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English 102
Reading and Writing
Adapted from Carrasco, F. et al.
Glenn Mark C. Recamadas
glennforfiles@[Link]
09203249638
Module 2
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
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INSTRUCTORS’ INFORMATION
Name: Glenn Mark C. Recamadas
Address: Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental
Contact No.: Smart: 09203249638
Facebook Account: [Link]/[Link]
Email Add: glennforfiles@[Link]
Department/School: Laboratory High School
Office Hour: Monday to Friday, 8am – 5pm
COURSE INFORMATION
Course code: Eng 102
Descriptive title: Reading and Writing
Credit: 4 units
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The development of reading and writing skills as applied to a range of
materials other than poetry, fiction and drama.
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Senior
Senior High
High School
School
Reading and
Writing
Module 2
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What This Module is About
Welcome to exciting episode of Reading and Writing! Your patience and
dedication to learn new things are truly remarkable! Keep it up!
Communicating through written words and interacting with texts are not easy
feats. Though ideas are there but as to how to write and present these ideas seem a
challenge to a beginning writer. Thus, learning to develop your skills in writing is
necessary in creating text effectively.
As we go along the way, take every opportunity to learn new concepts, ideas
and skills whole-heartedly. Everything that you will learn from this Module is not limited
to this piece of paper. Instead, you will be applying them in real life. It may sound
cheesy but after going through this Module, you would surely tell yourself that you
wouldn’t leave this Module empty-handed. Remind yourself that there is a reason why
you’re learning these things.
This module will also help you progress to the challenge by equipping you with
the necessary skills in thinking critically, selecting information efficiently, organizing
ideas logically, and evaluating arguments soundly.
The following lessons are contained in this module:
1. Explicit and Implicit Claim
a. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Value
c. Claim of Policy
2. Context of Development
a. Hypertext
b. Intertext
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At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Differentiate explicit from Implicit Claim
a. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Value
c. Claim of Policy
2. Establish Context of Development Effectively
a. Hypertext
b. Intertext
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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives, you are expected to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.
What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-
tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you
Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-
case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
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Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices.
1. This pattern of development in writing provides specific instances to support a
claim.
A. Exemplification C. Persuasion
B. Problem-solution D. Description
2. A well-written text is __________.
A. the writer’s knowledge of the fundamental properties of grammar
B. built around effective paragraphing, on coherence and on established
conventions
C. the property that shows the interplay between the physical aspects of
organization and deeper textual aspects
D. the constitution of proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation of
ideas
3. Which property of a well-written text constitutes proper paragraphing and logical
order of presentation of ideas?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
4. Which property of a well-written text constitutes features that facilitate textual
continuity?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
5. Which property of a well-written text refers to the appropriate language to be used
in writing/speaking?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
6. This is a type of information directly stated in a written text.
A. Implicit B. Semi-Detailed
B. Detailed D. Explicit
7. A type of information requiring the reader to analyze and read between the lines
to get the meaning of what the author is telling.
A. Implicit B. Semi-Detailed
B. Detailed D. Explicit
[Link] refers to a statement considered not accepted by all.
A. Argument C. Evidence
B. Claim D. Fact
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9. What type of claim that answers the following questions: Did it happen? Is it true?
Does it exist?
A. Claim of Fact B. Claim of Value
C. Claim of Cause D. Claim of Policy
10. What type of claim that answers the question: What should we do?
A. Claim of Fact C. Claim of Value
B. Claim of Cause D. Claim of Policy
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Lesson Explicit and Implicit Claims
3 in a Text
What I Need to Know
When communicating in written texts, there is always a meaning or information
that the writer wants you to understand. Most of the time, the information that you are
trying to find out from a written text can be found in the text itself. It means that you
spend little time to get what the writer is telling you since it is already stated or
mentioned in the content of the material that you are reading. But sometimes, those
factors mentioned (meaning, information or claim) are not directly stated. The writer’s
purpose is not obvious, thus, “reading between the lines” is needed in order to fully
comprehend the written text.
Before delving further into the lesson, let us first identify the difference between
implicit claim and explicit means by studying the image shown below.
The image depicts a conversation of two
friends via text messaging. Person A asks his
friend if they will go to the beach on a Sunday
afternoon. But person B initially forgot what they
planned about that is why Person A sent another
text message specifying what will happen.
In Person A’s first message, he was
implicitly asking his friend if he will commit
going to the beach with him on Sunday by asking
him, “You down, bro?” But Person B completely
forgets their trip that’s why responded with,
“Huh?” Person A then responded explicitly,
“Are you going to the beach on Sunday with me?”
With the above scenario, Table 1 below captures the differences between
Implicit and Explicit Claims.
