Brake

system
Nico Brotons
Jaurés García
Toni Domenech
Vehicle brakes
The brakes of a vehicle have
the mission of stopping the
vehicle at the will of the
driver.
Distribution of
braking by axles
• The front axle, which
usually supports the
weight of the engine,
will have between 60 and
70% of the braking.
• The rear axle, which does
not usually support the
weight of the engine,
will have 30 to 40% of
the braking.
 Important
parameters during
braking

• Force of execution
• Braking force
• Adhesion force
• Contact surface
• Coefficient of friction
Advantages of disc
brakes
➢ Greater stopping power
➢ Greater stability under
braking
➢ Less performance loss
with increasing
temperature
➢ Greater ease of assembly

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Disc brake
operation
The friction is done
by a hydraulic pump
that drives the
pistons that push the
pads against the
disc.

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Composition of
disc brakes
Disc brakes are made up
of:
➢ Disk
➢ Brake pads
➢ Brake caliper
 • Non-ventilated discs
• Ventilated discs

Types of disc
brakes
Brake pads
They are friction linings
that rub against the disc
and produce braking.

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Brake calipers
• Floating calipers: They
have a single drive piston.
• Stationary calipers: They
have several drive pistons.
Advantages of drum
brakes
• Increased friction
surface of the shoes
• Lower noise level
• It is not necessary to
use such hard
materials
Composition of
drum brakes
• Brake shoes
• Drum
• Bowler hat
• Automatic adjustment system
The braking action
on drum brakes
The shoe that opens against
the rotation of the drum is
called the primary shoe,
while the other is called
the secondary shoe.
The fading
phenomenon
This phenomenon
originates in drum brakes
due to the increase in
temperature due to
prolonged use and causes
performance losses.
Brake cylinder
The brake cylinders
are composed of:
- A cylinder
– Two drive pistons
- A pier
– Two garnishes
– Two overalls
 Drum brake
adjustment systems
• Endless screw adjustment: made up
of a connecting rod, a grooved
ring and a selector finger.
• Adjustment by toothed sector: made
up of a toothed sector, a
connecting rod and a toothed
roller.
Parking break
Its main mission is to block
the vehicle at the stopping
place to keep it
immobilized.
Handbrake parts
• Activation lever
• Steel cable tensioner
• Steel wire
• Cable protection sheath
• Fork
• Lever and set of
springs
 Parking brake
arrangement on
disc brakes
Parking brakes
mounted on disc
brakes can act in
two different ways:
on the brake caliper
itself or as drum
brakes.
Brake fluid
• Possess a boiling point of around
250°C.
• Does not easily absorb moisture.
• Have anticorrosive properties.
• Present great chemical stability.
• Respond to European SAE
standards.
 Brake system
lines

It is the system
incharge of
transferring the
brake fluid from the
pump to the
receiving elements.
Fittings in the brake
system
A fitting is a metal
connecting element between
tubes, whether rigid or
flexible.

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Independent braking
circuits
All vehicles manufactured today have
totally independent braking circuits
with their own pump. If not, in the
event of a leak, the brakes would be
disabled.
Types:
➢ II
➢X
➢ LL
➢ HI
➢ HH
Master cylinder
The brake pump's
mission is to create
the correct hydraulic
pressure to send the
brake fluid to the
different elements of
the system.
Brake master
cylinder parts
• A deposit
• A cylinder
• A piston
• The compensation hole
• Conduits
• A pier
Brake master cylinder
operation
• First phase: in which the
piston stroke begins, the
compensation hole is open.
• Second phase: when the
compensation orifice is
closed and the pressure is
increased.
 Tandem master
cylinder
The primary piston is
actuated directly by the
brake pedal, while the
secondary piston is actuated
by the spring between it and
the primary piston and by the
increase in pressure.
Braking correctors
They take care of
adapting its
operation to the
different
circumstances of
braking.
Fixed compensator

Fixed brake
compensators limit
output hydraulic
pressure to the axle
that supports the least
weight.
Compensator integrated in
the brake cylinders
They have a calibrated passage
where the hydraulic pressure
enters, thanks to which the
rear brakes work at constant
pressure.
Compensator depending on
the deceleration of the
vehicle

• A ball of inertia
• A deflector
• Hydraulic pressure input
• The cylinder
• A piston
• The hydraulic pressure
outlet
Compensator
depending on the
vehicle load
The flow from the
pump enters the
compensator and
depending on the
position of the
bodywork, the
plunger will more
or less close the
passage.
Brake assist systems
• Its mission is to facilitate
the actuation of the brakes
• Origin of work pressure and
depression: in gasoline
engines of the engine itself
and in diesel engines of a
vacuum pump.
• Vacuum pump: This pump
receives the movement it
needs directly from the
camshaft, the alternator or
the distribution.
Brake booster
operation
The brake booster is
equipped with two
chambers: a vacuum
chamber, the largest,
and a pressure
chamber.
Types of brake
boosters
• Mastervac system: It is the most
used in vehicle assembly, it is
not inserted in series between
the pedal and the pump.
• Hydrovac system: the only
difference is that it is not
integrated in series between the
foot pedal and the pump.
• Perforation of the
control membrane Most common faults in
• Breakage of the servo brakes
vacuum tube
• Poppet valve
malfunction
• Play in the brake
pedal actuation
• Appearance of
brake fluid in the
brake booster
Diagnosis of faults in braking systems
Uneven braking
• Warped brake discs
• Pistons seized or leaking brake fluid
• Functional deficiencies in the braking corrector

Strange noises when braking

• worn friction element
Diagnosis of faults in braking systems
 Vibrations in the steering wheel when braking

Diagnosis of • Warped brake discs or oval drums

• Play in the brake calipers

faults in • Clearances in the vehicle's transmission

system

braking Low brake efficiency

systems
• Wear of friction elements

• Loss of brake fluid characteristics

• Brake master cylinder failure

Diagnosis of faults in braking systems