X ICSE Biology Section - Human PhysiologyESTED DIAGRAMS & QUESTIONS Give the specific function of parts 1,2 & 3. Name the cell that provides immunity to the body. iv) Mention one structural difference between part labeled & 2. V) What is the life span of part labeled ‘1’? vi) Name a soluble protein found in part labeled ‘3’ which helps in clotting of blood. vii) Place of origin and place of destruction of blood cells labelled 1&2. Question-2: i) Name the two phenomenon shown inAB&C. ii) Explain the phenomenon shown in “B& C and give it's significance. iii) Name the blood cell that does this activity. OUPEDESIS AND PHAGOCYTOSIS BY CsQuestion-3: The given diagram represents the T.S of blood vessels. Study and answer the following questions- i) Name the blood vessels shown and label their parts . ii) Give any two structural differences between them, shown in the given diagram. What is the functional difference between them? iv) Give the exact location of the blood vessels shown. v) Which blood vessel has valves and why?Pulmonary valve open ae valve open Atrial disstole Ventricular le Tricuspid “i ‘and bicuspid diastole pret Auricular Systole and Ventricular Diastole Ventricular Systole and Auricular Diastole Question-4: Given figure represents the two main phases of cardiac cycle. i) Name the phases shown and give a reason for your answer. ii) Name the valves that remain closed during each phase. iii) Name the sound produced during each phase and give a reason for production of that sound. iv) Which parts of the heart are contracting in each of this phase? Give a reason to Support your answer. v) What is the term given for contraction and relaxation of chambers of heart?and damaged tissues Calcium __, | 4 Vitamin K ions Thromboplastin Thrombin Prothrombin {inactive) cay) oe (soluble) Red blood cell trapped in meshwork of fibres Fibrin fibreINTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART Question-6: i) Label the parts shown. ii) Name the valve present in between right auricle and right ventricle and give its function. ii) Give the location of mitral valve and its function. iv) Where is pericardial fluid present? Give its significance. ¥) Why the ventricles have thick and more muscular walls than auricles? vi) Name the blood vessels that enter the heart and those which leave the heart and also the nature of blood flowing through them. vii) Name the blood vessels which supply blood to the walls of heart. - Coronary arteriesEXCRETORY SYSTEM Brief idea of different excretory organs in human body — Kidney; skin; lungs; liver with reference to the nitrogenous wastes excreted by them. Detailed knowledge of Kidney with reference to its location , structure and function. External structural features of urinary system with reference to parts like Ureter, Hilum, Pelvis, Urinary Bladder and Sphincter muscles. > Internal structural features of kidney with reference to outer Renal Cortex, Inner Renal Medulla, Conical Pyramids, Papillae. Structure of a Nephron with reference to- Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct (location& process occurring) Concept of Malpighian Capsule/ Renal Capsule.enatastery enalvela ena pes eer A fone 2. Longitudinal section { Diagrammatic of Kidney) Question-1: See The given diagram shows L.S, of human kidney. Study and answer the questions- i) Label the parts shown. ji) Why does the cortex of kidney shows a dotted appearance? (presence of Bowman’s capsule & PCT) iii) Why does the medulla of kidney shows a striped appearance ? (presence of renal pyramids, Henle’s loop & collecting ducts) iv) Difference between renal artery and renal vein on the basis of — nature of blood flowing & function. v) Give the location of the structure shown. vi) Why the right kidney located at a slightly lower level than the left one? vii) Define micturition.Question-2: MALPIGHIAN CAPSULE Study the diagram given and answer the questions — Afferent Efferent i) Label the parts shown. Anecote (1) Ateile (2) ii) Name the structure shown and give its location in the 2 F&F kidney. iii) Name the process that occurs in parts labelled 3.& 4? oolae Explain the process. (3) iv) What is the difference between blood vessel 1 & 2? v) Name the pressure responsible for the process mentioned by you in (iii) above. 2 ‘Glomerular Fitrate vi) Which blood vessel forms part labelled ‘4’ — afferent arteriole (4) Question-3: Given alongside is a diagram showing urinary system- i) Label the parts shown. ii) Name the structural and functional unit of part labelled ‘4’. iii) Name the two main organicfinorganic constituents of the fluid that flows down the part labelled ‘1’ iv) Name the 3 major steps involved in the formation of the fluid. ¥) Give the function of parts labelled ‘2’ & ‘3’.Question-4: i) Name the structure shown and label the parts given. ii) What is the difference between part labelled ‘1° & 4 7. iil) Give the location of part labelled ‘5’. iv) Give the combined technical term for part labelled ; & 4 and draw its labelled diagram. v) Name the process that occurs in the term mentioned by you in (iv) above. vi) Name the blood vessel that has highest amount of urea after a protein rich meal— hepatic vein (as urea is produced in liver) vii) A blood vessel having highest amount of urea — renal artery (urea also produced in muscle cells) vii) Name the blood vessel that has least amount of urea — Renal vein (renal artery enters kidney as afferent arteriole and carries maximum urea along with blood into the glomerulus) viii) Name the blood vessel that has highest amount of glucose — hepatic portal vein ix) Name the structure that contains lowest