L Z TAL COMMUNICATION «€ §s «Bl | Mopure 2: SIGNALING OVER AWGN) CHANNELS (> Intuodetion (> Geomednic yerentatoun Signal, ra Gram- Sduidt Otcthro okie prrcceduse o oavession of the Continueus AwGn Channel i ake a Veto channel - > Opboweun vaecuacek Using Cobosiout Aetection. (> ML Decod? 4 (7 Oulton vewler_ 1? Matted fier Wins, ."| _Dnteobuction : ~ | Courider He Sromote Cat 2 cbestal ~ the cower entput Cously ef I's and os silty | eae dot S ring. ewsted Th | I Or oy ~The than consti pot of te digiel c rot System Hoku “athe IF aud OS emitted 4, ste Some { amd envodie Hur inte distr Syooole Oneted by SH) and Sl) rexpectily , OWL Owe Cite fr Pramwisbenw ena te. | Rot Sly amd Stk) Oe veel — called enstgy Asgvols, as Shenow by Ere {sity de i242... | il. the ameloge chamsal by ots | eet O02 Shes w fr) fhe youived Sonal edge ie || [he Du) — Chawwel Noise. The veretwe tag the butkel obeewig te Veeetved Sigel a(t) a dusotien ef Th Seconol, ond How ers aw eStats af the transmitted Signal Sele) , or “eae tte th Seppanbe oe alot. _| . Transient | Sil) St _Resigey wl) | volt) while Gausian nate . $70 6 AVG Chas fa Domne | renerverusfll — chend make OccaGentl Aros. 7 eM ~) Thavefrre , the heguivonunt §S to dorm the | Seine so ag te minim te Cove e frre ale 1e of Sgentot ORF. , clefned oo Pos mP (ws =0[ 4 sent > + Th P(wnret[o seat) @ where T&T > Prion Prrebalitier Of tramarwilhign Squbole 1 & 0 i ama estnnale the Symbol 4 o& 0 Set | tb Congeo. > cetated. Pe rap bed be tre yore? ws.| _ The PUASO [1 Sent) cel Pome 1 fo Sent) 7 awe. condittenel - probata litter, — Qn wiwmni He pe Sepralook omitted sane op andl lat de vale He dg en Sipe at geelkalle os pose - — To obteve Anis Tunportank desion ekyecte hw Operant Settd trot twos aw Moog abprebat whose S are demoted s 7 My: we hove to undensteod too bas fscwen © ow to mn Hie beran Pe veretws_ ko on Ne ne — Synbd Bor. eae ear ener rc S(t) Salt). - mo ft for yeprrenenti the Synbole my, m,- | - og lin ae ) sete pity a |_B3 | Geonereic Repercentatioy of SUN ALS. -| 3 Hrad’ $s kajretoud ouy. Ack Of M emerge Perak pSeleng as Liners comb rations N Ohihonotumal, boss fine whee Ne ~ For a Given Sok ~ Valued Somals , SCL), Sale)... Salt) , ae dusation T eronds we wornle nN Sib= Sy hy +O Oster , : a Tela---M | hve the Co-efficcente Le enpamnern he hfe Sye { SW dlDdt 3 Che yr-- 4 gt \,2---N, - the yal valned oats vane geen 4. tt) bey br ow OrlronormaL ee “th g(t) lace by = 1 if ej Ce 4 ss ree ta 3@ Weare, By fs khencekes, dll ~The fet conten @) Stes tot caus how ate of aati) hore Lent energie, - The a corditier Sttle Mok Me bare functor At) dott) .-- dycty are okt {| | | | all: Seatpeut te Cok, other. Or the Srtaguel — | OLtLT. mo . a wn = | Fok. preted ©, the Seb of co-efficients Pi | be Viewed at an N-dimentional Siprall Medane dank. Yy 5 The vector S? becsa © ove b - ene Selaticonsh'y Leite the Hansmittes! oiqrel Sylt) - SyniTHESISER, fer Gevegating Silt) ~ Gvew tee I clomeds tHe vertor 4 efetatig ant 1 Mo fpllonsingg Charne. A Chorus vn $8) Cam bee reed fe “ or net she The consists a bank BL malls oe reid ey iia Pe eumn bats foto polo oy a Summtte SHED | wg | ~ bel: Cyne siser . Oy[zal Havarysee for RELOnSTRUCTING THE SIGWaL VECIOR. 