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Table 1. Differences between Implicit and Explicit
IMPLICIT EXPLICIT
Something that is stated but not Something that is directly stated
directly
May not be understood right Is easy to understand/No
away/tends to be confusing confusion intended
Needs to be analyzed or re- Does not need analysis since
read thoroughly in order to be information is obviously stated
understood
Based on the given concepts, can you think of another difference between
implicit and explicit?
Now that they are different from each other, what is their significance in reading
and writing? But before we go deeper into the lesson, let us try to apply implicit and
explicit in your day - to - day conversation with the members of your family in the
house.
What’s New
Activity 1: Implicit and Explicit conversations with family members. Draw a
simple scenario where you are talking with any of your family member in
the house. The conversation must show implicit and explicit sentences.
Underline the implicit part and circle the explicit part.
What Is It
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What Is It?
Just a quick recap, explicit information is clearly stated in the reading text. The
information is reflected in the text. While implicit is information not directly stated in
the text. In this regard, reading “between the lines” and looking for clues are valuably
needed to readily identify the writer’s idea.
Following are examples of implicit and explicit information written in the text.
EXPLICIT INFORMATION
1. It is important to talk about what you are feeling especially when you feel scared,
anxious, and sad. If you do not open up, there is a strong possibility that your
thoughts and feelings will give you a very negative outlook in life.
2. Regular exercising can help boost your immune system. It also improves both
physical and mental health by inhaling positivity and exhaling negativity.
Explanation:
In the first text, it is clearly stated that sharing your feelings is important towards
achieving an optimistic outlook in life. It is explicit because the information is direct to
the point. In like manner, the second text informs the reader that exercising is vital in
improving both physical and mental health. The information is easy extracted from the
given texts.
IMPLICIT INFORMATION
1. Andrew and Sarah have been married for 4 years. They were close in complying
the requirements for child adoption. One day, when Andrew parked his motorcycle
outside the adoption center to submit the papers, he kneeled to the ground and
burst into tears when he received a text from his wife which stated, “I’m positive!”
2. When Kobe arrived at the basketball court, he saw a dog wagging its tail and
coming to him. Kobe kept on walking, moving away from the dog. He never owned
one.
Explanation:
On the first text, have you instantly identified the reason why Andrew was
crying in the end? He burst into tears because he found out that his wife is finally
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pregnant after four years of their marriage (“I’m positive”). In the second passage,
it was not stated that Kobe does not like dogs, but it is the impression that you get
when you have read it. The first clue refers to when he moved away from the dog; the
second clue reflects that Kobe never owned a dog.
What’s More
Activity 2: Identifying implicit and explicit information. Write (ei) if the given
written text is an explicit information and (ii) if the text displays an implicit
information. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. I like to eat mangoes because they are yummy and nutritious.
2. Joseph wakes up early and sleeps late. His phone is always connected to his
charger.
3. My 4-year-old nephew ran towards me when he saw me getting a box from my
car’s
trunk.
4. All living things are made up of cells. That means, plants too, have cells.
5. Mrs. Labitad is afraid of heights. It all started when her co-worker jokingly pushed
her while she was on the railings of a mountain resort.
6. During the pandemic, there was a global shortage of disinfectants. Strangely, one
of my social media friends never ran out of stocks of rubbing alcohol. She sold them
at above standard price.
7. If you are planning to go to the municipality of Claveria, make sure to bring with
you extra batteries for your camera.
8. According to studies, eating fruits and vegetables helps us to foster good
digestion.
9. When I went to my friend’s birthday party, I ate everything they served except
pork.
10. The Philippine Independence Day is celebrated every 12th. of June.
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What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Synthesizing Your Learning. Answer the following questions based on
your learning. Be specific in your answers.
1. Why do you think it is important to learn implicit and explicit information in reading
and writing? Cite examples to support your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. If you were to express yourself in writing, which among the two (implicit or
explicit) would you use? Or would you choose both? Cite examples to support your
answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Write 3 examples of implicit information and 3 examples of explicit information.
Provide an explanation for each example.
EXPLICIT
a.
Explanation:
b.
Explanation:
c.
Explanation:
IMPLICIT
a.
Explanation:
b.
Explanation:
c.
Explanation:
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What I Can Do
Activity 4: Essay Writing
In a moment, pretend that you are a leader. You are free to choose whether
you are a classroom president, president of the student government, a barangay
captain, a mayor, a governor or even the president of the Philippines. Write a speech
focusing on one particular issue that you want to address. The issue should be written
implicitly while your solution as a leader should be written explicitly. Use your
creativity and imagination.
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Lesson
Claim of Fact, Claim of Policy
4 and Claim of Value
What’s In
During the previous lesson, you were able to learn implicit and explicit
information. Those concepts help you in getting information and how you will react and
respond to what is stated in the written text. In this lesson, you will focus on information
given, particularly claims and their types.