conc. of glucose. — collecting duct x) Hormone that regulates urine output —A.D.H (It controls conc. of urine by water reabsorption.) xi) Where is most water reabsorbed ? - PCTv¥ Vv NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and function of Neuron and its parts with the concept of synapse, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter. External structure of brain with reference to the location and main functions of - e Fore brain- Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Cerebrum e Hind brain- Cerebellum; Pons; Medulla Oblongata. Concept of the distribution of white matter and grey matter inside the brain with reference to Cytons and Axons. Peripheral Nervous System - Basic difference between Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves with reference to their origin, number and nature. Autonomic Nervous System — Difference between sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system. Diagrammatic explanation of Reflex Arc, showing the pathway from receptor (sense organs) to effector organs (muscles and glands)> Difference between natural and acquired reflex with examples, > Structure of the human eye ball with reference to its three layers and associated parts with their specific functional activity :- e Sclera- Cornea and conjunctiva e Choroid- ciliary body and ciliary muscles, iris, pupil. e Retina- rods and cones, yellow spot, blind spot. >» Concept of Aqueous chamber and Vitreous chamber, fluid present in each with their importance. > Brief idea of Stereoscopic vision, Adaptation (Light and dark) and Accommodation of an eye. >» Eye defects such as-myopia, hypermetropia/hyperopia, presbiopia, astigmatism and cataract with reference to the defect, reason and correction. Main focus should be on the diagrammatic questions based on Myopia and Hypermetropia only.> Structure of human ear with reference to -— 1. External Ear = Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanum 2. Middle ear - Ear ossicles, oval window, round window, eustachian tube 3. Inner ear / membranous Labyrnth - Cochlea , Semicircular Canals, Vestibule ( Utriculus & Sacculus) » Logical sequence with reference to course of perception of sound in human ear. » Role of ear - Hearing and BalancingDENDRITES xe STRUCTURE OFA __NEURON / SYNAPSE Question-1: i) Name the structure shown and give its significance. ii) Label the parts given. iii) What is the importance of part labelled ‘1’. iv) Name the phenomenon labelled as ‘2’ and explain it. v) Name the white insulating layer present in the given structure. vi) Name the chemicals present in the axon bulbs. Give one example .on-2: The given diagram represents a phenomenon pertaining to the nervous system. Study and answer the questions- i) Label the parts shown. ii) Name the phenomenon shown and explain it. iii) Give the technical term for the point of contact between two nerve cells. iv) Name the pathway shown by the arrows and define it. v) Give a logical sequence for the pathway named in (ili) above.White,matter Dorsal Dorsal root ganglion Ventral neuron Root Effector. T.S. of Spinal Cord Showing Reflex Arc tcw Parietal Lobe Cerebrum orpus Callosum Frontal Lobe © Hypothalamus Occipital Lobe Pons Varolli Cerebellum MedullaOblongata — a SpinalCord) 1 Question-3: V.S, OF BRAIN i) Label the parts given in the figure shown. ii) Give the function of parts labelled ‘1’2’ & ‘3’. iii) Give the exact location of part labelled ‘5’. iv) Give the location and one main function of part labelled ‘4’. v) Name the protective coverings of the brain and mention the combined technical term for them. vi) Name the fluid present in these protective coverings and give its function.TVA -SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT(7) LENS \ OPTIC NERVE 4) V. S. Human E\ Question-4: i) Give one main function of parts labelled 1, 2,7, 8,9. ii) From where does part labelled ‘4’ originates. iii) Name the fluid present in part labelled ‘6’ and give its function. iv) Give the location of part labelled ‘5’. v) Name the sensory cells present in part labelled ‘3’ and mention the pigment present in each. vi) Name the part of the eyeball that can be donated. vii) Give one point of difference between part labelled 10 & 11.\. MYOPIA AND ITS CORRECTION Question-5: i) Name the defect shown and explain it briefly. ii) Mention two possible reasons for the defect shown. iii) State how the defect can be rectified. iv) Where is the image formed in the defect shown? v) Draw a suitable diagram to show the rectified image. vi) Name the part responsible for maintaining the shape of the eyeball.SemiCircular Canals Utriculus / Utricle \Vestibule Sacculus /Saccule} (3) Cochlea (2) Internal Structure of Membranous Labyrnth Question-6: i) Name the structure shown and label its parts. ii) Name the sensory cells present in part labelled ‘2’ and give their location. iii) Name the part of the ear responsible for transmitting impulses to the brain. iv) Name the part labelled above which is responsible for - a) Static equilibrium b) Dynamic equilibrium c) Hearing v) Name the fluid present in the structure shown.ENDOORINE GLANDS > Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands with reference to their secretion and presence or absence of ducts. > Clear understanding of the following Endocrine glands with reference to their location, shape /structure, hormones secreted, function and diseases caused due to over secretion and under secretion of hormones- e Adrenal e Pancreas e Thyroid e PituitaryLocation of Principal Endocrine Glands in Human Body Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)(7.8) Adrenal Gland