. Weir

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Orifice: An opening in a vessel through which liquid flows out is known as an orifice. The
hole or opening is called as an orifice, so long as level of the liquid on the upstream side is
above the top of the orifice. The usual purpose of an orifice is the measurement of flow.

Notch: A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a reservoir with the
upstream liquid level below the top edge of the opening.

In case of a notch, top edge of the notch above the liquid level serves no purpose;
therefore, a notch may have only bottom edge and sides. The bottom edge, over which the
liquid flow is known as SILL or CREST of the notch.

There are many types of notches. Depending upon shape, the following are important.

1. Rectangular notch
2. V-notch (or triangular notch)
3. Trapezoidal notch

Discharge equation for a V-notch

Qact = 8/15 Cd tan/2√2𝑔 (H)5/2

where,

Qact = Actual discharge

g = gravitational acceleration

 = Angle of V-notch

H = Head of the notch, i.e. height of water above sill of the notch

Discharge equation for a Rectangular notch

Qact = 2/3 Cd B √2𝑔 (H)3/2

where,

Qact = Actual discharge

g = gravitational acceleration

B = Width or Length of rectangular notch

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

H. Experimental set up

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment/Co
Specifications* Quantity
No. mponents/Trainer kit
V-notch or rectangular
notch (along with an
1. 1
equipment to make flow of
water)
2. Stopwatch - 1

3. Hook-gauge - 1
Rectangular tank for -
4. 1
measuring discharge
5. Ruler - 1
*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Readings must be taken when flow remains constant.

2. Reading of hook gauge must be taken upto two decimal points.

3. Before starting experiment, please check that there is sufficient water facility.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Put pointer of hook gauge at sill of notch and note initial reading of height of water
H1.
2. Start flow of water over the notch.
3. Adjust cock such that constant height of water over the notch is maintained.
4. Collect water in the measuring tank for certain time. Note initial height of water in
measuring tank. Note final height of water in measuring tank. Also note time.
5. Put pointer of Hook gauge at the water level and note final reading of height of water
H2.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 and take readings for different heads.
7. Note dimensions of notch. For a V-notch, angle ‘’ of notch. For a rectangular notch,
width ‘B’ of notch.
8. Note dimensions of measuring tank.

L. Observations and Calculations

(1) Dimensions of notch

For a V-notch, angle  = ____________º

For rectangular notch width, B = __________ cm.
Cross sectional area of measuring tank, = A = ______________ cm 2

Notch Readings Measuring Tank Reading

Sr. Head
No. Initial Final H= Initial ‘I’ Final ‘F’ Time ‘t’
H1 cm H2 cm H2-H1 cm cm sec
cm
1

Calculations (Sample calculations for reading No._____)

Reading No: _______

1. Actual Discharge
𝐴×(𝐹−𝐼)
2. Q act = 𝑡
= _____________________ m3 ⁄𝑠

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

3. Theoretical discharge,

For a V-notch

m3
Qth = 8/15 tan/2√2𝑔 (H)5/2 = ___________________ 𝑠

For Rectugar Notch

Qth = 2/3 B √2𝑔 (H)3/2 = ___________________ m3 ⁄𝑠

4. Coefficient of Discharge,

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
Cd = 𝑄𝑡ℎ
= ______________

Calculation Table

Average
Actual Discharge Coefficient of
Sr. Theo. Discharge coefficient of
′Q act ′ 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 Discharge
No. ′𝑄𝑡ℎ ′ 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 Discharge
‘Cd’
‘Cd’

M. Interpretation of Results

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Conclusion

O. Review Questions
1. The material used in manufacturing notch is

(a) Metal (b) Concrete (c) Wood (d) All of above

2. The material used in manufacturing weir is

(a) Metal (b) Concrete (c) Wood (d) All of above

3. The notch is used measure discharge of indoor application.

(a) True (b) False

4. Rectangular Notch discharge is dependent on head.

(a) True (b) False

5. The weir is bigger size than notch.

(a) True (b) False

6. Notch is used to measure the flow of fluid flowing into the

(a) Open channel (Indoor) (b) Rover (c) Pond (d) Pipe

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.6: Measure fluid flow using Notch.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.7: Estimate Reynold's number using the given test rig.

