1) Mention the problems that are taken care of by reproduction and Child Health Care
Program.
Ans:-
2) What is amniocentesis and why is there a stationary Ban on it?
Ans:-
Amniocentesis is a technique of foetal sex determination based on the pattern of chromosome in
the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. A statutory ban has been imposed on this to
stop its misuse and therefore to check the increasing cases of female foeticides resulting in the
imbalance of sex ratio in human population. It is so called because it is basically a technique of
investigating the genetic and metabolic disorders if any of the fetuses by taking out a small quantity
of amniotic fluid.
3) List any four characteristics of ideal contraceptive. Name two interactive contraceptive
devices that affect the motility of sperms.
Ans:-
Four characteristics of an ideal contraceptive.
● User friendly
● No side effect
● Reversible
● Effective
Two intrauterine contraceptive devices that affect the motility of sperms are:
Copper T and Copper 7
4) Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high
effective contraceptive value? Names are commonly prescribed non steroidal oral pills.
Ans:-
5) Name and explain the mode of action of any two types of IUDs . List the advantage of
Saheli as a contraceptive.
Ans:-
a) Two types of IUDs are -
Copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)- IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the
uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.
Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20)- They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation
and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
b) Advantages of using Saheli as a contraceptive -
Saheli –the new oral contraceptive for the females contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is a ‘once
a week’ pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value. They are highly effective and
reversible.
They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/
retard entry of sperms
6. IVF is a very popular method that is helping childrenless couples to bear a child.Describe
the different steps that are carried in out this technique.
Ans:-
Egg from the receiver/donor (female) and sperms from the receiver/donor (male) are collected and
induced to form a zygote, in simulated conditions in the laboratory, the zygote/ early embryos(up to 8
blastomeres) then transferred into the fallopian tube(ZIFT), and embryos with more than 8
blastomeres, into the uterus(IUT) to complete its further development.
7. Expand GIFT and ICSI.
Ans:-
GIFT : Gamete lntra Fallopian Transfer. CSI Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
8. Mention one positive and one negative application of amniocentesis.
Ans:-
Positive application : It helps to detect any genetically controlled congenital disease or
any metabolic disorders in foetus.
Negative application : People use this method for female foeticide.
9) Give one reason for statutory ban on amniocentesis.
Ans:-
Amniocentesis can lead to female foeticide as it detects the sex of the foetus
which decreases the gender ratio. So, it has a statutory ban to avoid female
foeticide.
10) Define infertility.
Ans :-
Inability to give birth to a child or inability to conceive is called
infertility.
11. Why is ZIFT a boon to childless couples? Explain the procedure.
Ans:-
ZIFT Zygote IntraFallopian Transfer method helps the infertile couples to have babies. The GIFT is
considered as a boon to childless couples because it enables them to attain the parenthood. In this
technique fusion of the ovum from the donor female wife and the sperm from the donor male
husband is done outside the body in the laboratory and the zygote or early embryo with up to 8
blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube of the woman. Implantation takes place at this
early embryo stage in the uterus where further development of the embryo takes place.
12. Why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis and why is the
technique so named?
Ans:-
Amniocentesis is a technique of foetal sex determination based on the pattern of
chromosome in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. A statutory ban
has been imposed on this to stop its misuse and therefore to check the increasing
cases of female foeticides resulting in the imbalance of sex ratio in human population. It
is so called because it is basically a technique of investigating the genetic and metabolic
disorders if any of the fetuses by taking out a small quantity of amniotic fluidRead more
on
13. Explain the zygote intrafallopian transfer technique. how is intrauterine transfer
technique different from it.
Ans :-
Zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT) is a technique in in vitro fertilisation
where the zygote or early embryo having up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the
fallopian tube to complete its further development. Intra Uterine Transfer technique
(IUT) is different from ZIFT as the embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are
transferred into the uterus in IUT
14. Describe lactational amenorrhea method of birth control.
Ans:-
In some females, just after childbirth, there is a phase of amenorrhoea or
absence of menstruation. It is also a phase of intense lactation. In this
duration breastfeeding, the child fully prevents conception. This method is,
however, is effective only to a maximum period of six months.
15) At the time of independence the population of India was 350 million which Exploded
to over 1 billion by 2020 two reasons for the rise in population and any two steps taken
by the government to check this population explosion.
Ans:-
Two reasons for increase in population are: (i) A rapid decline in death rate, maternal
mortality rate and infant mortality rate. (ii) Increase in number of people in reproducible
age. Two reasons for decline in population are: (i) Statutory raising of marriageable age
of the female to 18 years and male to 21 years. (ii) Incentives given to couples with
small families
16. How do oral contraceptive pills act on human females?
Ans:-
Pills act as contraceptives in human female in the following ways:
(i) They inhibit ovulation.
(ii) They inhibit implantation.
(iii) They alter the quality of cervical mucus in order to prevent the entry of
sperms.
17. What is assisted reproductive Technologies?
Ans:-
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) refers to fertility treatments and procedures
that can help with difficulties or an inability to conceive children. ART techniques
involve the manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos to increase the likelihood of a
successful pregnancy
18. Why is Saheli considered an effective contraceptive for women to space children?
Ans:-
Saheli is an example of oral contraceptive pills that contain a non-steroidal component
called centchroman. These pills have high contraceptive value with little side effects. it
acts by inhibiting ovulation impairs cervix and transportation of sperm make
uterus unsuitable for implantation. It is a once-a-week pili.
19. Name the hormone composition of the oral contraceptives by human females
explain
how it acts as a contraceptive.