Question-1: i) Name the gland shown and label its parts 1 & 2. ii) Give the location of the gland shown. iii) Name the hormone secreted by part labelled ‘2’ and explain why it is called an emergency hormone. iv) Give any two functions of the hormone secreted by part labelled ‘2’. v) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone secreted by part labelled ‘1’ and give its one symptom.PANCREAS Duodenum Question-2: i) Name the gland shown. Give the exact location of the gland shown. Why is this gland called a ‘mixed gland’? iv)Name the hormone secreting cells present in this gland. v) Name the hormone secreted by the following cells and give one function of each- a) Beta cells b) Alpha cells vi) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone secreted by the cells mentioned in (iv) above and give one symptom of each.L~ »\ >— larynx thyroid 7 =N thyroid gland gland Right Lobe) | ow j/ (Left Lobe) Question-3: trachea i) Name the gland shown. Isthmus i) Give the exact location of the gland shown. >. Thyroid Gland iii) Give one structural feature of this gland. iv) Name the hormone secreted by this gland and give its function. v) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone in adults and give one symptom. vi) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone in children and give one symptom. vii) Why is simple goitre commonly seen in the people living in hilly regions?Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Intermediate Lobe Question-4 : \ Pituitary Gland i) Name the gland shown and give its location. ii) Name the hormone secreted by its posterior lobe, which helps in easy birth of a child. iii) Why is this gland popularly known as master gland? iv) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of Growth Hormone in childhood. v) Give any two points of difference between gigantism and acromegaly. vi) What is a tropic hormone? Name any two tropic hormones. vii) Differentiate between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. viii) Elaborate the following- (a)T.S.H (b) A.C.T.H_= (c) A.D.HTHINGS TO REMEMBER RELATED TERMS FOR DEFINITION - *Nervous system * Synapse & synaptic cleft *Accommodation of eye * Stimulus *Stereoscopic vision ¢ Impulse *Light & Dark Adaptation * Receptors & effectors * Meninges * Gyri & sulci * Corpus callosum * Spinal & cranial nerves * Voluntary & involuntary actions * Natural and conditioned reflexes * Reflex action * Reflex arcTHINGS TO REMEMBER RELATED TERMS FOR DEFINITION - *Circulatory system * Excretory System * Lymph & tissue fluid Ultrafiltration * Diapedesis Selective Reabsorption * Phagocytosis Osmoregulation * Systole & diastole Micturition * Pulse * Blood pressure * Rh factor * Serum * Myocardial infarction ¢ Angina pectoris * PacemakerTHINGS TO REMEMBER RELATED TERMS FOR DEFINITION - *Endocrine System ¢ Endocrine & exocrine glands * Hormones * Addison’s disease * Cushing’s syndrome ¢ Islets of Langerhans * Diabetes mellitus * Diabetes insipidus "4 * Insulin shock * Tropic hormonesTHINGS TO REMEMBER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN: R.B.C & W.B.C Agranulocytes & granulocytes Artery & Vein Pulmonary artery & pulmonary vein Renal artery & renal vein Hepatic artery & hepatic vein Systole & diastole Universal donor & universal acceptor Pulmonary & systemic circulation Afferent & efferent arteriole Sensory & motor nerves Brain &Spinal cord (parts of neurons) Cranial & spinal nerves Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systemTHINGS TO REMEMBER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN * Natural & conditioned reflexes * Yellow spot & blind spot *« Aqueous chamber & vitreous chamber * Aqueous humour & vitreous humour ¢ Light & Dark adaptation ¢« Myopia & hypermetropia * Endocrine & exocrine glands ¢ Hypoglycemia & hyperglycemia * Diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidusFEW EXAMPLES OF GIVE REASONS- 1) Sleeping in non-ventilated rooms with burning furnaces may result in death. i 2) If an Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive child, it causes problem leading to death of foetus. 3) People have a common belief that human heart is located on the left side of the chest. 4)Ventricles have thick and more muscular walls than auricles. 5) Mature mammalian R.B.C’s lacks nucleus & mitochondria. 6) Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting. 7) The right side kidney is at a slightly lower level than the left one. 8) Renal cortex of kidneys show a dotted appearance.9) Renal medulla of kidneys show a striped appearance. 10) We urinate fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine is generally thicker. 11) If we donate one kidney to a needy person it would not cause any harm to us. 12) It is necessary to maintain a normal osmotic concentration of the blood. 13) An alcoholic person when drunk walks clumsily on road. 14) An injury to medulla oblongata causes an immediate death. 15) When a person moves from a brightly lit area to a dark room, he experiences difficulty in seeing objects for a short while.16) When a person moves from a dark room to a brightly lit area, he experiences a dazzling effect for a short period. 17) You cannot make out the red, violet or purple flowers in a garden ona moonlit night. 18) If eustachian tube gets blocked , it causes rupturing of tympanum giving popping or cracking sounds. 19) If three tiny ear ossicles are replaced by one big bone, there is loss of hearing. 20) If you spin round and round for a short while and then stop , you feel dizzy. 21) Adrenaline hormone is commonly said to be an emergency hormone. Why?ALL THE BEST FOR & GOOD RESULT