| NEW | Everything you need to start coding with Python in Linux mvatalele Book $ 50 ESSENTIAL PYTHON COMMANDS Learn to use Python « Program games « Get creative with PiWelcome to Python Book Python eanincrediby versatile expansivelanguagethat due totsimirtyto| everdylanquage ssurpshaly sy "olean even forinexpetenced programmers hasseen ahuge ncreaseln ponuarysinceheeleaseandiiseofthe RaspoeryP for which Python theofficial recognise programming language nths newedtion ‘of TheythonBook yulind plenty ofcreativepojets to helpyou ge tors wth combination of your Raspoerty land Python's powerulfunctonaltypluslets ‘of uoralsthatfocuson Python eectiveness away fromthe ry computer Youll lea about how tocode with Python fom astanding tar with ourcomprehensie masteras.then goontocomplete tuoi that vllensolidateyoursklsandhalp ou become uentinthelanguage Youllean how tormake Python werkoc you withtutoriakon coding with Django. Fak Pygeme andieven more seul thd party framewerks Getready to become true Pythonexpert withthe wealth ofiformation ‘containedthin these pages4 L FUTURE 4 rBe CMa) re ane Roe Ta oy coco eT eet Ean Pata se Eee ed piroeorn atin Se ED auc Dea creer aeons Dae Pesci ters Ee ee Teac ted episec-chesintens SE ue Sud et ate aD eaitsaic Se LenS Use Python code within your usual C far Min eau Se ee cre Cui cr Koster eet red See Tee Lea) fee tar eee en nae See UE ea rca’ ies arenes DC Ear eC Rat) reorient 120 Create in Minecraft cree AWM alot Cer era) aero ert Pare UU cr Enhance Kodi with this tutorial Seared) pasetrertic ry See) freee Se eT) eee Sere Sree) Keep your software project safe ea rere) Develop alight version ofcpin Python 3 SO Una Persea etdDevelop with Python resect) Create dynamic templates aes eet CR ea) Cee ets) De ons ra) enor eT Fess reas Cn EE Merce aad a eee Ere ee ETT Perret isnoneeteny Teer og Part 1s Embed four hacks into a toy eet et toner rs DedHello World Let's get stuck in, and what better way than with the programmers bestfriend, the ‘Hello World’ application! Start by opening a terminal. its current working directory wil be your hhome directory. I's probably a good idea to make a directory for the files well be creating inthis tutorial rather than having them loose in your home directory. You can create a directory called Python using the command ‘You'll then want to change into that directory using the command ‘The next step isto create an empty file using the command “touch followed by the filename. Our expert used the command ‘The final and most important part of setting up the fil ie making it executable, This allowe us to un Code inside the hello_worldpy file. We do this withthe command ‘Now that we have our file set up, we ‘can go ahead and open it up in nano, or any text editor of your choice. Geditis a great editor with syntax highlighting support that should be available on any distribution. Youll be able to intallitusing your package manager ifyou don't have i already. (ur Hello World program is very simple, i only needs two tines. ‘Thefirstline begins witha ‘shebang’ (the symbol #!— also known as a hashbang) followed by the path to the Python interpreter. The program loader uses thisline towork out what the est of the lines need to be interpreted with. If you're running this in an IDE lke DLE, you don't necessariynoed todo this. The code thats actualy read by the Python interpreter is only 2 single tne. Were passing the value Hello World to the print function by placing tin brackets immediately efter we've called the print function. Helo Word is enclosed in quotation marks to indicate that tis teal value and should not be interpreted as source code. As expected, the prntfuntion in Python prints any value that gets passed tit from the console. ‘You can save the changes youve just made tothe fie innano Using the key combination GHD, followed by Enter. Use GHAR toexitnano. ‘You_can run the Hello World program by prefixing its filename with J in this case you'd type: Vioummeuingageriad ‘siorncharon en ove cele raetieas feayeatbetecest 10 The Python Book Variables and datatypes Available sa name in source code that is associated with an fra in memory tt you can vse fo store data, wich a then Called upon thoughout the code. The data can be one of many types including rey eee eres As wel as these main data types, there are sequence types: (technically, astringis a sequence type but is commonly used we've classed tas A tuple would be used for something like a co-ordinate, Containing anx and y value stored as a single variable, whereas 8 list is typically used to store larger collections. The data stored in @ tuple is immutable because you aren't able to change values of individual elements in a tuple. However, you ceandosoinalist. it will also be useful to know about Python's dictionary ‘ype. A dictionary is a mapped data type. It stores data in key-value pairs. This means that you access values stored in the dictionary using that value’s corresponding key, which is different to how you would do it with alist na ist, you would access an element of the list using that element's index (a ‘number representing the element's position inthe list. Let's work on a program we can use to demonstrate how to use variables and different data types. it's worth noting at this point that you don’t always have to specify data types in Python, Feat free to create thi fle in any editor you lke, Everything will work jst fine as long as you remember to make ‘the file executable. We're going to call