3S Cie the Sgrele Stk) , bst2---°M- Os npnt We Us Sta jae Sa o— (fae Se7 Aevoredinglay. we Stale that each Symal, rte | Sek {skh & Covrrpletiley dakesennined by te Staal Vector Frytuy Shuma crm ontop fir her Care- ofa 2 & g wee &Gpele = 12, Nod & Me3- Sqr pre :1 | — Iw om N- dimentorwtl Eurliolean Spee. bo dove, ~ The Length (motion & alidute value) ef ov Aagral veto S$ & dlenotedl lop Sycdool StI The Sanraved Leng of aug Signal Vertofe Sts — efd fe be the faner frodiut & det meduut Oh Sp sila te 2 OK Shensa by, UIsey® = Gh —) howe Se ie the ie Clement ef St and i J of St - Supesont T denotes Matesx Hargpotstion, . ~The 5 a lakion bebo €: Condantof O Staprae amd Ue Oeyreesente tow at a vecboe The, a Sqr Sle) Of AudakKon Tsou ere of Ez { of (t).dt — © “ Satan bing qn ®) 2 ©@ Es c e: Siy hole Spe Pait| a =) fel,2.-°M: “Tatureb sug Eu ode of Cummakern and vialignntion amd veahaigng. fre forms, We Gat” Ef = aa Sy Ste fee 4) dt —»® ~ Site be Aa fritiors He) fom aw thenowel Seb tr accordant mibtv aa ar® , the can @) veduus +0 & = Ss Si AGI ——> @) Thus cn © & @ Shows that he ovraray. ON, Stra St) fs cayal to tHe t onan ae Corcerpmding, Stak vertms SiCb) —~ Gh te we pot. ot Sqrote Slt) & $C) Seeprretensted rp Lhe Siqual verbtr St 9 Se» Sur pets y We alsa Shee tat ['sta 5. - Gs, |—-© The ea © Sola Hot The tanet frrodnct He enthon, Siegal Sctt) Mi amd Silt) owe the Entesmal (BT ]J egal by fhe tune prod Mee gespeckive. vebrr Voyreten ta tious S ie- Another wef ralakion towatving, Be vector’ Weprerent tices of the energy Styinake © Srlt) & Selt) fo Asscoribed br 2 WS Sei ss sN bi- Se yr “fr Brlty— Sto]? de —) Vohwre St Se ig he Eutidenr distor Ley bebooer the posinlc entid Ate Siena vetos Sods. p Yeprres mate Sal ~ Te courtlete dhe prabane ser prrerentation, ay Sale 2 Need tp L a 4 . Oxy Sutended 2 si Vvecbot f wee k Yio 2 Signet 2 wittew , Ae cone He ange Oi, fs ott Hie twine pookect hace 2. Vectors divided by. the produut + Heth individinel VMURINS » BS Chow, CaO) = SHS, WSeh WSiell — The Aves Gand & ase Bus OMbegonnl ob Perperndicles ue ear olfur ‘t Hoi tnned_ Aroduk GTS ts zeros th which cate Oi298. — >) :SCHWARZ INEQUALITY, Lows dig. ony poste ot crergy. Sqnade St) Gt). The Scheoass. freqpoaity Shee tat ix 2 Lu ~ 2, SiGe Sthde] < [sto Tl fsa] The egpalty tds Hf cand kobe ib » SW) 65,4) vlwre c fs omy. Prot Let St) amd GUL) be enyrresced 1h tems Boe pote Ottronotimal bans fonctions 4,4) & dott) a8 follaws. SE) = Sib Ley +554, Salt) = Sa diley + Sods (ty lolove 4 () and 4, (4) Soishy the. orto ncmaat Condition Us the time tater (—e a) > Do Part dsl at - ee 7 bac, ~ en this basis 7 we rrog yeprredent lie Speke | 8H) and SO boy he [ont rt a “foo of Vertoter aS Shenme Ly fils) ; —()S)2 (Siw § Gz \Sa, Siz Sa $y) Veetote $20 pee ot Signal SC 48%). ~ Fam ft) y thes 7 Srbtended Netinear te ruta % £G is CBB = Gc USM eh y 4 tt) 4 ty dk 56 = Revegesing Ao CROL| Gr ® Levones dD oy « | Coesay’s [tow frou | yetFor comple valved Syrels . the Shivers egeathy nfm ng IS: S(Og* (b oa 4 [Siserad [ feof] The He hndlde tL onde only * B Slte CSL) ‘ade C fsa Const GRAM SCHMIDT ORTHOONALIZATION PReCE DURE, (Mathews teal! YVepresentn Hen ) U ~ Comridrr we tove. a got M_ Signals denoted bp