Republic of the Philippines

BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

City of Naga
Telephone No. (054) 4720416 Loc. 123
Fax No. (054) 4720415

WATER TURBIDITY REDUCTION USING WETLAND STRUCTURE FOR

LIBMANAN WATER SOURCE

by

Proponents:
Alarcon, Jan Arvic 20-11517
Brazal, John Patrick G. 20-23456
Credo, Bryan R. 20-68724
Marabe, Roan Mae L. 20-74513
Salvador, Justin Lloyd L. 20-86647

A Research Presented to
The Faculty of College of Engineering
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology

May 2023
2
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Problem and its Background

Turbidity is a measure of how much transparency the water loses due to

the presence of suspended particulates. Suspended solids and dissolved colored
material impair water clarity by making it appear opaque, cloudy, or muddy.
Campbell (2021) lists a number of the common causes of turbidity in water
sources, including erosive processes, urban runoff, wastewater discharge, algal
blooms, and disruption of sediment. This depletes oxygen and food sources,
which has an impact on a water source's aesthetic appeal and may also have
consequences on marine life.

Removing turbidity in water is important as consuming water from a turbid

source might be unsafe, depending on the origin of the turbidity. Consuming
water contaminated with organic and inorganic materials, chemicals, and
pathogens such as algae and bacteria may cause diseases. Sand and other
common turbidity-causing substances like these can harm the plumbing, water-
based appliances, and pipework in residences.

Because of its greatest acreage for rice plantation in the entire province,
Libmanan, the largest municipality of Camarines Sur by population, is known as
the "Rice Granary of Camarines Sur". Its rich soil and plentiful water supply were
credited for this bountiful output. Water from these sources is distributed by the
Libmanan Water District (LIWAD), a government owned and controlled
corporation. According to the official Facebook page of LIWAD, these water
supplies have passed the requirements set by the Philippine National Standard
for Drinking Water for Microbiological Analysis and declared that the water from
LIWAD is potable. However, there are times when the high turbidity brought on
by heavy rains renders water from various sources unsafe to drink.

One of the major water sources of Libmanan is the Palong spring (Upper
Ducut cave) in the Palong watershed area located at the lower part of Mount

1
Bernacci, locally known as Tancong Baka. The topography of the mountain is
classified as Karst topography which is formed from the dissolution of limestone.
The dissolving bedrock of this topography created sinkholes, sinking streams,
caves, springs, and other characteristic features. The water from the surface
flows and mixes with groundwater in the cave through surface fractures that
reach deep into the ground. When turbid water flows into the bedrock, no filtering
occurs before the water mixes with the shallow groundwater, resulting in turbidity
in the water source. These cause problems on the water supply and distribution
throughout the area. During these scenarios, the LIWAD devised a solution by
employing a filtration system, but it takes time to filter out the sediments and dirt
from the water.

Wetland, one distinct ecosystem serves as a natural filtering system in

bodies of water by removing sediment, and pollutants from water. They are good
for reducing water turbidity since their structure is designed to restrict the flow of
water. The flora and soil in wetlands slow the flow of water, allowing suspended
particles to settle out of the water and aids in the removal of particles from the
water. The vegetation in wetlands also helps to stabilize the soil and prevent
erosion. This reduces the amount of sediment and other particles that enter the
water, helping to prevent water turbidity from occurring in the first place.

The purpose of the present study is to effectively reduce the water

turbidity using wetland structure in Libmanan Water Source. A constructed
wetland will be employed to treat and remove the sediments in the water before it
enters the distribution system of LIWAD. The construction of wetland in one of
the water sources of Libmanan is challenging due to the large area involved. Due
to this, the researchers came up with simulation of wetland construction and
assess the effectiveness of wetland structure in the reduction of water turbidity.

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to effectively reduce the water turbidity during heavy rains
using wetland structure in Libmanan Water Source.

1.3 Research Objectives

The main objectives of the present study are the following:

1. Determine the effectiveness of the plants in reducing the turbidity.

A. Vetiver Grass

B. Water Lily

2. Determine the effectiveness of plant arrangement in reducing water

turbidity.

A. Linear

B. Diagonal

3. Determine the effectiveness of the distances between each plant in

reducing water turbidity.