ours “A variable is a name in source code that is associated with an area in memory that you can use to store data”Get started with Python Ml ‘Yusrbin/env python3 ‘We create a variable by writing the name ofthe variable we want followed 4 by an equals sign, which Is followed by the value we want to store in the Megervonsbieesied hate ine # variable. For example, the following line creates a variable called wrt fea of hence {hello str, containing the string Hello World ‘uatonmas hrllo_str="Hello World” [ hetlo_int = 21 Tresae pineal Booker volute { hello_bool =True We cate stile the (helo tuple= (21,32) isn ay hello_l Anda in ts way U (PHellog this "sa "ist") {This list now contains 5 strings. Notice that there are no spaces, 4 between these strings so if you were to join ther up to make a sentence 4 yould have to add a space between each element. hhello_lst=list) hello_listappend(“Hello’) Youcout aio create the ee hhello_stappendi this") hhello_listappend's") hello_listappend(2") holo list append list?) 4 The ist line creates an empty list and the following lines use the append # function of the Iist type to add elements tothe list. This way of using a ‘list ist really very useful when working with strings you know of in 4 advance, butt can be useful when working with dynamic data such as user 4 input. This lst will overwrite the first list without any warning as we 4 are using the same variable name as the previous list Wemight swell ceatea (Seton whe were tt hello dict = ("fist_name':"Liam’ ates how weve atonad he “Tast_name® "Fraser, Sarid PMS eye colour’"Bue") 4 Lets access some elements inside our collections 44 Well start by changing the value of the last sting in our hello_list and ‘add an exclamation mark to the end, The"Ist string is the Sth element 4 in the list. However, indexes in Python are zero-based, which means the Notes tat here wilnow be 4 first element has an index of epineteclenent ___ printthello_st4)) hello lst] +=" The above lineis the same as hhello_lst4] = hello_tistf4} +" printthello lista) seis eth ‘planing any tetin TEeoteaane “Any text in a Python file that follows a # Scere Siecowe” character will be ignored” camer nyourcoeprintstrhello_tuple(O})) # We can't change the value of those elements like we just did withthe lis 4 Notice the use ofthe str function above to explicitly convert the integer 4 value inside the tuple toa string before printing it fernenbertatiis ae beabtopitnntcen rinthello_ dct firstname’ ++ ello. dct ast name'l+*has* + tones helo_dit'ye. colour" +" eyes") Lees crests sentence wing the ‘nainourhato ocr hello_dict(last_name”), hhello_dict!"eye_colour') Ati way of ing tis ‘nou betbuse Pyar Sina erate Control structures In programming, a contol strvetueis ary king of statement that canchango the path that the code exacuton takes. For example. a ‘contol structure that decided to endthe program fa number was leasthan5 would look somethingtke tis: ‘The path thatthe code takes wil depend on the value of he integer int-condtion, The code in the block wit ony be twecutes if the coniton is tue, The import statment ie used to loed the Python system library; the later provides the ext function, alloning you to ext the program, prising an error message. Notice that indentation (in this ease feur spaces per inden) is used to indieate which statement a block of code belongsta “statements are probably the most commonly wed control structures. Otherconte structures include: ‘Fee statements, which allow you to iterate over items in collections, or to repeat @ piece of code a certain number otis: ‘tile statements, a loop that continues wile the coniton ‘Were going to write a program that accepts user input fom the user to demonstrate how contre structures work We'e calling it The fer loop i using a local copy ofthe current value, which ‘means any changes inside the loop won't make ary changes affecting the Uist. On the other hand however, the “whl” op Is weclyaccesing elements in thelist, you could changothe lit there should you want todo o, We wltakabout variable spin n¢ mare deal ater on. The output from the ove program is allo: 12 The Python Book print("(0}(1) has 2} eyes*formatthello_dict"rst_name"L “The ‘for’ loop uses a local copy, so changes in the loop won't affect the list”‘The numberofinteger we srancntheet Also tore the gers ‘yustfbin/erw python '#Wete going to write a program that will ask the usertt input an arbitrary + numberof integers, store them in a collection, and then demonstrate how the 4 collection would be used with vatious control structures, Import sys # Used forthe sys.exit function target i = raw_input("How many integers?) 1 By now, the variable target int contains a string representation of ' whatever the user typed. We need to try and corwert that to an integer but 4 be weady to-# deal with the eror fit’ not, Otherwise the program will crash, except Valuetror: sysexit("You must enter an integer") ‘hese aust ee tack thon many mteges ve fe above suceeds thn nt ow the werhas en up oF ee favea lt fed apes. ‘Wecanigopthowahtheseina hiplevoys Thefts Sereop 1 Lints =isto {count =0 + Keep asking for an integer until we have the required number hile count < target_int: ‘new _Int= raw_input("Please enter integer (0: "format(count + 1)) isint = False print("You must enter an integer") 4# Only cary on if we have an integer. f not, weil ]oop again f Notice below! use==, which s different from =. The single equalsisan ‘assignment operator whereas the double equalsis