SE), Solty. --- Sule) . The barss fon. Sigral SE) fs deh bp font fue & (tz sit) / re —(0 where E) > Crergy of the Sirol s(t). Sit) + &W JE = Sith). be) + ss @ hee the co-efficient | sy = Vey [an Ble) MA Unit enshar ag vequnited . Eye S" s4ay ab_ es] Using Wik Str)» we define He co-efficient . - a8 og = SCO 4.00 dt — > ® Wwe ~p e Bhus ohodue o trtewediot fenton, | | qxth)= & & = Sau 4 €)) outer? © whidh ts orlasgomal fo glo ores, the ee oekeT WL Cam new A Hoo f _ efsne- ~Fs04 &) - , Ce) = Got) oft bs —[G,dlueh : = Bs zy or $2120 —© v ST efcbdt pe VGiG- egw © 2 @ #, Ct) e Qlt) - Sb lk) —® [a-s => ports AY ef? where E, 2% tHe weg Be Sp ff todt = 4. —»@ Th which are tan © Velde t Tat) dy dteo. Tot ih f0 Corkade Blt) aud ditt) frm Am Orthenomel path af veguthed.ae eBnenn: Cy : 3 In goretel gilt) = Belt) - 2 Sib @ | vohove the co- efficent Sep One themselves | dlefined by. dot ine 2 UT W4lodt yey rt fer fet, ix (k= SptkD. Given gies , int oreo Lefine. ta at ows telkd= Filo 2-8 V Sqm ae vohove Nts Less thaw ar cea fo tea rune open Stivell ot, depending om one of 2 jouw Litiex O The Sgrals Sb), OCH -- - QACk) foom a binasb Sot , Sr voicly cate. Nem. @ tho Sols SCE) ,Satt) - - SuCby are net sindact, fuvdhiche coe NLM | a Se Satara question iD yro deh Nom.| Gus ft pt = (T33 4 = i 6.4 - S240) a o (To. f i, Vy sto ~ a 521500) 4, (Oat safe d} - ce fit C,* — 28 -S, + Sot a & — Be s,> aan $e) - 9, (0) . ates [fe2eat [Gs whore ‘Exe fisv@ne = bay 4 Sypal 49 [he is ctemomad fo £05 | 4500) —_ 2 se Fah ogte? = SO— | Shit sb Whee Sore [Psst date b Ssr= ['sseeeott PETSiO Vs ottrogmat fo 4) & Act) qc) = Jatt) f195@) rae In Gonora) Helk)= yet) OW) VOT Se at 1G i = tet,2..4 wr i) A. Sy4,cy T ’ Sy = J SU) dy dt 023.5 -N _ Shs ~~, & 4 Slt) is tumor fe i=l2.-M oeter Demre a Suleet Lneclg (ndependent Energy 0 Sanabs way pats ns By @® Bac, Of S(t) then find dC) @ Bnd 5, G, ww & H(t) © proweed f fd Sj, Getty 5 det)CONVERSION OF THE Continuoys AWGN CHANNEL INTO | A VECTOR CKANNEL. a Sufipeke- Book Abe frymt fo Ua doomte of vee a Cotaubtane tm FO) fy ee) framamnitted Smal Stk) but eather He received | Fark oe) rod im actordante, oily AWG Channel of fs) (se a2) “Ve, | UE) = Sl) tot) tte 3 where volt) — Sanyple ry 200 ma | ot root PSb No/p - 2 lak vt fed ae of of ya Sap. ts fe Vado. Randers VartoWe, x% 9 eke conte Value £ defined by % = (" beget) Ae . @ z Sig +4) eles ~ Te frst Compenent GP ts the deferminishe a my dire to te baremited & SLE)» A& fase a Sye ( Sled Blt) —)2 Then Sererd Component 0) 4 te” Lhe Sone yalne Oe ca Vasialle We» dine b the channel Mase wt) as Shown by. li; = (Fetes 49 — © Cowsda next a reo Shochacke [ress xe) Whose Soumple. fo 2b) Ps vulated t He . yeretyod Siral wh) on follows. nN alt = -— & Yh —+® Jn, States bing ee © 5 © tuto eqn ® tlt 0 N Sw — Z RyitHy) 4,00 © uw N wolt) — = , 4 (b) = wld . — =A ~ The, Sample mn 1'(4) depend or the bass © ~@ We oma Mom exerets te veceived 5)— 8 map exo Dh) ak a Temaindes tern tof rust te odded /inlnded on the | 5 of in @ bs preewe eapalite. « Gt) —s Tramguntier > determthe Lk) > Reveiva «= > Random dw b he Channel notre ef the Veretyor Cope « Statin — chasachitei gabon e Une Costaletoi ope. = BIN” w(t) : be: Awygn Medel ‘ — fat XE