A. Objective

1. To calculate different quantities like discharge, velocities, Reynold’s number.

2. To identify the types of flow.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to
solve the engineering problems.

PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.

PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering

tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply

appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.

PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Identify types of flow.
2. Estimate Reynolds Number for identification of flow type.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-3: Estimate various flow losses to select suitable pipe as per the given situation.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-7: Estimate Reynold's number using the given test rig.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory
You must have the knowledge of the laminar flow and the turbulent flow. The fluid particles
move along parallel paths without crossing the individual path. Such a (laminar) flow occurs
within a range of low velocities. Contrary to that, at the instance of turbulent flow when
velocity is high, the particles move in irregular paths, crossing others path and forming
eddies. Frictional resistance varies as velocity varies. Considering the other factors as a
constant, the velocity will determine the Reynold’s number. Reynold’s number is
dimensionless quantity.

H. Experimental set up

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Instrument/Equipment Specifications*
Sr. No. Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
1 Supply tank with level indicator 1

2 Funnel mouthed pipe (Glass tube) 1

3 Dye (Color pigments) 1

4 Valve 1

5 Measuring Tank 1

6 Stop watch 1
*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Regulate valve (B) very slowly while observing the path of color pigments along the
tube.
2. Handle glass tube carefully.

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Prime and start the C.F. pump.
2. Fill up the dye in the dye container.
3. Open the control valve very slowly so that a fine thread of dye path appears in the glass
tube.
4. Measure the volume in measuring tank and time to fill that volume.
5. Now slowly open the control valve further, so that a fine thread of dye path breaks into
different paths.
6. Also measure the volume of tank and time to fill that volume.
7. Now open the control valve fully so that the flow throughout the length of tube
becomes colored.
8. Repeat the steps (3) through to (7) by changing the glass tube of different diameters.
9. Record the observations in observation table and compute the results.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations
Cross sectional area of measuring tank, = A = ______________ cm2

Dynamic viscosity of water (µ) for room temperature = _______________ Ns/m 2

Observation Table

Measuring Tank Reading

Sr. Dia. of
Set. No.
No. pipe, cm Initial Time ‘t’
Final,F(cm)
,I(cm) sec

2 A

5 B

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

8 C

Calculations (Sample Calculation for Reading No.______)

1. Discharge Q =
𝐴×(𝐹−𝐼) 𝑚3⁄ = _____________ m3 ⁄𝑠
𝑡 𝑠

𝜋
2. Area of pipe a= 4 𝐷2 = ________________ m2

𝑄
3. Velocity of flow through a pipe, v = = _____________m/s
𝑎

𝜌𝑣𝐷
4. Reynold’s number (Re) = __________ = ___________
𝜇

Calculation Table

Sr. Discharge Velocity ‘v’ Reynold’s number

Set. No.
No. “Q’ m3/s m/s (Re)

1
2 A
3
4
5 B
6
7
8 C
9

M. Graph
Velocity (v) V/S Reynold’s number (Re)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Interpretation of Results

O. Conclusion

P. Review Questions
1. Which of the following parameters of fluid flow does not effect on Reynold’s
number

(a) Density (b) Specific gravity (c) Velocity (d)

temperature
2. The Reynold number is ration of inertia force and

(a) pressure force (b) viscous force (c) surface tension

force (d) None of above

3. For Laminar flow, Reynold number should be less than 2000.

(a) True (b) False

4. For Laminar flow, Reynold number should be less than 4000.

(a) True (b) False

5. The unit of Reynold number is

(a) Unitless (b) m (c) m/s (d) kg/m3

6. In a Laminar flow all streamlines are straight and parallel.

(a) True (b) False

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.7: Estimate Reynold's number using the given test rig.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.8: Determine major and minor head losses through a pipe.
A. Objective
1. To Identify various flow losses in pipe.
2. To Calculate head loss in given pipe.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization
to solve the engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in
the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Use different measuring devices as per requirement.
2. Select the appropriate pipe for given situation.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