a comparison operator. ifisint == True: 4 Add the integer to the collection ints append(new_int) ‘Increment the count by 1 count += 1 pint"Using a for loop") for value in ints: print(strivalue}) 04) G4 BEEZ! ,e7 Uy “The Python Book 13‘Youcan dtine tats # Or with a while loop: cenaeoetae print(“Using a while loop") Tinton witout passing # We already have the total above, but knowing the len function is very “anyarales through # useful al Youd this puting total = lenCints) “anequassignater {i ‘count Prtcenieye while count < total: print (str(intsfcount)) count += 1 Functions and variable scope Functions are used in programming to break processes down into smaller that they wl have in the scape ofthe function regardless of what chunks. This often makes code much easier tread. Functions can alo be the variable thats paseed to the function is called, Lats see thie Feusable designed ina certain way. Functions can have variables passed inaction, ‘totem, Variables in Python are aways passed by value, hich means that Theoutpu rom the program opposites as follows: copy of tho variable is pasced tothe fneton thats only vain tho cope Wiles dewt Hee tate chee atneaaes wewiant FUNCTIONS are used in tinedivotecin ayant taentraet imeem POGraMMiIng to break conmae The utes grentotheveattesininee badetwartsemnee POTOCESSES Own in” Juse/bin/eny python? 4 Below is a function called modify_string, which accepts a variable f that will be called original in the scope of the function. Anything # indented with 4 spaces under the function definition is in the 4 scope. def modify_string(original): original +=" that has been modified.” # At the moment, only the local copy of this string has been modified def modify_string_return(original): | original += * that has been modified. | # However, we can return cur local copy to the caller. The function 4 ends as’ soon as the return statenent is used, regardless of where it 4 As in the function. return original Weare now outside of ‘he acape ofthe most $trngonction ob, OFindentaton 1 [Rest.string = “This is a test string” ‘The os sing wort be modify_string(test_string) changed inthis code [> prinectest_string) test_string = modify_string_return(test_string) print(test_string) 4 The function’s return value is stored in the variable test string, ¥ overeriting the original and therefore changing the value that is # printed However wecan cathe ‘V4 The Python Book‘Scope is an important thing to get the hang of, ctheriseitcan get you into some bed habits Let's wit a quick rogram to demonstrate thi. I's ping to have a Boolean variable called com, which wil decide @ umber wil be assigned to a varabo in an statement. However, tho variable hasnt been defined anywhere part frominthe scope ofthe i statement, Well fish off by ying prt thevariabl Inthe section of code above, Python wll anwar the integer oa sting before printing However, i's abways a good idea to expt convert things to strings ~ especialy when it comes to concatonating strings together Ifyou try to use the + operator on a string and an ntger, there wil be an eror because its ot explicit clear what needs to happen ‘The + operator would ususly ad two integers together. Having sid that, Python's string formatter that we demonstrated aries leaner way of jonaby _ fMembertat Python takes taba erysrously tne andthe araweria radiate so yousrerecsungaryerorthatmentions 01 Pythonscripts fen cnt arabe 8 ytmacbistentteconmandine S$ bythan 03, sarees Bereta Pe ene a Berntcletecxawn cmp ta scat FumningPython ESP yw ta ieee ot gate oo ream Fre lnaploprgaepecsases Cia cl nc cae ion eter or “license” for more information. the data type of anything. Based on what value 26 The Python Book04 Python statements Setoertn, ee 8 Slot end rion Sepunte etic: Mot of te cpl progurmingingages acheeConsGriioe toriodare to seperate suerts bd uy Braet boqwetocosebace 05 ==and = operators Pithen as “efor comparcen and Sapient. Pytan does no suppor. ine scoping the lee wn yu uly art 06 Concatenating strings ‘Yucanus'+ to coneateratstings. >>> print(‘py'” thon’) python 07 The__init__method Thi rntfediaruveneon anc Gfadasobtetrted Therevodiovet {oda tazton yeu nate dowith eur Chet tent robodisandcgstoa cenevaariner oF don Example: class Person def _init_(self, nae): self name * none ef sayHi(sel print(‘Hello, my name is', self om) = Person(‘Inega') p.saytiO Output: [-/srefpython $:1 python initmathod.py Hello, my name is Inego 08 Modules Te too yur bopens awe & Tey Soa a sews ou pat aoe {etn crifon ino Ho on wr em Srerosie tat canbe mtd Wo oer Seven on propeme Thee Hos mut hae 8 4 file ny_function.py ef minnaxta,b): if ae, clse: return min, max Module Usage ‘import. my_function ob ay 09 Module defined names 3y-Funetion.minmax(25, 6.3) The buttin function ‘it! can be used to find out which names a module dees, fret a ‘ered ofstrng, >e> import tine >e> dir(time) Tso. + package’_"| ‘accept2dyear", “Bltzone’, “asctime', ‘clock’, ‘etine’, ‘daylight’, “gatine’, ‘Tocaltine’, ‘nktime’, ‘sleep', ‘steftine’, “strptine’, ‘struct tine’, ‘tine’, “timezone”, ‘tznane", stzset') Module internal 10 documentation You can see the internal documentation Ui traiate) of @ modula name by looking at Example: >>> import tine >>> print(tine.clock.