denclé the Shebastic proces , 0 Sample ow of De yerrired Argue x(t). het Xy demete te trandem vasiabde, sobate Sole Vole & erent bao oe woaelabor oP WH , y= iN. = A chatted Competely. by We aneaw VoMienie - Hye ELX = EL > Sy + « E18) ~ LG)Vatianse ot x ig Gen fy ox = Vow [GJ . ELOy-sq] > ECW] —-@ — The %emdem Vatiolle, Wd, is Aefineck by Wie (Twlod we dt oe E [o@d ere “ob A du ~ ne AOA) 1G Wlu) au] i) sp ge oe . . [po yore panes dt -du “[' f 4 4) Ro(4,u) at da D whee RK (t,u) thuto coSrelation, fustio. * Me Neve [ree wot).Ta] nV Roltyu) = Ne SCe-u) 368) Smphtyne © .@ - Pe Ny 2 c Aw du) Slk-u) dtd : Ne { 4D de. ——s(®) Smue Bt) sc. unt onetge Mey = Ne fr all _ © &O Sheng hat cdf the CALA ops » deneted bp Xj eta febe . W) spahet: danny Ag the poser Spetio - Aewialg ob be raise proceeg wt). — Sine ena _ | Xp oe mantel unto relatos . ve, cv [yerJe © VER.| j olen Bhat Hug ote alvo Stk shenbly | tndepenctent : : : Vagzalle ‘ X: x m —_—__,@ Xn) Standen, Vosialle ust mean value pall Sy and Vatiante. equal +0 Me . a The conitionnl spots. daly fade. Me ele Xx Given that he Spal Sle) W9AS Sour w aa k(x X| mi) = T he bo) fel2jom. Sree thah Xj Goat phialle, poll, ea Si % Vethowte No (om have ¢ % fe Cy / |i) = im bs ieSahay © § @. fsb: « yey) lest _ dietinwed, . a Felx|me), & [52 2M frewide Ate orate nization of Ais nrodel - ~ The Abetihood. function, Anis) te df by L(me) = fA X| mt) —>®@ Te |a)-- My i = Na ila Can G) Weng Likelihood funtion devoted L(t) k ea L (mt) = J [L65)] , 63) where Dn > Natal Lopaitlan + OF Pandit dant ‘anc samme. p The hoaeittunc functionis a smumobenicollayCnertasuge. fouution ef ce CAeprwent - (mt) # “ = (Si) teem 1D Fl —>€) dete NO D(a), Sinte Of beara no Prelation to dhe mestege Sybel omg : Spx 32 bb Nae the clement Ae Signal Veute $} Yeprekeenting Hho message, Supe, mt.2-1 -Opfimum Receivers [ISING Cotegmuy DETECTION Morimum Aitelihoed Detection . — Ba qual & oft mum wetted fw Asteching the ‘encrited a comeynge ~ Assume that fn Ca tne sit of 7 Seomalt , ene. te MU pessite devel, S,(4)," SAt)- Sule) Ue browsanitied wile eyel protests wi audved ook _ Fa. ays chowal + 2055 ay be deed by ag at -Sb40h) -O o4teT P2\,2--°4 vo(t) voher L(t) —> yereied 33 w(t) > Sarntle jon voqn froacss Kad Ohi Nypio eons amd psd= Ne We Can Tefrdent Can O va team ef ved ag Xx: Sr+O 36 fel,---M where X > drouation of rend velo Ww NSE \echr Si > Sqr) vector.=) Given the obcetvation Vesbr x, ice bone bo perfrm a MAbprng. from x jo an exhwalt ms of a tuntmiited Sigrnbre me » th a oer thek weuld ominiwnrg the awerage. preoballiig “ef Syrartot BB Ente deahen. —. I — SIMS Maximuw Uiteliheed detector , — Suppose thet , whew the Strevalion Verb fe Vala Xi» we make tte deuision mam. The averane preted ltl Sipateat RRB Un His deussew nik “t ie Gwe, x) = Pom not cet K ) = lo P Om get /x) - Now Sue our Critoienis to uininnze the Arvbabrlilg of OBO). Un “napping each Guan chieuntion veld xX, fetoa douden . we deduce fron eqw B) tet the opbimun) 26 dexter, Sule IS as follows La € Sek me me: o— ab POwe Sont'/x.) > Amy sautt/ ) fr all a vue Kel,2----M. Thés decition ole “refered fo AS marimums a posterior’ prevents (Map) . - Ke mau westhe the deuvern wile ah Cussg Deape's Rule’) Sb et