Dr.

Abhijit dey NTMA Lab 1

Part programming in CNC Machines:

⭐ part programming

⭐ MCU

⭐ Machine tool unit

Part programming:
CNC part programming involves a series of coded instructions that are required to produce a part.
The program controls the machine tool movements and controls auxiliary functions including
spindle, coolant, and rotation. The instructions may include numbers, letters, and symbols
arranged in functional format blocks.

The alphabets used in CNC codes are

N G X Y Z F S T M EOB
🧑💻 N-number or block in which we have to machine

One can maintain any number of step increment so that you can edit it later or insert a new code
in between if you want to insert in between.

🧑💻 G- preparatory function

Code Function

G00 Rapid positioning (brings the tool towards the required coordinate with out performing
any operation )

G01 Liner interpolation (provides feed to the tool)

G02 Circular interpolation (clock wise)

G71 Metric mode. This command sets the machine to use metric units for subsequent
movements.

G54 Coordinate system selection. It selects coordinate system 1 (G54) for subsequent
movements. Di erent coordinate systems allow for multiple workpiece setups.

G90 Absolute distance mode. This command sets the machine to interpret subsequent
coordinates as absolute positions from the machine's origin.

G91 Incremental distance mode.

G94 Feed per minute mode. This command sets the feed rate to be interpreted as the
number of units (in this case, millimeters) moved per minute.

M06 Tool change command. It prompts the machine to change the tool to the one
speci ed after the 'T' command.

F Feed rate

M03 spindle on, clockwise rotation. This command turns on the spindle and sets it to
rotate in a clockwise direction.

M08 Coolant on

S Spindle speed

🧑💻 X ,Y ,Z - distance along the x,y,z axes with respect to origin.

🧑💻 F- feed rate

-by Gowtham N
fi
ff
 [Link] dey NTMA Lab 2
🧑💻 S- spindle speed.

🧑💻 T- Type of tool used.

🧑💻 M-Miscellaneous functions.

The coordinates are considered as positive in the

direction of arrow.

MCU:
Machine control unit.

In computer numerical control (CNC) machining, the Machine Control Unit (MCU) plays a crucial
role in controlling and managing the operations of a CNC machine. The MCU is responsible for
the overall functionality and coordination of various components within the CNC system. Here are
some key functionalities of the Machine Control Unit:

1. Command Interpretation: The MCU receives and interprets the numerical control (NC) program
or instructions written in a speci c CNC programming language (such as G-code). It decodes
these commands and converts them into machine-readable instructions.

2. Motion Control: The MCU generates precise control signals that govern the movement of
di erent machine axes, such as X, Y, and Z. It calculates the required speed, acceleration, and
positioning of the machine tools based on the input commands.

3. Interpolation: The MCU performs mathematical calculations to interpolate the tool's path
between the given input points. It determines the intermediate positions and the trajectory to
achieve smooth and accurate movement.

4. Spindle Control: In CNC machining, the spindle is responsible for rotating the cutting tool. The
MCU controls the speed, direction, and synchronization of the spindle motor, allowing for precise
cutting operations.

5. I/O Control: The MCU manages the input and output signals of the CNC machine. It
communicates with various sensors, limit switches, encoders, and other peripherals to monitor
machine conditions and ensure safety and accuracy during the machining process.

6. Feedback and Error Handling: The MCU receives feedback from the machine's sensors and
encoders to monitor the actual position, speed, and other parameters. It compares this feedback
with the desired values and adjusts the machine's operation accordingly. It also handles error
conditions, such as tool breakage or excessive vibration, by stopping the machine or triggering an
appropriate response.

7. Program Execution: The MCU executes the NC program in a sequential manner, coordinating
the movements, tool changes, and other operations as speci ed in the program. It ensures proper
synchronization and timing of all machine actions.

-by Gowtham N
ff
fi
fi
 [Link] dey NTMA Lab 3
Overall, the Machine Control Unit serves as the brain of the CNC machine, overseeing its
operation, motion control, and coordination to produce accurate and precise machining results.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CNC,NC,DNC?

NC, CNC and DNC - What are they? NC is a machine programming technique that uses punch
tapes and tape readers. CNC uses a computer to program the code and a machine controller unit
to read the code fed to the machine. DNC is a network of multiple CNC machines that connect to
a single mainframe computer.

Additive manufacturing:
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, o ers several bene ts compared to traditional
manufacturing methods. Here are some key advantages of additive manufacturing:

1. Design Freedom: Additive manufacturing allows for complex geometries and intricate designs
that are challenging or even impossible to produce using traditional manufacturing methods. It
enables designers to create highly customized and optimized parts without the limitations of
traditional tooling.

2. Cost-E ciency: Additive manufacturing can reduce costs in various ways. It eliminates the
need for tooling, which can be expensive and time-consuming to produce. It also reduces
material waste since only the required amount of material is used to build the part. Additionally,
additive manufacturing can consolidate multiple components into a single part, reducing
assembly and logistics costs.

3. Rapid Prototyping and Iteration: 3D printing enables rapid prototyping, allowing designers and
engineers to quickly produce functional prototypes for testing and evaluation. This accelerates the
product development process and facilitates design iteration, reducing time to market.

4. Customization and Personalization: Additive manufacturing enables mass customization, where

each product can be tailored to individual customer requirements. This customization capability is
particularly bene cial in industries such as medical and aerospace, where personalized products
and patient-speci c devices are needed.

5. Complexity without Assembly: With additive manufacturing, complex parts can be printed as a
single piece, eliminating the need for assembly and reducing potential points of failure. This
simpli es production and enhances overall product reliability.

6. Material Variety: Additive manufacturing supports a wide range of materials, including plastics,
metals, ceramics, and composites. This versatility allows for the production of parts with speci c
material properties, such as high strength, heat resistance, or electrical conductivity.

7. Supply Chain Optimization: Additive manufacturing enables decentralized production, as parts

can be printed on-demand and closer to the point of use. This reduces transportation costs,
inventory requirements, and supply chain complexity, especially for spare parts or low-volume
production.

8. Sustainability: Additive manufacturing can contribute to sustainability e orts by minimizing

material waste, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. It allows for on-demand production,
reducing excess inventory and the need for disposal of obsolete parts.

While additive manufacturing has numerous advantages, it also has limitations in terms of
production speed, size restrictions, material limitations, and certain part properties. However,
ongoing advancements in technology are continuously expanding the capabilities and
applications of additive manufacturing.

Cutter radius compensation:

-by Gowtham N
fi
ffi
fi
fi
ff
fi
ff
fi