Estimate various flow losses to select suitable pipe as per the given situation.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

Determine major and minor head losses through a pipe.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory
A pipe is a closed conduit which is used for carrying fluid under pressure. Normally, pipes
are circular in section. As it carries fluid under pressure, it always runs full. Since the fluid
in a pipe is in motion, it has to overcome the frictional resistance between the adjacent

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

fluid layers and that at the contact surfaces of pipe which results into loss of head due to
friction, known as frictional head losses and represented by ‘hf’. The total frictional head
losses depend on the diameter of pipe, length of pipe, velocity in pipe and various pipe
fittings. Theoretically it is found by using Darcy’s formula.
4fLv 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2gD
Where, hf = Frictional head loss in ‘m’
D=Diameter of Pipe
f = Coefficient of friction or Friction factor
v = Velocity in m/s
L = Length of pipe in ‘m’

H. Experimental Set Up
The experimental set up consists of a large number of pipes of different diameters. The
pipes have tapping at certain distance so that a head loss can be measure with the help
of a U – Tube manometer. The flow of water through a pipeline is regulated by operating
a control valve which is provided in main supply line. Actual discharge through pipe line
is calculated by collecting the water in measuring tank and by noting the time for
collection.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
[Link]. Instrument/Equipment
Specification* Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
1 Pipes of Different material 4

2 U-tube differential 1
manometer
3 Measuring Tank 1

4 Supply Tank 1

5 Stop watch 1

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

Note: For Minor Losses pipe fittings such as bends, elbows, joints and pipe diameters with
sudden expansion, sudden contraction is required. Course Co Ordinator can conduct same
experiment with this set up also. Include same experiment as Part-2 of this experiment.

J. Safety and Necessary Precautions followed

1. Check leakages if any before starting the run.
2. Ensure Priming necessity for the available pump.
3. Handle manometers/gauges carefully.

K. Procedure to be followed
1. Measure the diameter and length between two pressure tappings of pipes.
2. Measure length and width of measuring tank.
3. Pass water (steady flow) through a first pipe and remove trapped air in the
equipment.
4. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting appropriate ball
valve.
5. Regulate the valve to control the flow rate and select corresponding pressure
tapings.
6. During the particular observation the valve position, regulating the flow should be
maintain constant.
7. Note down the manometer reading which give the loss of head due to friction for
the length of pipe between which manometer is connected.
8. Allow the outlet water to flow into the measuring tank, and measure the discharge.
9. Change the discharge by operating the flow regulating the valve and repeat the
above procedure.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

10. Now connect the manometer to another pipe by opening and closing of relevant
valves on the pipes and repeat the steps no. 4 to 9.
11. Repeat the step no.10 for other pipes.
12. Record the observations in observation table and compute data.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations
Cross sectional area of measuring tank, = A = cm2
Length of pipe =____________ cm
Diameter of Pipe 1= ________ cm
Diameter of Pipe 2= ________ cm
Diameter of Pipe 3= _________cm
Diameter of Pipe 4= _________ cm
Observation Table

Manom
Measuring Tank Reading
eter
Sr. Diameter of
Run Pipe Reading
No pipe ‘cm’
‘x’ in Time
Initial ‘I’ Final ‘F’
‘cm’ ‘t’
cm cm
sec
1

2
RUN-1
3

2
RUN-2
3

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Calculations (Sample calculation for Reading No._____)

1. Cross sectional area of measuring tank, A = _________m2
𝜋
2. Cross sectional area of pipe a = 4 𝑑 2 = ______________m2

3. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 =
𝐴×(𝐹−𝐼) 𝑐𝑚3⁄ = _____________ m3 ⁄𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
𝑄
4. Velocity v = = = ______________ 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑎
𝑥×(𝑆2−𝑆1)
5. ℎ𝑓 = ___________ m of water
𝑆1
S1=Specific Gravity of water, S2=Specific Gravity of mercury
4fLv 2
6. ℎ𝑓 =
2gD
2gDh𝑓
7. Then, f = = ____m.
4𝐿𝑣 2