__doe_) clock() => floating point nusber This oxen return th CPU tine ral tine ‘See the start ofthe processor sce the fist fall tock. This hae as much precision athe systemroco Passing arguments 11 toa Python script Baton les you sees have you Taw fastedtoasorpticalingt To man tre eco oobrdin tee art ‘nore sys prinecsys. rev) Loading modules or 12 commands at startuy Yor can tnd pdt oddest conmande a tw eto. of wy Pym cbt by sng to, sure, vee SevTHoNSWTUP ou case enormert Colao SHONSTARTUP too Tw Cotto the retwcore bad pceoeey mredubecreomrcs Converting a strin; 13 fodateobject = E the function DteTina tcorvera stringtoagetecoject. From DateTine inport Daterine dateobj = DateTime string) >>> mylist = C‘span’, ‘han’, ‘eggs'] >>> print(+, 'Jein(aylist)) am, han, eggs >>> prine(‘\at Jein(aylist)) span am ees Tab completion 15 in Python interpreter joucan ede aso corinne Ban errr ty acing these ines 1. Yr yer ie bro Pyne on aarp inportelooleter,restne rene parse bin tabs: cnet’) ‘all ale Python comets paral ped Tieton mohe andre names whee preset tees 16 documentation tool You con pon up 8 gotica cease texching th yon decantation whe he crmert $ pydoe -E ‘ouunlreed pte tpicagetrtisto nr 17 documentation server cn tho eal nace, THs wl ge you ace ling scone 1 ali yeh socom, incite parymadlecroameratn 5 pyc -» “portNanber> 4g Python development Tere re plenty of toda w help with yibon oiopment Hereara fon mparantoes: THB tre Python buitin IDE with ‘utoconplation, firetin signe popup hel satieasire, IBBBBH,arctherentanced Python shel with teb-compstonandothe estes IBGE 1 GU! Pytnon IDE wth suzocompetion rset bultinshaland dbase RBI Comerercial Pytnen IE with feo once aalabie to open-source dovlopersoveryere Python Bock 27°Built-in modules Executing functions at the time of Python 19 interpreter termination SeumectOyror erpetrermnaon dF sunt) rine 4¥5) ef message) rine(“Executing Now") nport atexit atexit-register(sus) ‘texit. register(nessage) Executing Now ° integer to binary, 20 hexatiecimaland octal Usebs >>> bin(24) *ob11000" >>> hex(24) “oxts >>> oct(24) ‘o30" Convertin, 21 charset toUTF-8 Chaeatoutr data decode “input. charset. here”) seodecutts8) Removing 22 duplicates from lists Tyr vert to eno leas fom © EE jut ut erry sete to © Ky Cor Settee ere er astinet() a0 sop cetiten, (4,)len(), 1, Tecan 28 The Python ook 23 Do-while loops Ere Btn fs 10 dre o GO txratuss Goh yu cor eo long reeves oat thite Tes do soethine) 1 condition: i 22, Detzeting system Boke ms atl tadetect th platfomonuhcnthaPton ierrtrsuring Youcan ve 2st taint ecurent lator. >>> inport sys >>> sys.platforn “tinue >>> import sys >o> sysiplatform ‘darwin’ Disabling and enabling 25 garbage collection Serotnes you ay wart enable of dale the gum cola’ at urine You can >>> deport gc >>> gc-enable built-in function enable> >e> ge.disable “built-in function disable> Using C-based modules for better 26 performance rrduis Using tees rol theo snieartpe bree Pickle instead of Pickle, cStringIO {instead of StringIO| Calculating maximum, = i sum out of any list or 27 iterable Youcenusethefollingbuit-infunctons. Rexenstheargestelomentinth ak utunsthosmalastlamentithelst ig function rate the sum of all slementsintalst accepts ancptonal sacond argument th valet str wth hen summing ldetaste too Representin 28 fractional numbers ae RET ra, For complex numbers, a Separate mre is used, called ath import math sath acos(x): Return arc cosine of ». rath: cos(x): Returns cosine of x rath factorial(x) + Returns x factorial 30 Working with arrays defines eon arrayCtypecode Cy initializer) Gea you hve Seated an aay by enaed ta pasion sarray.count Go: Returns the number Sioeesreeeeeetoaretca ayarray.extendGo): Aopends x at the feet thearray svarray-reverse(): Reverse the order ot the array. 31 Sorting items Inport biseck ect nor (La CTENICY hight) tonite ot be roveruyisheredothe Teotenyeisingen blaectinsort lef t(ist, stem C, Tow tne Farts tm ito ttn sored oe ta s ttensinte ot be rovertyisharedothe ieraryectngetesUsit lar i expresso -based ered 1 search withaepor-based enpresson, Checkout the eam boon. >>> taport Fe >e> s = "Kunal i 9 bad boy" >o> if re.seareh(*K", 5): print “aateht” char Literal Hatch! >o> if re.search(*[@A-21", 5): print “Watch!” # char class # aatch either at-sign or capital letter Match! >>> if re.search("\¢", 5): print “Watch!” # digits class Working with ina ‘compression 33 format oon usted WT om eawe Satuaretebizeompesin assim bed conrese() For be? aes ban decopress() + For br? decompression File: be2-example.py inport 622 MESSAGE = "Kunal {9 9 bad boy" compressed message = bz2. compress (HESSACE) deconpressed_nessage = bz2. ‘deconpress (conpressed message) print “original:", repr HESSAGE) print “compressed message: Fepr (compressed message) print “deconpressed message:", repr (decompressed message) [-/src/ython $1 python bz2- ‘example. py original: “Kunal is 2 bad boy! conpressed message: “BZAOIAYESV\Kc4\ HOFG\x98\x00\x00\302\x15\x800\300\ xO0\x094%\x80 \x00"\A00\x0e\K6A\e\ O20 a ub \nd6=\x25\xD3\x191x00\ FB \sbb\x92) \ee2\x84\¥86 2<\xc0" deconpressed message: “Kunal is 3 bad boy’ Sienna ne panied abou becesone me cotigaetan needed and superior lvelaofprforrance You ‘canusethermedide Salted narderto mvt ‘Site catabases, >e> lnport sqlites de> connection = salite.connect(“test o") 55> curs = connection. cursor() >>> curs.execute(*' create table iten + Cid integer prinary key, iteano text unique scancade text, descr text, price real") 35 Workingwithzipfiles ‘oveouesthe edie fie tvexkth Zoties Zipfile.2ipFile(tilenane C, wade C, onpression C,alloweipe4]13) afletating oatletbecbect Bipfile,closeO4 GoowtearewetieYoumustal oe ttre ccaigyor prgrencr svat cr lk town Zip ile-extract(senbert, patht, el) Exrata erber rom te cine tote ort tengo rember mst bots rare fora oro osc Pat sce stot flrarmorazoriocbect bt thera satrarcyptdin Using UNIX-style wildgards to search 36 for filenames You can use te ode You fod al te athnames mating a pttrn according the ‘dss ved ty the UNK sel and charactor eer ncn >>> import glob >>> glob. glab(*./f0-9].