A. 6 inches interval

B. 12 inches interval

4. Identify the shortest time for percent turbidity reduction.

5. Determine the turbidity reduction.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on identifying a solution to the existing dilemma of the
residents of Libmanan, Camarines Sur, with the water supply during rainy

3
seasons, specifically, the occurrence of water turbidity. The study covers
designing and developing a simulation of wetland structure deemed effective and
efficient to reduce water turbidity in the water source. The researchers of the
study will utilize an experimental research design to effectively observe and
quantify water turbidity and strategize which plant species, plant arrangement,
and the distances of the plant placement, would be best for creating a wetland.
Based on the various optimum characteristics of macrophytes in wetlands, this
study only considers the use of two different plant species for wetland
constructions – vetiver grass and water lily.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study were considered beneficial to the following:

1.5-1 Residents of Libmanan, Camarines Sur

The study on water turbidity reduction using wetland structure can

benefit the residents by ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water,
and protecting local ecosystems and natural resources. Residents of
Libmanan can use the findings of this study to advocate for policies and
practices that promote clean and sustainable water sources, ultimately
contributing to their communities' overall well-being and prosperity.

1.5-2 Libmanan Water District

The study on water turbidity reduction using wetland structure can

benefit water districts by providing an effective and sustainable approach
to reducing turbidity in their water sources, improving the efficiency of their
water treatment processes, promoting environmental sustainability, and
enhancing public trust and confidence. Water districts can use the findings
of the present study to improve their water treatment processes and
provide clean and safe drinking water to their customers.

4
1.5-3 Local Government Unit of Libmanan

Local Government Units (LGUs) can use the study's findings to

design more efficient and effective water treatment systems, develop
policies and guidelines that promote the use of constructed wetlands and
other natural systems to improve water quality, promote sustainable
agricultural practices, and ensure that their communities have access to
clean and sustainable water sources.

1.5-4 Professionals in Water and Natural Resources Field

The effective reduction of water turbidity in water sources will

benefit the professionals in the related field of water and natural resources
as this study focuses on a natural process of improving water quality from
the source itself. The findings and recommendations from this study could
strengthen and provide more evidence of how a constructed wetland could
effectively reduce water turbidity. Through this study, if proven, it could
provide a basis for improvement whereas these professionals could use it
to widen the scope and the methods used for water treatment.

1.5-5 Future Researchers

Future researchers can use the findings of the study to study more
about other efficient and effective water treatment systems, study the
ecological impact of constructed wetlands, develop sustainable agriculture
practices, and improve public health policies related to water quality.
Furthermore, this study can inspire future research that will contribute to
protecting the environment, and public health through the development of
sustainable and effective water treatment solutions.

5
 WATER TURBIDITY REDUCTION USING WETLAND STRUCTURE FOR LIBMANAN

WATER SOURCE

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Geographical data of  Obtain samples of  The effectiveness of
the water source. turbid water from the wetland structure in
 Factors causing water water source. water turbidity
turbidity in the water  Prepare an experiment reduction.
source. set-up for each type of  The comparative data
 Maximum level of plant, each of water quality of the
turbidity observed in arrangement, and setup samples before and
the water source. for each interval of after of the
plant. experiments.
 Record the minimum
number of days that a
clear water output is
obtained.
 Test the water output of
the obtained samples
before and after the
procedures using the
turbidity meter.

FEEDBACK

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 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

1.6 Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual framework is divided into three parts. It contains the input,
process, and output of the present study entitled “Water Turbidity Reduction
using Wetland Structure for Libmanan Water Source”. The inputs of the study
include the geographical data of the water source and the factors causing water
turbidity in the water source.

The processes involved in the conceptual framework that is used in the

study is the overall procedure of the experiment. The process includes obtaining
enough samples of turbid water from the water source, preparing an experiment
set-up for each type of plant, each arrangement, and setup for each interval of
plant, record the shortest time in days that a clear water output is obtained, and
the testing for the water quality of the obtained samples before and after the
procedures.

The expected outputs of this study are assessment of the effectiveness of

wetland structure in water turbidity reduction, and the comparative data of water
quality of the samples before and after of the experiments.

1.7 Definition of Terms

The following terms used in this study are hereby conceptually and
operationally defined. These terms are as follows.

 Filtration. Filtration is a physical separation process that uses a filter

medium with a complex structure through which only fluid can pass to
separate solid matter and fluid from a mixture. The study will use wetland
as a natural filtration system in the water source.
 Karst Topography. Karst topography refers to natural landscape formed
from dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks due to chemical weathering by
water, resulting in caves, sinkholes, and fractures in the surface.

