Advanced Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
Introduction Chapter
The Database Environment ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
Objectives
n Definition of terms
n Explain growth and importance of databases
n Name limitations of conventional file processing
n Identify five categories of databases
n Explain advantages of databases
n Identify costs and risks of databases
n List components of database environment
n Describe evolution of database systems
Definitions
n Database: organized collection of logically related data. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ
n Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻼت ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻷﺷﯿﺎء وأﺣﺪاث ذات ﻣﻐﺰى
n Structured: numbers, text, dates ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷرﻗﺎم واﻟﻨﺼﻮص واﻟﺘﻮارﯾﺦ:ﻣﮭﯿﻜﻠﺔ
n Unstructured: images, video, documents ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر واﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ:ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﮭﯿﻜﻠﺔ
n Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data
. ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت:اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
n Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺳﯿﺎق ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم
Graphical displays turn data into useful
Context helps users understand data information that managers can use for:
decision making and interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes,
allowable values, and data context
Disadvantages of File Processing ﻋﯿﻮب ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت
n Program-Data Dependence ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ
n Duplication of Data ازدواﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت/ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ
n Limited Data Sharing ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n No centralized control of data ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Lengthy Development Times أوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟﺔ
n Programmers must design their own file formats
ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﻢ
n Excessive Program Maintenance ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻔﺮطﺔ
n 80% of information systems budget 80٪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت
Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company
Pine Valley Furniture أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ3-1 ﺷﻜﻞ
Problems with Data Dependency ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data
ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ/ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮫ
n Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file
ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ رﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ
n Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating, and deleting data
ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وإدراﺟﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺜﮭﺎ وﺣﺬﻓﮭﺎ
n Lack of coordination and central control ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ
n Non-standard file formats ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ
n Waste of space to have duplicate data ھﺪر ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻜﺮرة
n Causes more maintenance headaches ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪاع اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ
n The biggest problem: اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ
n Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ واﺣﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ
n Compromises in data integrity ﺣﻠﻮل وﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
SOLUTION >>> The DATABASE Approach اﻟﺤﻞ <<< ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Central repository of shared data اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ
n Data is managed by a controlling agent ﺗﺘﻢ إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ
n Stored in a standardized, convenient form ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ وﻣﺮﯾﺢ
This approach requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
(DBMS)ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﮭﺞ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
Database Management System (DBMS) ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user
databases ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻧﺸﺎء وﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ وﺻﻮل ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﻮارد اﻷﺟﮭﺰةDBMS ﯾﺪﯾﺮ
Advantages of the Database Approach ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Program-data independence اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
n Planned data redundancy ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﮭﺎ
n Improved data consistency اﺗﺴﺎق اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻦ
n Improved data sharing ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Increased application development productivity زﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت
n Enforcement of standards إﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ
n Improved data quality ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Improved data accessibility and responsiveness ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ
n Reduced program maintenance ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
n Improved decision support ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﺮار
Costs and Risks of the Database Approach ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ وﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n New, specialized personnel ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﯿﻦ ﺟﺪد
n Installation and management cost and complexity ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ واﻹدارة واﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﺪ
n Conversion costs ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ
n Need for explicit backup and recovery اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ اﺣﺘﯿﺎطﻲ واﺳﺘﺮداد ﺻﺮﯾﺢ
n Organizational conflict اﻟﺼﺮاع اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ
Elements of the Database Approach ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Data models ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
§ Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
ﻧﻈﺎم رﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻂ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
§ Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships for the
organization اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ- ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ
§ Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data structure in database
or data warehouse ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ، ً ﻋﺮض أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ- ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع
ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أو ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Relational Databases ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ
§ Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing relationships ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ
اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت/ ﺟﺪاول )ﻋﻼﻗﺎت( ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ
n Use of Internet Technology اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ
§ Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, client-server, and 3-
tier architectures اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﺔ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ وﺧﺎدم
اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ واﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت
n Database Applications ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
§ Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read, update,
and delete) for database users ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷداء أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )إﻧﺸﺎء
وﻗﺮاءة وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ وﺣﺬف( ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
Components of the Database Environment ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
.وﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ
n Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
.ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺰوﯾﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﺧﺮى
n Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing the database
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Database–storehouse of the data
ﻣﺨﺰن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Application Programs–software using the data
.(اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت
n User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
.(ﻋﺮوض ﻧﺼﯿﺔ ورﺳﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ )واﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم
n Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for maintaining the database
اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n System Developers–personnel responsible for designing databases and software
اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ
n End Users–people who use the applications and databases
اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
The Range of Database Applications ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
n Personal databases ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ
n Workgroup databases ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ
n Departmental/divisional databases اﻷﻗﺴﺎم/ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻹدارات
n Enterprise database ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ
Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with
wireless local area network
Figure 1-6: Typical data from a personal database
Enterprise Database Applications
ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ
n Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت
§ Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
( اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ، اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ، اﻟﻤﺨﺰون، اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ، اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت، اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ،دﻣﺞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ )اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ
n Data Warehouse ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
§ Integrated decision support system derived from various operational databases
ﻧﻈﺎم دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
Figure 1-8: An enterprise data warehouse Evolution of DB Systems