*") [gif */2.tx0'7 >o> glob.glob(#.gif") U.git", ‘card. gif) >e> glob. glob("?7-gi") Cait] Performing basic file operations (copy, 37 delete and rename) You cans the ox hts perforn bse fiocpraon at ahh eet Ts aso nets wis our ropa esa owl wo nh ‘pov es heared pen soca on Shutil.cony(sresdst) Cristo tothe decry shutil.eopymode(sre, 6st) Clos teflopemisons tom sco dt shutil mve(eresdst) Novsa‘tocrdrstrytodst Bee PTT Eisnorell> Farscape dectnyét shutil entree Gath Ly ignore errors Peoesereen) Dates nertredecton, Executing UNIX com from 38 Python The rot oleae Pond ato ya ra nares core >>> import comands >>> commands. getoutput(‘Is') “bz2-exanple.py\test py" Reading environment 39 variables Tovcaoethe moaie OF ogi SIG atarret oman >>> import os >>> os.path 22> 0s.environ ("LANG': ‘en IN’, “TER: “xtern-color”, ‘SHELL’: “bin/bash”, “LESSCLOSE" “Jusr/bin/lesspipe % *5", "X06_SESSION_COOKTE": + 925464459779 1cTO46S6354ad°56U0- 1257673132. 347986-1177792325", SSHLVL?: ‘1°, “SILTY: “/dew/ pts/2", *PWO': “/home/kunal”, “LESSOPEN': | fusr/bin lesspipe a) “posix’ 33> of Linesen ne The Python Book 294O Sending email Yovcan woth mele smept's canara Using an STP Bele Mal artr Pretaco) pe Seon pat) Import satplib # Use your onn to and from email adiress Fronacsr “fromegnat. con’ toadérs. = “todgnail.con’ sg = ‘T an a Python geek. Here is the proof.” # Credentials 1 Use your ann credentials and enable ‘less secure appe’ in Grail usernane = “fromgnail com’ password = “woe The actual mail send server = smtplib, MIP(‘sntp.gmail. ccom:587") # Google Nail uses secure connection for SHTP connections server.starttls() server. Login(usernane, password) server sendaail(Fronaddr, teaddrs, a) server. quit() Accessing 41 FTP server Tote a fy tees dn Pron. fo sah an Canusstelaongtnon feolib.FiPCGhost Cy user C, passwd Cwacct C, timeoutiI330) ‘Example: host = “ftp.redhat.con" Username = “anonynous” password = “kunaldeaégnail.com” Emort Ftplib import urilib2 Fep_sery = Feplib, FIP (host, usernane, password) # Download the file 4 = UPL1ib2.urlopen (HFtB=// Ftp. redhat. con/pub/redhat/Linux/ README") # Print the file contents rine (u.read()) Output: 5 python Fepelient.py 30 The Python Book tse versonsof es HatLinuxhave been mowed {tp:/farchive.download-redhat.com/pub/ redhatnas! Launching a web with the default wet 42 browser The wabbronso? wedi ponds 8 rvaiont vay 10 loch vonage ware, the deft wet broncer >>> Inport webbrowser >>> webbrowser .open(‘http://google. co.uk") True Creating secure 43 hashes” he ash’ motule swears @ platrors oF >>> import hashlib 4 shat Digest >>> hashlib,shal(°MI6 Classified Information 027") hexdigest() “224b15434229ccBcb35010b0599 1aboib20c8s? 4 shaz2s Digest >>> hashlib.shaz24OMEG Classified Information @27") hexdigest() *399102F7410000022408448 275082907087 7959b460990008955¢2c0" 4 shad56 Digest p> hashlib.sha236(MI6 Classified Inforwation 007") hexdigest() * 2fddes73 5487267 2Feb39725991689 basso7a7ebftc6403e fdb33b1c198256" 4 sha384 Digest >>> hashlib.shas84(°MI6 Classified Information 027") texdigest() *S5c4914160F03dFedie14dzecleTAbdab09 de1a2edc13anf7682000087438As9FS40be e050 c3d33658063538720° 4 shasi2 Digest >>> hashlib.shaS12CMI Classified Information @27")-hexdigest() *aT@4ac3dbo" 6823457848203 1d8a029025 2c822diF4973449b8050222edec8073b08077 ‘seatTaadBeet fbb 18566140667Fba47 peldelfFis2Fe0c71322" 4905 Digest >>> hashlib.miBC°MI6 Classified Information 807") .hexdigest() *BeDFe52ac 45F129992670c82647126" Seedingrandom 44 numbers Yor anise te mani Vandana 2 vee arty of random mura. The mest Sng one is vacomswed I ritaines the bese random rer gener. Wx omits Neve curr isto ie ed rey eas ed tee Seonteratentamehise fret eared Working with CSV 5 (comma-separated 45 values) files SV flee vey pear dain trove Ung rear jocaeatond wraccaviie import csv #reite stocks data as coma separated values writer = csv writer open( stocks. csv", ‘wb, butfering=20)) weiter writerows(L (CGL0G", “Google, Toe.” 505.28, 0.47, 9.09), CMG0", Yahoo! Tne.", 27.38, 0.33, 1.2, COT, ‘CHET Networks, The.", 8.52, -0.13, “1.48) » ¥ read stocks data, print status messages stocks = csv. reader (open ‘stocks. csv", *rb)) State labels = (-1: ‘dom “unchangee”, 1: “up) for ticker, nane, price, change, pet sn stocks: labels fenp(Float (change), 0.0) print('8s 1s 35 (BS)" X (none, status, pet)? Installing third-party modules using setup 4G tools etal yon pelagic you oul bots etal eproean wietl postage vere Yau a tall thi pry modi using the Po pctag maregs Use te caer Septet ytd ft tal Por aljca ofleolanosepoatoee— 5 pip install simplejson Collecting simplejson Downloading sinpleson-3.17.6-ep810- ‘ep31e-mary Linux 2.5. x86 64.sanylinox_ *86_64-nanylinux 2 12.385. 64 Imanylinix 2010_285.64.whl_ (13748) Installing collected packages: simplejson Successfully installed simplejson-3.17.6 Processing dependencies for simplejson Finishes processing dependencies for simplejson 47 Logging messages to thesystemd journal Tou can sete modu ‘eat wits oe dystem log The use for rang pres, ences estore youprogra mh ‘rpg modal aso trac tO UNK Dinky Urey routes, est atten to Csvojstonds jal ogre ond we uses paral eormandiobocetatThe-band-2 teh pp tothe atest jaa ets forthe carte! inport syslog syslog.syslog(‘nygeekanp: started Jogging’) for a in Cia", *b', *e'1 'b = ‘mygeckapo: I found the letter syslog-sysiog(b) syslog.syslog(‘mygeekapp: the script goes to sleep now, bye,bye!") Output 5 python mylog.py 5 journaletl -b -e Nov. 8 17:22:36 ubuntu python313691: rygeekarp: started logging Nov 8 17:22:34 ubuntu pythont311691: iygeekapp: T found the letter a Nov. 