7
 LIWAD. Libmanan Water District is a government owned and controlled
corporation that provides and distributes potable water throughout the
municipality of Libmanan, Camarines Sur.
 Macrophytes. These are aquatic plants that grow in or near aquatic
environments. Two distinct species of macrophytes will be used in this
study.
 Simulation. The act of doing scenarios being represented on a model.
Two simulations of wetland structure in the water source will be done.
 Turbidity Meter. A meter or a sensor used to measure the turbidity or
water clarity of a liquid sample. A device used in determining the
percentage turbidity reduction.
 Water Quality. Evaluation of the properties of water in terms of physical,
chemical, biological, bacteriological or radiological to be acceptable in
certain use.
 Water Source. A water source is any body of water, including streams,
rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ground water, and springs, that feeds water to
private wells as well as public drinking water sources. The underground
water from the Ducut Cave of Libmanan is the water source discussed in
this paper.
 Water Turbidity. The relative purity of a liquid is gauged by the turbidity of
the water. The result of heavy rains exposing the water source to the
nearby soil particles is known as turbidity of water.
 Wetland. Wetlands are regions that are inundated by surface or ground
water on a regular or permanent basis, providing habitat for aquatic and
terrestrial plants and animals, flood protection, and water quality
improvement. A wetland structure will be developed to trap soil and other
particles in water, resulting in enhanced water quality in the present study.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Water Quality

The most significant factor in forming the land and controlling the climate
is water. Water has a significant impact on life. The features of water's physical,
chemical, and biological makeup are typically used to describe its quality.

Boyd (2019) states that water is sometimes and frequently in limited

supply and this trend will gradually worsen as the world's population rises. This
happens because not all regions of the earth's land mass receive the same
amount of water. Water quality varies from location to location and on occasion.
Most of the water on Earth is too salty to be suitable for most human purposes,
and pollution from anthropogenic causes has decreased the quality and utility of
much freshwater. Water is cleaned through evaporation, but the salts and
contaminants that are left behind contaminate the water that is returned.

Water quality is defined as the qualities of water that determine its use in
terms of physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological, or radiological qualities
which are used to assess how acceptable the water is (Water Quality | Philippine
Statistics Authority, n.d.).

Water Turbidity

Throughout the years, it is becoming a greater challenge to maintain a

water quality that is commercially acceptable for public consumption. As such, it
is becoming more and more compulsory to run various tests that aim to assess
the quality of water through its several physical, chemical, and biological
parameters.

One of which is turbidity, classified under the physical parameters.

Turbidity is a physical property of water which measures, or reflects its relative
clarity (Turbidity and Water | U.S. Geological Survey, 2019). When light is shone
through a water sample, the amount of light dispersed by the water's constituents

9
is measured. It is a characteristic of water's optics. When turbidity levels are
higher, the water is more hazy. On the other hand, water with low turbidity is
thought to be clearer.

Substances that cloud water include clays, silts, very small inorganic and
organic matter, algae, dissolved colored organic compounds, plankton and other
microorganisms (Turbidity and Water | U.S. Geological Survey, 2019).

Turbidity can be increased by rain, erosion, and the presence of plants

and animals in the water. However, turbidity becomes more important in water
treatment when sand, silt and organic matter remain in local drinking water.
Turbidity and water quality have a significant impact on residents. There may be
other particles that can contaminate the water, increase turbidity, and agitate
sediment within the water body (Causes of Turbidity in Water & How to Reduce It
| AOS Water Treatment, 2018).

If suspended solids in turbid water are not properly filtered, they can pose
health risks to humans. Excessive turbidity allows introduction of heavy metals to
the water supply, which in its nature, is toxic for humans and other organisms
who consume the water.

Methods of Turbidity Reduction

Many processes have been developed and are currently in use to treat
turbidity in water sources and water supply.

Greenwood (2022) stated that the coagulation and flocculation are a pair
of well-known treatments for water turbidity. These are two separate processes,
which are used in sequence to trap and densify the particles to make them easier
to be separated from the liquid. Coagulants, which are often made of aluminum
sulfate or ferric chloride, are added to the water as part of this process. These
chemicals cause the electric charges of the suspended particles to cancel out,
causing flocs to develop. Meanwhile, flocculants, such as polymers, promote floc
formation, making it simpler for them to settle and be separated to the water.