What I Need to Know
Have you ever tried to prove to someone that what you are saying is right? You
want to convince the other person that your point is true and you actually have basis
in what you are saying and you are not just stating random things. In this section, we
will learn many concepts and lesson about proving something properly substantiated
by evidence.
Before going into detail, examine the image shown below about a man
standing on top of our planet, holding a flag. What is he trying to prove?
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
The image found above is a man claiming that he has conquered the entire
world by planting a flag of his colony Take note of the word claim because this is going
to be discussed elaborately in this lesson.
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What’s New
Activity 1: Mini comic strip. Draw a scene where you are having a friendly debate
with a friend about something that you believe in but he/she is totally
opposite of your stand. Convince your friend by providing ideas to
support your argument.
What Is It
A claim is a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be true or
controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of an issue. If so, the
claim is also called a position.
Furthermore, claim can be based on the type of presentation or argumentation
that we would like to do after reading. It means that we can get content from a written
text and make it as a basis in making claims. Take note that a claim may actually be
factual(true), or it could also be mere judgement. A claim is also used as a main point
in an argument. If somebody gives an argument to support his/her position, then that
person is
actually making a claim. Also, a claim is a writer’s point of view that he/she wants the
reader to accept regarding a topic or issue.
It is important to make claims especially in writing argumentative type of text. It
is one way of taking a side and supporting your claim with facts, values and policies.
There are also several factors in which you should consider in making claims. You
cannot just claim something without having logical reasons or even providing
explanation on why you believe so. It is essential to take sides especially on issues
that are controversial and need our utmost attention. The presence of issues and
arguments serves as the reason essential to make claims.
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What’s More
Activity 2: Making Claims on Issues. On the space provided, write 1-3 sentences on the
various issues to support your claim.
1. Taxation to Online Sellers
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Restoring Death Penalty in the Philippines
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Social Media as A Replacement to TV and Radio in Getting the Latest News
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Animals Need to be Free
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Red is a symbol of Strength
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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What Is It
Following are the three types of claims.
1. Claim of Fact - is a piece of information based on reliable authority, such as
science or history. It also involves series of statements that can be verified, no matter
how difficult. It talks about what is or what is not certain on conditions that exist. From
the word fact, it refers to something that is known or true. For example, it is a fact that
the sun is the center of our solar system. It is a fact because science can prove it and
there is an actual evidence.
In addition, claims of fact answer the questions: What is true and what is false?
What happened or did not happen? What exists and what does not?
[Link] of Policy - is usually made in relation to solving societal
problems/issues. Most of the time, a claim of policy asks for plans to solve current
problems. It also suggests that there should be an answer to a problem that has been
brought up or defined by an argument.
An example is the new doble-plaka law where motorcycles should bear two
plate numbers. One in the front and one at the back. This law has been very
controversial, and many riders have expressed their negative reactions towards this
but the lawmakers explain that it will help trace down criminal activities since many of
these involve riding-in-tandem individuals. They also stated that the new plate
numbers are larger than the previous one.
3. Claims of Value usually answer the questions: What should be done? How
can we solve this problem? What course of action should be taken?
A claim of value is a piece of information focused on relative judgement such
as goodness or badness and usually addresses issues based on standards. It is a
statement reflecting which one is better, more important, more needed and more
useful. Further, it attempts to prove that some things are more or less desirable than
others. From the word value, it is about which is more or most valuable between
compared issues or a number of given issues. For instance, legalizing abortion for
rape victims. Abortion is a serious issue but in the argument of people that support
that it should be available for rape victims, they claim that there are rape victims who
have unwanted pregnancies as a result of the action they have been victimized.
Further, there is a claim that fixing a house is better than buying/building a new
one. In this argument, it is believed that retaining an old house is more valuable than
having a new one since the old one is filled with memories and sentimental value that
no amount of money or even the most beautiful house can ever replace.
Claims of fact answer the questions: Is it good or bad? Is it right or wrong? Is It
ethical or unethical?
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Remember, claims are subject to arguments since when making a claim, you
want to convince your reader or the opposing person/party that what you are saying
is correct and they must believe in the claims that you make.
What’s More
Activity 3: Identifying Claims. Write CF if the statement is a claim of fact, CP for
claim of policy and CV for claim of value.
______ 1. Cory Aquino is the first female President of the Republic of the
Philippines.
______ 2. Honesty is the best policy.
______ 3. Obesity can cause heart disease.
______ 4. Firemen in the town needs more training.
______ 5. Animals need to be free.
______ 6. Cebuano should be our national language
______ 7. The Congress must make a bill limiting teenagers use of smartphones.
______ 8. It is better to give than to receive.
______ 9. The Philippines is an archipelago.
______ 10. If a drug lord is caught, the penalty should be lethal injection.
______ 11. Bringing of electronic gadgets such as laptops and smartphones must be
banned in schools.