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python 31169]: inygeekapp: T found the letter b Nov. 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python(311691: imygeekapp: T found the letter c Nov 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python(311691: rnygeekarp: the script goes to sleep now, bye, bye! Third-party modules Converting HTML, 48 documentsto PDF __ TOF i @ vey ponder mode To POF ' suo pip install python-paF Collecting pythor-pdF Downloading python. pdf-€.39-py36-rone= ary.whl_ (16.8 18) Installing collected packages: python= at Successfully installed pythonpuf-0.38 Example: >>> import yh 55> pdf = pydlf generate pdf(‘ with open( test doce, no!) 35 f write out Pa >o> Fuveite(odh) Tho gonerste_pef function can tke @ whale lot of opdonal arguments, eneing everthing ‘rom OF and quality stings to margin sizos. See the documentation at htns/pypiore? roet/python pa or moreinformaton Uncethe hood Py uses the wlrtmept lary to do the conersion. And if you want you can pass any ofthe more ecatie options for that brary to Pya too. Oe problem with lakitmitopt is peed. can only generate one acurent por process, so if you have lets of decurent thay are goneratod an by one, each ina separate process which kes time start ancena Ta work around this, ite posse to asynchroraus VO to spawn mute px andparallie POF output ThePydf mediohas ‘8 dass “async for handling this usecase Dain, see the documentation fr more details onthis. 49 Using Twitter API {ou con corto Tater tig tho Pyhon “te mele 5 git clone git://github.con/bear/ python-taittar S$ ed python-taitter 5 rake dev Example fetching followers ist): >>> import twitter 4 Use you oun twitter account here o> aytl = en tter. AB (consumer. p> Feends © mytnl-GetFriends() >>> print Cu.nane for u in friends) [u'Matt Legend Gemell", u'jono wells, [The MON Big Blog", u'tanish Mandal’, iH”, uIndLanvdeoSaner can”, 'Facetaron Hillegass’, u'ChaosCode', Uinilestp", u’Frank Jetmings',.."2 Note that in order to use most features of Python Titer youllaeedtogorerateanAocess “Token and AP ay or your twtr account. You find instructions for doing this a hps/ax ‘wittercom/asutvoveniewenpliceton-cwner ‘ecoese-toene . Thi ll ve you the 4 mage rumbersfor twitter Ap Fetching the latest 50 news ‘bvcen vse were Taae howard tance op hence agit an PONS with eter me bots yr teen et CDenaP ey brea wrk See toe pone cron tenia S pip install neve-python ‘Example: Inport news_pytion ‘exs = nens_python.Glabal (kay="AP1-46¥") eine ews(uery="Linux", souree="ern") print PTitle: (news content. title)" URL: {news content. url)" Penuthor: (oans_content.asthor)") The Python Book 34Allow the Python seiot toruninatermina, and outside the IDE Human inputin te form fintogrsisused for comparingmoves an uitimately. playing the game Usedeductionto determine ono of tree outcomes Loop the code over againand start fromthe beginning Appendtointeger veriables to keep track of scores andmore Code a game of rock, paper, scissors Learn how to do some basic Python coding by following our breakdown of a simple rock, paper, scissors game This tutorial will guide you through making, 25) enough to adapt and expand a Resources Python 3: wvorpytnonorsownions IDLE: 132 The Python BookPython essentials Ml 1 Reset rere te ee ton ‘retonsiallneedfrthecode—theyre stl pars ofthe standard Python leva, just rotpartoftedetauterirmert 02 miter re nec here. Thattresverableswereusrgard thelr relationships dened. We alse provide @ variables wocankesp sco oftregares 3 wetegnte recom by axtnrete start ofeach round Theendeachpay session comes back through her, wheter We warttoplayagsinorrot The game i actualy contared ah her, askrg forthe payrnput, geting the computer input and passing these onto ge thareadt. tthe endo! tha then asksife8 etoplay again Payor rout dono re, We ge the lye informatio on how to ay ie partcular version of tre game and then alow {heir eheice to beused inherent stp, We also have something in pace in case they enter an imaldeption Therearea ew tings ingen hen we show thareauta Fret wereputtngina delayto de soma torsion appending avaible to ome printed wet, an then comping whet tho player and computer di. Though an if statement, wm choode what outer, ndhowtoupdatethescoes Wo ro skort input on hater 0 o. or not someone wants Yo play agin. Depending on thei rsponse, we go ackto the startorend theme andlspay terest ‘ThePython Bock 33,BA Python essentials The breakdown 1 Srpetesarzth noah ote Python interpreter here. This allows Us to run the program inside a terminal or otherwise outside of a Python-speciic IDE Tae IDLE, Note tat wet aleo using Python 2 rather than Python 2for ths partiouar scrip, which needs to be specified inthe code to make sure it calls ugon the correct version fromthesyster. a # Linux User & Developer presents: Rock, Paper, Scissors: The Video Gane| ‘import random| import time Gat paper = 2 scissors = 3 ‘names = ( rock: "Rock", & ‘player_score = 0 computer_score = 0 OG terse rteterinagara and the tot representations of each move fr the restof the cod, When elle