10
 Another one is the sedimentation, where floating particles settle out of the
suspension due to gravity. The settled-out particles become sediment, which is
known as sludge in water treatment. When these sludges continued to settle, it
forms a heavier layer of sediment in a process called consolidation. The usage of
mechanical measures, such as the picket fence thickener is used to aid the
thickening process which aids the compaction of the collected sediments and
sludge (Sludge treatment – gravity thickening | Sludge Processing, 2020).

The introduction of plants to address water turbidity has been studied by

several researchers and is still being studied to this day. This study draws some
inspiration from existing studies, particularly in the processes involved in trying to
resolve water turbidity.

Al-Baldawi, Khaled Salem, & Fadhile Almansoory (2023) in their study titled
“Potential plant leaves as sustainable green coagulant for turbidity removal”,
using kaolin synthetic water, examined thirteen Iraqi plant species that was
prepared as powdered coagulants. They found out that seven, out of the thirteen
plants, are economically feasible in removing water turbidity and other
compounds.

The plants examined in their study includes Albizia lebbeck with a turbidity
removal rate of 39.3%, Clerodendrum inerme garnering a turbidity removal rate
of 51.9%, Azadirachta indica performing a 67.2% turbidity removal rate,
Conocarpus lancifolius with 75.5%, Phoenix dactylifera yielding a rate of 51.0%,
Dianthus caryophyllus effects a 52.6% rate and Nerium oleander employing
57.2% turbidty removal. (Al-Baldawi et al., 2023).

Kumar Karnena & Saritha (2022) in their study “Phytochemical and

physicochemical screening of plant-based materials as coagulants for turbidity
removal – An unprecedented approach” opined that contemporary water
treatment strategies are not sufficient to address changes in water quality, further
stated that conventional coagulation, a strategy employed in the ancient times
incorporating nature, is a sustainable option. Moreover, they suggested that
despite how effective the method has proved to be, it does not fully disclose the

11
extent to which plants and their properties act as coagulants. In their study, they
utilized phytochemical and physicochemical screening on the plant samples to
identify percentage turbidity reduction. Ultimately, it was found out that of the 18
plant-based materials, three plants effectively removed turbidity to a 100%.
These plants identified as promising solutions for water quality challenges were
Moringa oleifera, Manihot esculenta and Pisum Sativum.

A study by Okoro, Sharifi, Jesson, & Bridgeman in 2021 reviewed and

evaluated the effectivity of known plant-based alternatives to chemical
coagulants in Natural organic matter (NOM) and turbidity removal. In their study,
they concluded that majority of the plant coagulation products (PCPs) they
examined showed impressive NOM and turbidity removal results, deeming them
suitable for usage in various rural communities for non-potable purposes. They
further stated that these PCPs, in purified forms, can produce drinking water
acceptable to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). They have,
however, noted that the PCPs require further purification if the goal is solely to
remove NOM.

In their 2023 study titled “Nature based-solutions for water reuse: 20 years of
performance evaluation of a full-scale constructed wetland system”, Gonzalez-
Flo, Romero, & García evaluated the performance of the water reuse system in
Granollers, Barcelona, Spain. The water reuse system has three components
namely wetland, mechanical reclamation plant and distribution network. It was
found out that implementation of the system in the last twenty years allowed for a
treatment of five times better than expected. They added that proper regular
maintenance of the wetland, consisting of vegetation management and duck-
weed removal, reduced concentrations of microbial indicators.

Turbidity Reductant Properties in Plants

The vetiver grass system has a promising potential for cleaning up the
river system's water. Heavy metals accumulated on the roots and leaves,
according to the findings. The vetiver grass absorbed toxic heavy metals such as
lead, chromium, manganese, and copper. Manganese was the most abundant in

12
both culture months. Based on the calculated translocation factor for both sites,
the vetiver grass favored collecting heavy metals in the roots. According to
statistical analysis, there is a substantial variation in heavy metal concentration
(Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cr) compared to the baseline measurement. It demonstrates
that vetiver grass is capable of absorbing heavy metals in water (Pleto et al,
2019).

Vetiver grass has the capacity to improve water quality metrics like
ammonia, BOD, and COD. Another advantage of vetiver grass is that its roots
have a cooling effect, which helps to relieve stress in fish during summer season.
The vetiver grass system is a low-cost technology with a significant potential for
positive influence on water pollution cleanup (Pleto et al, 2019).