______ 12. The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has taken hundreds of thousands
of lives all around the world.
______ 13. The book version is always better than the movie version.
______ 14. One-child policy must be implemented in the Philippines to control our
population.
______ 15. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon.
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What I Have Learned
Activity 4: Read the passage below. Then, fill out the given Table with
statements extracted from the passage which will point out to claims
of fact, value, and policy.
Childhood obesity in our country has more than tripled in the past 30 years.
Today, one in six children in our country is obese. This is unacceptable. As parents,
we try to provide a better future for our children, better than we have ever had. We
need to stand up and do what we can. We can start by supporting the passing of the
anti-junk food bill in schools and other child-friendly areas.
- Adapted from Sample Op-Ed on
Childhood Education
Begin Here:
Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy
What I Can Do
Activity 5: Write To Make it Right, Alright? Choose one negative trait that you
have and make a letter to yourself claiming that you will be changing for
the better. Apply the three types of claims that you have learned. For
example, you claim that you really are a liar (a claim of fact) and you promise
to yourself that you will change that attitude by doing things that you think
will help you (a claim of policy). Make use of the space given below.
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Summary
1. Implicit Information is something that is stated indirectly. It may not be understood
right away and it tends to be confusing. There is also a need to re-read and analyze
what the writer is trying to inform his/her readers.
2. Explicit Information refers to something that is directly stated. Information is easy
to understand since what you are trying to find out as a reader is already given. In
addition, all the details needed for the reader to understand is obvious.
3. Claims are statements that are not considered accepted by all. This is your side on
a particular issue. It could also be used as a main point of your argument towards an
issue. Important reminder, a claim may actually be factual or it could also be just a
mere judgement. That’s why it is important to know and differentiate types of claims.
4. Claim of Fact is a piece of information based on reliable authority, such as science
or history. It is also a series of statements that can be verified no matter how difficult.
From the word fact, it refers to something that is known or provided to be true. It can
be answered by the questions: What is true and what is false? What happened or what
didn’t happen?
Example: Dr. Jose P. Rizal is the Philippine National Hero.
5. Claim of Policy is about what should be done over a certain issue. This type of
policy usually made in relation to solving societal problems/issues. Most of the time, a
claim of policy seeks for plans to solve current problems. It answers the questions:
What should be done? How can this problem be solved? What course of action should
be taken?
Example: Traffic violators must be given bigger fines.
6. Claim of Value is a piece of information focused on relative judgement such as
goodness or badness and usually based on a person’s standards. It is a statement
that about which is better, more important, more needed and more useful. This type
of claim answer common questions regarding the good or the bad, the right or the
wrong and if it is ethical or not ethical.
Example: Social media is more reliable in getting the latest happenings around the
country than newspapers do.
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Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. This pattern of development in writing provides specific instances to support a
claim.
A. Exemplification C. Persuasion
B. Problem-solution D. Description
2. Telling a story or anecdote
A. Problem-solution C. Cost-benefit
B. Question-answer D. Narration
3. Which essay development method systematically draws similarities and
differences between two things?
A. analogy C. question-answer
B. comparison and contrast D. problem-solution
4. This is a mode of paragraph development which is almost coupled with
argumentation.
A. Exemplification C. Persuasion
B. Problem-solution D. Description
5. An action and its results are discussed
A. Chronological C. Sequence / process
B. Problem and solution D. Cause and effect
6. Which of the following is not a property of a well-written text?
A. Coherence and Cohesion C. Organization
B. Paragraphing D. Writing Mechanics
7. A well-written text is
A. the writer’s knowledge of the fundamental properties of grammar
B. built around effective paragraphing, on coherence and on established
conventions
C. the property that shows the interplay between the physical aspects of
organization and deeper textual aspects
D. the constitution of proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation of
ideas
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8. Which property of a well-written text constitutes proper paragraphing and logical
order of presentation of ideas?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
9. Which property of a well-written text constitutes features that facilitate textual
continuity?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
10. Which property of a well-written text refers to the appropriate language to be
used in writing/speaking?
A. Organization C. Language Use
B. Coherence and Cohesion D. Writing Mechanics
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11. This is a type of information where it is directly stated in a written text.
A. Implicit C. Semi-Detailed
B. Detailed D. Explicit
12. A type of information requiring the reader to analyze and read between the lines
to get the meaning of what the author is telling.
A. Implicit C. Semi-Detailed
B. Detailed D. Explicit
[Link] refers to a statement considered not accepted by all.
A. Argument C. Evidence
B. Claim D. Fact
14. What type of claim answers: Did it happen? Is it true? Does it exist?
A. Claim of Fact C. Claim of Value
B. Claim of Cause D. Claim of Policy
15. What type of claim answers: What should we do?
A. Claim of Fact C. Claim of Value
B. Claim of Cause D. Claim of Policy
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