pon, furseret wl print renames of any ofthe tee ‘moves,mariytotl theplayerhonthecomputar ‘moved. These names ae only equated to these varabies when they are needed ~ this way the ruber ssid to each of hem ia maintains vets ned. Eins ‘There are other meduls you can import with basic Python. Some of the major ones are ‘shonn tothe ight. There are also many more ‘thatareincldedas standard with Python, 34 The Python Book rules = ( rock: scissors, O2 Yersinenrresnoertsmedieson top of the standard Python code £0 we ean use some extra functions taughout the code. Well use the random modus to ‘determine what movethecomputer vill ho, ‘andthe tme module ta pause the runing of the codo at hey points. The tm module can ‘als be used to tise dates and times, ther tadisplaythemor otnerwse. ‘scissors: ‘Scissors OB see esta nate tocar of ‘thevarabes redefined enduseconty ‘hen needed, the ues are done in such away ‘that whan comparing the resus, ou variables {are momentarily madi. Further dow nthe code wel explain propery whar’s happening, but basicaly after determining whether or rot there ati, well see ifthe computers rove woud hae lett the player move the computer move equsls te losing throw tothe playersmove youin 3 Wetgssicsenenreveo aspects umber so that once a election ie ‘made by the player during ta game iil be ‘equated to that speci variable. Tris makes ‘he code slightly easier later on, a8 we won't ‘ee to parse ary tect for this parteular function fyouso wish, youcanaddaddtional moves andithswillstarther, “Scissors” J) paper OG Wersrneticces avr ar can be used throughout the code to wp track of seres We need to start at 270 ow so that it exists, cherwise i we defined itin a function, would ony exist inside that function. The code ads pot tothe computer orployerdenerdingentieoutcomed! heroun, although we have no scving fer id games in ‘is particular version07 troveseinreacuneerringt nea thie funion woe callod start ts quite simple, priting our restr to the Player end than starting awhile oop that wl allow usto keep peying the fameas many times as weuish, The pas statement ais thos oop tostoponcesee finshed andoaudbo used toperermanumbarofather tasksifsonished. vedo stopolayingthe game, thescorefunctonsthen called upon ~ wel over nhatthat does when we gttoit ‘ive kapt the game function fay sole so we cn breakdown ‘eachstepabitmareeasyinthecode Thisiscaledupan fem the star function. and fit of ll etermines the payer mavey alg user ‘the mows tunton bso. Once that’s sorted, ses the computer move ute the random module's andi funtion t get an integer baton one and tre 1,3. thon passes the player and computor move, stored as ‘togercnothereaultfuncton which we usta findheouteams der start(y print ("Let's play 2 game of Rock, while game(): pass scores() ‘game () = player = move() computer = random.randint (1, 3) result (player, computer) return play_again() Paper, Scissors." def move (): while Tru print() try? player = int (player) if player in (1,2,3 return player except ValueError: pass [Be Est Shek Oeuy tens dows print ("Oops! I didn't understand that. Please enter 1, 2 or 3 layer = rav_input ("Rock = 1\nPaper = 2\nScissors = 3\nMake a move: }*) awhile oop. The whole point of mave ist obtain |). 22 7 07 ot me's nove! 3 ‘=n integer bate cn and thee fram the playe so the ‘le oop allows us to account forthe player making an (0+ for nore information, Unsupported erry. Next, wo are setting the player vase tobe created from te playa'sinput with raw. input. Weve ‘soprnted instruction arto goaong ith The-\ weve Used inthe text ad a ine break: this way the instructions copear esas 10 Mesn.sezernt urd can up coe na handiserrors other excoptions Woparsewhatthe player entered turringit nto an integer using int). We use theif sttementtacheckiftis either, 2,er3~ifti, move returns this valve back up tothe game function. throm paVluetrrer ne use except to dorothing printsanerer ‘eseage an the whit loop starts ogi. Ths wil happen Lunti.an acceptable moveis mace. ‘The Python Bock 35 acede by the umber cf secardsin the bracketa. lookup whattho txtversinfthomoveiscalled lWe\e put #one-socond pause beeen courts, fom the names we set eater on, ard then to 1 recesses thonhalfasecondaftethattoshowtheresuts, _ingorthet here (0, pocaworgaatera wee viyroonsanrensgnmcemmc vers suirgat hahaa carton trea Tetris tan ene ae ‘eingted Sap pasen een Topi out what be campate ven, 4]. Hae wees eng te rs vo wee using sting format The (} inthe st ear Using the global function preted tert where were isating the move, allows fr the varabe tebe changed and used ‘hich wo have previously defined ae numbers, outside of the varabl,eapecial after wel UUsngnameslomputer weretalingthecodeto eopendedanumbertacnectthei sores. ‘def result (player, computer): peint (*1...9) Eime.sleep(1) peint ("2 if rules(player] =~ computer: print ("Your victory has been assured. *)} player_score += 1 Print ("the computer laughs as you realise you have been defeated.") computer_score += 1 ese baccalytroughaprocessofcliination. | ie Ek shel Osby Optns Windows Hep Ox fret check 9 S08 the move the plner rycnon 2.7.3 (oetault, sep 26 2012, 21/5119) ‘ad computer used were the same, which isthe |2ee 4.312], on risen? siroestpar. Wo putitinanifsttomentsothat |ype Acopyrigne®, seredite” oF ‘License ()* for nore information ifts rum Bis pater section ofthe code ends cnesraRt ere. ether pris cur iomesage and gps back ‘othegamefunciontortenenste, 5 Mtrtate.woneediotomtecrg sit could sll bea win or aes WS