i Pe FxCoe) IS waninum for kof fxCx) vohene fre — Prive probetality of OCcurCnle of S me - blkline) > & Hu Blalihoed frantion Mak vetudle wher Mp 1s transmitted’ - fxGe > Uncendibenal ont prebateslily owes funtion tte grandes ae x. *f = Hose vs an) Oke Aunewinabe Ae(r) & independent of the autuvitted Sire)D the pw frvhesbslly PerPe When all te Sgrals ase thavawilted mile eared probe + Cot Meme BS f(x | mic) te maKimunr fee ket - Suu Ltelihoed Function is monn negate , S& Meme 5 Dn [F(x [mic] “ manimum fre ket - This deefeen rile fs referesved fy ag gece DEA Neon Sn lon is Called 28 Maximum Likelthoad Upeeplarcal trplemenrkrtion of Mavimun~ Hitetheod Belton Sule! ~ he ZK doncete ie A - dimentienal Spue et ol posh Giwerved vetoes A» We yefer to [hss Spare aa Cbearuabiion Spate2-lb A Because we asume trot ihe deinen rule cust 9 as me vole fal,2---M_ he total Sliwration Spare Z is condi ee tni> M dedciow Yegiens, dene 2,2 - : Vat X bier cnesde. gion Zp AnD Fax lime] iS maxtmun for kel ~ En tema Of Grcbitden dsbnce Verkoe xX he, WGde ween Z iL @ =(4y- Se) is waanimtns for K=C = |x - “Sell . OD ee Lick nde reper 23 24% “5 & fs mamimune for ketasl ~ The offimum rveuives. for om Ange) chanel it), SC) 6 og Sult> OSe_ Carole, Meola, Ww called &@ (osmrelatiow Meet er « ~ Tt Comes 2 Subs $ tend , ndtv, ade ah Sheer Un fr@sed. f : rat }-—> 4c Tae T4,ct) te * dt Gs F bp SO. Detect BR Pemedultor. ot I : Su Ex $5@. Strol Theme miccion Devodec‘1. Detecby 2 vhidy (onsss le Of M coserslata en Supplied will o Sef of ortiendenel lors cpantio (8) ALO = AUD Mat oe Cemarsted Locally. This Yank of, cotaelatona on the Rewived Anal ult) Oster de predute the cleeition, verbs. x. % Movimum italihesd deredas : hich opera estwate om ef the Ceamewnitfed Sigmbot mee LM, tr Sus a big tal tte prebatslity ef eAses 1S radi naizedt: ; In, accotdone. volte He anopimun Aeredes mul hed the N chomonk of " the efnesveblrew: Vertose K by the nel of ea of Me Signal Verto see Cm cerces = hee He Geeenlbe J . Summed up dr accumulatorr te ‘ee CoPmesponding- Set of Eanes produ XS fee Ihe M).za (= Next fae fang ppodut ate Cosdelaled far Sha Fou Hak fe hamtmited Argued enssaied may. bo unkcyoat ; Finally » te + ene Sn fhe rvedullt i (Atk of murmbssn US caeckd., and an ayn deisor en te tanturtted mess. is Mater, Futen Recetver = The Aebeetore. Shouse vn fy (1) Towerbveg ov Sf of Wbsola toseg. We cam use. rvolerd Shruibine vv Lormelatotg . te pens oft, vee _y» Consider a LTT fill silt imprtie Response W(t) - voll, rereived Stra axle) Operating. a8 Cry, the saubbing. filtas. opis Aehued boy the HWW = [" WO ME-Ode 0,“Wwe evnlali Ais integral ever Ma dusation of = Bramsmrited Supaleet’. fre oZt4T J,2 J xh dé © — Vss Pank comolotyng , the wh vossataton ‘ defined be *t + 24° froae dt —) Ling eqn © & (3) GD = shy O-b ye ba. M OLteT hylt) = fy (r-t) | fe Je L2- dete] - Grew a free Sigel f (+) 5 ‘ eccup the ene ta » Q@ LT Pe er to te the Sirol Plt) % ie & Seegponte- Ate Sakis fier hte colthaw | Ale Crt) fr gtr, Wuly The time Crvadiont filler defined fr teas bn fs called a matched filler . rE pondinata 7 OM eptinuas Yoreter ues _ rated filters in po of coserels tory fs Called 2 mraktred filler Yewives ah Shove sn fos) -