Ans:-
Oral contraceptive pulls contain small doses of either progestogen alone or a
combination of progestogen and estrogen (combined pill). These pills check
ovulation in female by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH hormones that are
necessary for ovulation.
20. How do surgical procedures prevent conception in humans? Mention the way
achieved
in human male .
Ans:-
Surgical procedures block gamete transport and thereby prevent conception. In
human males, the sterilisation procedure is called vasectomy, i.e. a small part of the vas
deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
21) How do Copper and hormone releasing IUD act as a contraceptive?
Ans:-
The copper releasing IUDs release Cu ions which supress sperm motility and the
fertilising capacity of sperms. The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable
for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
22. Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Ans:-
) Contraceptive devices help in reducing unwanted pregnancies, which
reduces increased birth rate and hence, checks population explosion.
2) Contraceptives provide an option for planning the family by spacing the
pregnancies and avoiding unwanted pregnancies.
3) Contraceptives also prevent the incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases,
AIDS etc. to some extent.
23. Is sex education nesscessary in schools ? If so why ?
Ans:-
Sex education is necessary in schools because it provides correct information
about of reproductive health, related organs, about adolescence and sexually
transmitted diseases. As well as it creates awareness to protect people from
the misconceptions about various sex related issues.
24. Explain two methods of assisted reproductive technology that have helped
childless
couples to bear children
Ans:-
(i) Test-tube baby programme.
In test-tube programme
● Ova from the wife or a donor female and the sperms from the husband or a donor male is
allowed to fuse under simulated conditions in the laboratory. It is called in vitro
● Embryo is then transferred into the uterus or fallopian tube for further development.
The process of embryo transfer is done in following ways:
Zygote or embryo up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into Fallopian tube (ZIFT).
Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into uterus (IUT).
(ii) ICSI It is carried but by directly injecting sperm into the ovum to form an embryo in the laboratory.
Embryo transfer is done later on.
25. What are the objectives of RCH?
Ans:-
(i) Creating awareness about various reproduction related aspects e.g. STDs,
birth control methods. (ii) Providing facilities and support for building up a
reproductive healthy society. (ii) Educating people about the importance of
breastfeeding. (iv) Awareness about sex abuse and sex related cri
26. Mention any four characteristics an ideal contraceptive.Mention any four possible ill
effects of contraceptives.
Ans:-
1. It should be easily usable by both males and females.
2. It should be easily removable.
3. It should not have any side effects.
4. It should be inexpensive and cost-effective
Adverse effects include nausea, breast tenderness, breakthrough bleeding,
amenorrhea, and headaches
27. Why areMTPs carried out?
Ans:-
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 is an effort of the Indian government to get rid
of unwanted pregnancy legally without any misuse. This act mainly focuses on unwanted
pregnancies and is applicable to all women with certain terms and conditions.
28. What areSTDs ? write in full form the two other names given to them.
Ans:-
1) The full form of STD is Sexually Transmitted Diseases. STD implies these are most commonly
transmitted but not specifically via sexual activity. STDs involve genital warts, genital herpes, HIV,
gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, other kinds of hepatitis -& trichomoniasis. STDs formerly labelled as
VD (venereal diseases).
29)Mention the early symptoms of STDHow are assisted reproductive
Technology help and
helpful to humans? How are ZIFT and GIFT different from intrauterine
transfer? Explain.
The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain
special techniques known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
ZIFT: The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into
the fallopian tube. This is called zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT).
GIFT: Gamete intra-fallopian transfer is the transfer of an ovum collected from
a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one but
can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of
the embryo.
Intra-uterine transfer (IUT) refers to the introduction of an embryo with more
than 8 blastomeres into the uterus of a female to complete its further
development.
30) Mention the different ways in which people are made aware of the significance of
reproductive health and reproductive Health Society.
Ans:-
Reproductive health means total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e.
physical, emotional, behavioural, social and physiological.
Following measures are to be taken to make people aware of reproductively
healthy society:
(i) Providing infrastructural facilities and professional expertise to attain
reproductive health.
(ii) Educating people about birth control methods, care of pregnant mothers,
importance of breast feeding, safe and hygienic sexual practices and
safeguards against STDs.
(iii) Introduction of sex education in schools to give proper information to
young minds about sex-related aspects.
(iv) Help of audio-visual and print-media to create awareness among people
about reproduction-related aspects.
(v) Awareness of problems due to population explosion, social evils such as
sex abuse and sex-related crimes.
(vi) Statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticides.
32) What is vasectomy ? represent Diagrammatically.
Vasectomy and tubectomy are permanent methods of contraception. They are
also known as sterilisation techniques. These methods are generally advised
to the male or female partner as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies. It blocks gamete transport and thereby prevents conception.
In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed and then tied up
through a small incision on the scrotum.
33. Describe the different methods of embryo transfer.
Ans:-
An embryo is transferred into the uterus or fallopian tube of the females in the
following ways:
(i) The zygote or embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the
fallopian tube. This is called zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT).
(ii) An embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus.
This is called intra-uterine transfer (IUT).
34. What is tubectomy ? represent it diagrammatically.
Ans:-
In tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and then tied up
through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina. These
techniques are highly effective, but their reversibility is poor.
35. Describe the three ways in which fertilization of human ovum by a sperm can be
prevented.
Ans:-
Fertilisation of the human ovum by a sperm can be prevented by the following
methods:
(a) Condoms made of thin rubber or latex sheath act as barriers. These are
used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in females.
(b) Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults are barriers made of rubber which are
introduced in the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix.
(c) Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are introduced in the vagina to kill
sperms.