Calculation Table

Sr. ‘hf’ in Discharge Velocity ‘V’ Friction Ave. Friction

Pipe
No ‘m’ ‘Q’ 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 m⁄𝑠 factor ‘f’ factor

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

M. Conclusion

N. Review Questions

1. State the effect of diameter of pipe,length of pipe and velocity of flow on frictional
head losses.

2. Suggest the remedies for reducing the frictional head loss in flow through pipes.

O. References:
[Link]

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.8: Determine major and minor head losses through a pipe.
Enrolment No.:________________ Name: ____________________________________________________
Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

67 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.9: Perform a test on the centrifugal pump test rig.
A. Objective

1. To understand various terminology related to centrifugal pump.

2. To perform a trial on centrifugal pump.
3. To determine pump efficiency.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select the type of pump as per given situation.

2. Operate and maintain pump.
3. Measure different parameters necessary to find out efficiency of pump.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

CO-4: Select a hydraulic machine for a particular application.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-9: Perform a test on the centrifugal pump test rig.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

68 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory

The hydraulic machines, which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, are called
pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted
into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is
called centrifugal pump.
The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that
the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the
principle of forced vortex flow, which means that an external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid,
the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of
the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of (i.e. rise in pressure head =
V2/ 2g) the liquid at that point. Thus at the outlet of the impeller where radius is more, the rise in
pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high- pressure
head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
Centrifugal Pump is a mechanical device, which consists of a body, impeller and a rotating mean i.e.
motor, engine etc. Impeller rotates in a stationary body and sucks the fluid through its axes and
delivers through its periphery. Impeller has an inlet angle, outlet angle and peripheral speed, which
affect the head and discharge. Impeller is rotated by motor or i.c. engine or any other device.
H. Experimental set up/Line Diagram

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Centrifugal Pump Test Rig consists of a sump, a centrifugal pump, a DC motor and measuring tank.
To measure the head, pressure and vacuum gauges are provided. To measure the discharge, a
measuring tank is provided. Flow diversion system is provided to divert flow from sump tank to
measuring tank and from measuring tank to sump tank. A valve is provided in pipeline to change
the rate of flow.

I. Resources/Equipment Required

[Link]. Instrument/Equipment
Specification* Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

1. Centrifugal pump test rig 1

2. Water supply and drain 1

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Always use clean water.

2. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
4. If apparatus will not in use for more than half month, drain the apparatus
completely.
5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

K. Procedure to be followed
STARTING PROCEDURE
1. Clean the apparatus and make tanks free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given
on suction line.
5. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
6. Set the desired RPM of motor / pump with the speed control knob provided at the
control panel.
7. Operate the valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by the pump.
8. Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

9. Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge, provided on discharge line.

10. Record suction pressure usingf vacuum gauge, provided at suction of the pump.
11. Record the power consumption using energy meter from.
12. Measure the discharged by using measuring tank and stop watch.
13. Repeat the same procedure for different speeds of pump.
14. Repeat the same procedure for different discharge with constant speed.
CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. When experiment is over, open gate valve properly provided on the discharge line.
2. Reduce the RPM of the pump with the help of DC drive.
3. Switch OFF the pump first.
4. Switch OFF power supply to panel.

L. Observations and Calculations

Observations
Energy Meter Constant (EMC) = 3200 Pulses/kWhr

Measuring Tank Area (A)=_______m2

Density of Water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3

Efficiency of Motor (ηm) = 0.8

Gravitational Acceleration (g) =9.81 m/s2

Pressure gauge Height Difference (hpg) = 1m

Observation table

Measuring tank Reading

Suction Time for
Speed, Discharge
Sr. pressure, Initial Final Pulse
N Pressure, Time,
No. Ps (mm of Height, I Height, record, tp
(RPM) Pd (kg/cm2) t
Hg) (cm) F (sec)
(sec)
(cm)
1.

2.

3.