Because of its outstanding and unique morphological and physiological

characteristics, Vetiver System Technology has been employed successfully as a
phytoremediation method to combat contaminated waters. It’s Plant growth rate
and hydraulic retention duration have a major influence on pollutant removal. As
a result, integrating existing knowledge and strategies for removing water
contaminants, as well as improvements in waste water treatment, is critical in
analyzing and controlling water pollution.

Vetiver grass' great efficiency in treating both organic and inorganic

contaminants suggests that it could be used to produce a cost-effective and
environmentally acceptable wastewater cleanup method (Darajeh et al, 2019).

According to the findings of a study conducted by J Elizabeth et al,2020,

copper (Cu) is a heavy metal that can be easily absorbed by water hyacinth. The
root of the water hyacinth can accumulate more heavy metal than the stem and
leaf. The ability of water hyacinth to absorb heavy metals is not determined by its
size. Water hyacinth is effective as a bioaccumulator and biofilter, as evidenced
by the reduction in TSS and TDS following the addition of water hyacinth to the
water. Water hyacinth can clear the water and lower the amount of substances or
heavy metals that can harm the aquatic ecosystem.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials and Methods

The materials to be used in this study are enumerated in the table below.

Table 1. Materials

Materials Description/Use
Turbid Water The sample of water to be treated.
Metal-adsorbent plant species that treats water quality
and turbidity, which is known for its remarkable root
Vetiver Grass
system that captures suspended particles and sediment,
soil stabilization and erosion control capabilities.
Aquatic plant that can provide a level of turbidity
reduction by limiting sunlight and reducing algal growth,
Water Lily
and their extensive root system acts as a natural filter,
absorbing particles that contribute to water cloudiness.
A designed enclosure/simulation tank that is to be used
Tank to imitate a natural environment for educational or
research purposes
A specially designed bed used for research or
Simulation Bed educational purposes to simulate various scenarios and
conditions
A water pump used for simulating specific water flow
Peristaltic Pump
and cycling water

14
3.2 Experimental procedures

The following experimental procedures will be used in the conduct of this

study. 

A. Determining the effectiveness of the plants in reducing the turbidity.

1. Prepare eight tanks for the whole simulation.
2. Set up four tanks for each type of plant. Two tanks with different plant
arrangements and two more with different intervals will be used.
3. Using turbidity meter, measure the turbidity of the water before filling the
tanks.
4. Calibrate the water flow in the simulation tank to imitate the actual water
flow data in the Libmanan water source.

B. Determining the effectiveness of the plant arrangement in reducing

the turbidity.
1. Using the same setup, four tanks will be set up for each plant
arrangement. Two tanks will be used for plant type, and two more for plant
interval.

C. Determining the effectiveness of the distances between each plant

in reducing the turbidity.
1. Four tanks will be set up for each plant distance in the same setup. Two
tanks will be used for the plant type, and two more for the plant
arrangement.

D. Identifying the shortest time for percent turbidity reduction

1. Document the water turbidity for 7 days using a 24-hour interval, by
collecting water sample from the eight tanks and testing using a
turbidimeter.
2. Record how long how long each setups took to reduce water turbidity.

15
 E. Determining the percent turbidity reduction.
1. Determine and record the initial turbidity level of the water sample used.
2. Document and record the turbidity reduction for 7 days using a 24-hour
interval.

3.3 Design of experiment

The design of the experiment is a regular two-level three factorial design.

The factors include the type of plant, the arrangement of the plant, and the
distances between the plants. The types of plant include the vetiver grass and
the water lily, while the arrangement is either linear or diagonal. The plants will be
six (6) inches, and twelve (12) inches apart. Consolidating these together yields a
total of eight (8) trials or runs. The table below summarizes the trials.

Table 2. Experimental Design

Distance
Turbidity
Run Type of Plant Arrangement Between
(NTU)
(Inches)
1 Vetiver Grass Linear 6
2 Vetiver Grass Linear 12
3 Vetiver Grass Diagonal 6
4 Vetiver Grass Diagonal 12
5 Water Lily Linear 6
6 Water Lily Linear 12
7 Water Lily Diagonal 6
8 Water Lily Diagonal 12

3.4 Statistical Analysis of Data

The results gathered from the experiment will be treated using analysis of
variance (ANOVA). It is a statistical formula used to compare variances across

16
the means of different groups. The present study uses a regular two-level three
factorial design, thus, will be using a full factorial (three-way) ANOVA. This will
calculate the main and the interaction effect of the factors.

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