4.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Calculation (Sample calculation for reading No.______)

(1) Input energy
𝑃 3600
𝐸𝑖 = × , 𝑘𝑊 = ____________𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑝 𝐸𝑀𝐶

(2) Output Energy

𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸𝑖 × 𝜂𝑚 , 𝑘𝑊 = ____________𝑘𝑊
𝐹−𝐼
𝑅= , 𝑚 = ____________𝑚
100
𝐴 × 𝑅 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄= , = ____________
𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
𝑃𝑠
𝐻 = 10 × [𝑃𝑑 + ] + ℎ𝑝𝑔 , 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ______________𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
760
(3) Overall efficiency
𝐸𝑜
𝜂𝑜 = × 100% = ____________%
𝐸𝑖
(4) Pump efficiency
𝐸𝑜
𝜂𝑜 = × 100% = ____________%
𝐸𝑠
Calculation table
Sr. Ei Es Q Eo
R (m) H (m) ηo (%) ηp (%)
No. (kW) (kW) (m3/s) (kW)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Note: In case of non-availability of experimental set up Course coordinator can give data from
any case study.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

M. Graph
Plot the following performance characteristics:
1. Head Vs Discharge
2. Pump efficiency Vs Discharge

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

N. Interpretation

O. Conclusion

P. Review questions
1. State reason that why priming required in centrifugal pump.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.9: Perform a test on the centrifugal pump test rig.

Enrolment No.:________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

75 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.10: Perform a test on the reciprocating pump test rig.

A. Objective:

1. To understand various terminology related to reciprocating pump.

2. To perform a trial on reciprocating pump.
3. To determine pump efficiency.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select type of pump as per given situation.

2. Operate Pump with safety measures.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

CO-4: Select a hydraulic machine for a particular application.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-10: Perform a test on the reciprocating pump test rig.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

76 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory

A pump is a device which lifts water from a lower level to a higher level at the expense of mechanical
energy. Pump can be broadly classified into two categories, Positive Displacement &rotodynamic
or dynamic pressure pump. In a positive displacement pump a small quantity of liquid is taken inside
the pump and is bodily displaced and forced out of the pump under pressure. The liquid inside a
positive displacement pump may be subjected either to a reciprocating motion (reciprocating
pump) or to a rotary/circular motion (gear pump, screw pumps etc.).

Reciprocating Pump consists a piston having a reciprocatory motion inside a cylinder with the help
of connecting rod and a crank rotated by a electric motor, I.C. Engine, or any another suitable
means. The cylinder is connected to the sump by the suction pipe and to the reservoir by the
delivery pipe. Valves are provided at suction and delivery side and are non-returnable so that to
allow the fluid in direction only. These pumps are applied where the fluid is required in a small
quantity but at a higher pressure. Reciprocating pumps are applied for vehicle washing, for the
water supply for the multi-stories buildings, industries etc.

H. Experimental set up/Line Diagram

The apparatus consists of a double acting-single cylinder reciprocating pump is operated on closed
circuit basis. A DC motor is provided to regulate the rpm of the pump. Suction and delivery head

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

can be varied by the valves provided and Pressure & vacuum gauges can measure it. To find out the
Input power to the pump an electronic energy meter is fitted. Sump tank, measuring tank and stop
watch is provided with the set-up. Discharge can be calculated with the help of measuring tank and
stop watch.

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment
Specification* Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit

1. Reciprocating pump test rig 1

2. Water supply and drain 1

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Always use clean water.

2. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
4. If apparatus will not in use for more than half month, drain the apparatus
completely.
5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

K. Procedure to be followed

STARTING PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the apparatus and make tanks free from dust.

2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given
on suction line.
5. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

6. Set the desired RPM of pump with the speed control knob of control panel.
7. Now switch ON the main power supply and switch ON the Pump.
8. Operate the valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by the pump.
9. Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump.
10. Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge, provided on discharge line.
11. Record suction pressure by means of vacuum gauge, provided at suction of the
pump.
12. Note down the time required for 10 pulses with the help of stop watch to calculate
the power consumption.
13. Note down the RPM.
14. Measure the discharged by the pump, using stop watch and measuring tank
15. Repeat the same procedure for different speeds of pump.
16. Repeat the same procedure for different discharge with constant speed.

CLOSING PROCEDURE:

1. When experiment is over, open gate valve properly provided on the discharge line.
2. Reduce the RPM of the pump with the help of DC drive.
3. Switch OFF the pump first.
4. Switch OFF power supply to panel.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations
Energy Meter Constant (EMC) = 3200 Pulses/kWhr

Measuring Tank Area (A)=_______m2

Density of Water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3

Efficiency of Motor (ηm) = 0.8

Bore (d) =______ m

Stroke (L) =______m

Gravitational Acceleration (g) =9.81 m/s2

Pressure gauge Height Difference (hpg) = 1m

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

M. Observation table

Measuring tank Reading

Suction Time for
Speed, Discharge
Sr. pressure, Initial Final Pulse
N Pressure, Time,
No. Ps (mm of Height, I Height, record, tp
(RPM) Pd (kg/cm2) t
Hg) (cm) F (sec)
(sec)
(cm)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Calculation (Sample calculation for reading No.______)

(1) Input energy
𝑃 3600
𝐸𝑖 = × , 𝑘𝑊 = _____________𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑝 𝐸𝑀𝐶

(2) Output Energy

𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸𝑖 × 𝜂𝑚 , 𝑘𝑊 = ____________𝑘𝑊
𝐹−𝐼
𝑅= , 𝑚 = ____________𝑚
100
𝐴 × 𝑅 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑎 = , = _____________
𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
𝜋 2 2 2
𝑎 = 𝑑 , 𝑚 = _____________𝑚
4
2 × 𝑎 × 𝐿 × 𝑁 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑡 = , = _______________
60 𝑠 𝑠
𝑃𝑠
𝐻 = 10 × [𝑃𝑑 + ] + ℎ𝑝𝑔 , 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ______________𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
760
(3) Overall efficiency
𝐸𝑜
𝜂𝑜 = × 100% = ____________%
𝐸𝑖

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

(4) Pump efficiency

𝐸𝑜
𝜂𝑜 = × 100% = ___________%
𝐸𝑠
(5) Volumetric efficiency
𝑄𝑎
𝜂𝑣𝑜𝑙. = × 100% = ____________%
𝑄𝑡

N. Calculation table

Sr. Ei Es R Qa Qt H Eo ηo ηp ηvol.
No. (kW) (kW) (m) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (kW) (%) (%) (%)
5.

6.

7.

8.

Note: In case of non-availability of experimental set up, Course coordinator can give data from
any case study.

O. Graph

Plot the following performance characteristics:

1. Head Vs Discharge
2. Pump efficiency Vs Discharge

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

P. Interpretation

Q. Conclusion

R. Review questions
1. State the selection criteria for pump.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.10: Perform a test on the reciprocating pump test rig.

Enrolment No.:________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

84 | Page
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.11: Perform a test on a Pelton turbine test rig.

A. Objective:

1. To understand various terminology related to hydraulic turbine.

2. To perform a trial on Pelton wheel turbine.
3. To determine Pelton turbine efficiency.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency

1. Select the turbine as per given situation.

2. Operate Turbine with safety precaution. Follow safety practices.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

CO-4: Select a hydraulic machine for a particular application.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-11: Perform a test on a hydraulic turbine test rig.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Observe and record the observations which are obtained from test.
2. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
3. Lead as well as work in a group.
4. Follow Environment friendly practices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory

A turbine is a machine which converts the fluid energy into mechanical energy which is
then utilized to run the electric generator of a power plant. Fluid used can be water or
steam. The Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket
along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only
kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmosphere. The
turbine is used for high head.

Pelton turbine is a impulse turbine. In an impulse turbine, all the available energy of water
is converted into kinetic energy or velocity head by passing it through a contracting nozzle
provided at the end of the penstock. The water coming out of the nozzle is formed into a
free jet, which impinges on a series of buckets of the runner thus causing it to revolve. The
runner revolves freely in air. The water is contact with only a part of the runner at a time,
and throughout its action on the runner.

H. Experimental set up

The actual experimental facility supplied consist of Centrifugal Pump Set, Turbine Unit, and
Sump Tank, arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as recirculating water
system. The Centrifugal Pump Set supplies the water from Sump Tank to the Turbine

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

through control valve. The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum
connected to spring balance. The unit essentially consists of casing with a large circular
transparent window kept at the front for the visual inspection of the jet on buckets a
bearing pedestals rotor assembly of shaft, runner and brake drum, all mounted on suitable
sturdy cast iron base plates.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment
Specification* Quantity
No.
/Components/Trainer kit

1. Pelton wheel turbine test rig 1

2. Water supply and drainage 1

*Write down specification as per available equipment/Instrument

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Always use clean water.

2. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
3. It apparatus will not in use for more than half month, drain the apparatus
completely.
4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

K. Procedure to be followed

STARTING PROCEDURE

1. Clean the apparatus and make tank free from dust.

2. Close the drain valve provided.
3. Fill Sump tank ¾th level with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
4. Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg in manometer.
5. Open the by-pass valve and ensure that there is no load on the brake drum.
6. Switch ON the pump with the help of starter.
7. Completely close the by-pass valve slowly.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

8. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air
from manometer. This should be done very carefully.
9. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.
10. Now turbine is in operation.
11. Load the turbine with the help of hand wheel attached on the top of spring
balance.
12. Note the manometer reading, pressure gauge reading and vacuum gauge reading.
13. Now regulate the guide vane’s position with the help of a hand wheel provided for
this purpose.
14. Regulate the discharge by regulating the guide vane’s position.
15. Note the maximum RPM of the turbine obtained by regulating the position of guide
vanes.
16. Note the fixed and adjustable spring balance readings.
17. Repeat the same experiment for different load.

CLOSING PROCEDURE

1. When the experiment is over, first of all remove the load on dynamometer.
2. Open the by-pass valve.
3. Close the ball valves provided on manometer.
4. Switch OFF pump with the help of starter.

L. Observations & Calculations

Observations

Density of water (𝜌𝑤 )= 1000 Kg/m3

Co-efficient of velocity, (Cv) = 0.98

Gravitational Acceleration (g) =9.81 m/s2

Diameter of pipe (D)=_____m

Diameter of Brake Drum (Db)= _______m

Diameter of Rope (Dr)=________m

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Weight of rope (W3)=_____kg

Observation table
Speed, Manometer Readings Weight on Weight on
Sr. Pressure,
N Tight side, Slack side,
No. P (kg/cm2) h1(cm) h2 (cm)
(RPM) W1 (kg) W2 (kg)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Calculation (Sample calculation for reading No.______)

1. Water head:

𝐻 = 10.33 × 𝑃 = ____________𝑚
2. Water Discharge:

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷 = ______________𝑚2
4
ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ= = ______________𝑚
100
𝜌𝑤
𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 × √2𝑔ℎ ( − 1)
𝜌𝑎

𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝐴 × 𝑉 = ____________
𝑠
3. Input energy:
𝜌𝑤 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻
𝐸𝑖 = , 𝑘𝑊 = __________𝑘𝑊
1000
4. Output energy:
𝐷𝐵 + 2𝐷𝑅
𝑅𝑒 = = ____________𝑚
2
𝑇 = (𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 ) × 𝑔 × 𝑅𝑒 = ____________𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐸𝑜 = , 𝑘𝑊 = ____________𝑘𝑊
60 × 1000
5. Turbine efficiency:

𝐸𝑜
𝜂𝑡 = × 100% = ______%
𝐸𝑖

Calculation table
𝜂0
Sr. No. H Q (m3/s) h (m) V (m/s) Ei (kW) T (N.m) Eo (kW)
(%)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Note: In case of non-availability of experimental set up, course coordinator can give data from
any case study.
M. Interpretation

N. Conclusion

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

O. Review questions

1. Compare Pelton wheel, Francis and Kaplan Turbine.

2. List down important of Draft tube in reaction turbine.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.11: Perform a test on a Pelton turbine test rig.

Enrolment No.:________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the
Student give the Student give the
correct answers correct answers
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers
between 70- between 50-
90% or more. less than 50%.
89%. 69%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two by more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.12: Demonstrate the use of different hydraulic devices.

A. Objective
1. To understand principle, construction and working of hydraulic devices.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

PO-1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO-4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools
and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO-5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO-7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Select appropriate hydraulic device based on principle of fluid mechanics in given
situation.

D. Expected Course Outcome (CO)

CO-4: Select a hydraulic machine for a particular application.

E. Practical Outcome (PrO)

PrO-12: Demonstrate the use of different hydraulic devices.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADOs)

1. Maintain model/tool/instrument/equipment carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
2. Lead as well as work in a group.
3. Follow Environment friendly practices.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

G. Prerequisite Theory
The hydraulic devices are hydraulically operated small machines. Expect hydraulic ram, these
machines are operated by hydraulic mechanism of the piston and ram type. Some of these
machines are:

1. Hydraulic accumulator
2. Hydraulic intensifier
3. Hydraulic lift
4. Hydraulic ram
5. Hydraulic press etc.
H. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment
Specification* Quantity
No.
/Components/Trainer kit

1. Hydraulic Accumulator Model/Chart/Animation 1

2. Hydraulic Intensifier Model/Chart/Animation 1

3. Hydraulic Lift Model/Chart/Animation 1

4. Hydraulic Ram Model/Chart/Animation 1

5. Hydraulic Press Model/Chart/Animation 1

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Follow sadety rules of equipment/Instruments used.
2. Handle the fluid carefully.

J. Procedure to be followed
Note: For Demonstration of different hydraulic devices the course co Ordinator can use
models/charts/animation/videos.

K. Observation Table:
Observe the demonstration which has been carried out by course co ordinator and record
the observation in below table:

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Name of Device Working Principal Major Components Usage

Hydraulic
Accumulator

Hydraulic Intensifier

Hydraulic Lift

Hydraulic Ram

Hydraulic Press

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

L. Conclusion

M. Review Questions
1. State applications of intensifier.

2. State the principle on which hydraulic ram work.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

3. State the application of hydraulic ram.

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery (4341903)

Assessment-Rubrics

Practical No.12: Demonstrate the use of different hydraulic devices.

Enrolment No.: ________________ Name: ____________________________________________________

Criteria % 10 9-8 7-6 5
Student give the Student give the Student give the Student give the
Knowledge 20% correct answers correct answers correct answers correct answers
90% or more. between 70-89%. between 50-69%. less than 50%.
Students follow
Students follow
all the Students follow all
Students follow all all the
procedures the procedures
Procedure the procedures procedures with
30% without without
follows with precaution in some
precaution in a precaution in an
a logical order. precautions in a
logical order. illogical order.
logical order.
Moderately
Excellent focused Focused limited
focused Participation is
Observation Skill 20% attention in the attention in the
attention on minimum.
exercise. exercise.
exercise.
The student
The student The student concept is not
Conclusion/ Student concept is
10% concept is partly concept is clear.
Summary mostly clear.
clear. somewhat clear.

Only formatting
A few required Several elements
Neat Handwriting, is improper
elements are missing
figure, and table. (Location of
Quality of Report 10% (labeling/ (content in
Complete labeling figures/tables,
notations) are paragraph, labels,
of figure and table. use of pencil and
missing. figures, tables).
scale).
Submission late Submission late Submission late by
Punctuality 10% Timely Submission. by one by two more than two
laboratory. laboratories. laboratories.
Criteria % Level Marks Multiplication Total Remarks
Knowledge 20% 0.2*______
Procedure
30% 0.3*______
follows
Observation Skill 20% 0.2*_____
Conclusion/
10% 0.1*______
Summary
Quality of Report 10% 0.1*_____
Punctuality 10% 0.1*______

Total Marks:

Sign with Date

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