the ose, ma start another statement. Here, a nove: 8 te use the rules Uist fom earler to 208 ithe YGldn't understand that. Please enter 2, 2 oF 2 lesing move to the payers move isthe same as the computers Mats he case, we Bit the message saying £0, and ad3 one to the lye scorevarable rom before 1G terest te ae hast We pint the losing message. ghe the computer a pont and it immedataly ends the 1 Rock feoutfunctonetuningtothagamatuncion, [se gene. I 36 The Python Book,17 Pecos en oe cle won | Singscovancntonchynttevehaw AQ) votonatanceceresrc ne play. senn funtion ko the reve should expecta response in kind, The villassume the player dos nt wart to funeton aha huran input sokingthe payer statement checks to see if any cur detined play agin. Well pie a gondbye message, arc ‘ftrey woud play agen va atertmeseage postveresponseshavebeenertered As Python that wil and this funcen. Th wil also cause taithran rout nithtneompla'yn uagestion doesnt differentiate betwen uaper or mer the gam funetontomeweorta the rex ection anattomptoaiot anaupectedrosponsn. case, weVomade sure that tacceptsbothyand androtrestar. ‘this tthe case etumes postive respons ‘ogame, hichuil steritagan return answer def scores(): global player_scor print "HIGH SCORES" print "Player: ", player_score print "Compute: computer_score computer_score IFalschastheELF(lseoperatrwhichcan Tython 3-7-3 (detaste, ETT be used in place ofthe sacond IF statement (ce 4.9.2) on Limuna’ we employe. t's usualy used to keep cade Hype tcopyrigne", ‘ered toa, but parfermsthe sare function. 2 play © gune of Rock, Paper, seissers 20 sree otto sa ttn, st {ae fishes.emoveontatheresuts Thissecion cals the scores, which areinteger, ancthenprintsthemindssdualyatertherames Make a nove? 3 ofthe layers, Thisietheend te evs as fa Oops! didn'e understand that. Please et aera, Seana wont parmanenty save the sores, But you can have Pythen me ttoafleto keep ifyouwsh, ake «nove 21 eins pt ton ee eve 0 be used in tivo ways. Fel, we can freee it in the command ine nd it wil ore eeapster these Bock! fine Secondly, we can impert this int athe He gene . Python srt perbapsifyou antec adits eta ge 2uke ve play apsiny ria: ‘gamer acollecton. The way, twat execute thetcode when being ported ‘The ython Bock 37{ctor et oe ort co ‘iertiniw pres Code listing [ete ee apin proving abl 20 s ontop se of ‘ur very basic raphis imolve ASO arefthe games stages, printed ot stereeytm Programagame _ of Hangman Learn how to do some more Python coding by following our breakdown of a simple Hangman game ‘One ofthe best ways to got to know Python is by bulang lots of simple projects so you can understandabit more about the programming language. This time round, wee looking 2 ul up th Python 3 wamovtoneryoweioes Hangman stit doesnt require IDLE: wenythonargise set of modules, but it's @ ite more advancer 38 The Python BookThe actu! game starts here, ith 2 whe lop 10 on essentials Ml Pytl et you continually play the game until you decide. [er searto: Code listing continued orn oanenongevepem FE ae on i eee 7 ot amen ‘The game rules are decided here, a wal a the ‘stp forthe word ana keeping rack of tise ard Inconectanewers cn ound ofthe gre played here, aking for ning thentalingjout youaracorect or not Inprnesoutthe graphicandchangs ayvarables ‘hat need to be updated spec ncrect 28 caret guesses Alter es ound, theca checisifyouve wen ot lestyet~thevaineonstion big tat you guessed ‘he worderlosngtyouve mode guesses The human input forthe game takos the latter tara tums into something the code can ue. 6 Vere n te prvous Bick of cage and then referred backtoifyouve entered an unsupported raeadyused character ‘The same clas as last tine, wich allows you to alec whether rot you wish ay again ‘pen quitng the game, scores ae gen forthe duration ofthe play session Wealsoendtneserot tithtneif_-rame. code before OLE automaticaly hghightsthecodeto make roeding your work tat it bit ase. tals allows youto change these colousand ‘ighlghtingin OLE Preferences, ncace youre cle blndoarejustused oa ifernt Colour scherain gaara rly = Cyr mage peng) sors action erties rood Selec ‘eters rit laters rang eis esau ‘efter eter) Feedage re Aeterna: Peete aie variate sae ete frst inserter) enor ten erat) ms harper ean) eee elon Promos lettre) Frome nord ae 16 ehtay me ie at Frame nord snare Sige = retusa feo Inter = roc ito gs ot cor mtery ser”) Iineratag to a sno Fe ary he gy se 9 ram ou very mh Frying ve. See You ret te") cpr sar, computa acre re (er Se (Chane payer soe) Fit Combuer! © Santer co per ‘ThePython Bock 39Isee ASCIL Hera actose-p ofthe seven ager we veuredforHangran's traphie. You canchangs them yursalfbutyouneedomake Surethequotemers area ‘thecorectpacesothatthear ‘sooneisereda text strngtobe pentadout 40 The Python Book [ay #!/usr/bin/env python3 Gf ron random import * player_score = 0 ‘computer_score = 0 def hangednanChangman): graphic = [ GF cer starto: Although we've moved some otheralesto ‘the'game function youcanalnaysputthem ‘backhereandcalluponthem using the bal variable, as we would do with the sores For thewords, jou could alsa reateaseporate fla andimporthem ke therardom module. print(Let's play a game of Linux Hangnan.”) while game(): pass scores() 1 ates sna in or san to the Python interpreter Ths allows us to rancho program inside ternal or therwise outside of a Pythen-speciic IDE tke IDLE. Nowe thet wate aso using Pythan 3 fr tis partes, as ts Installed by defaut on most Linu Syston ard wi thoreFreaneurscarastaty. 2 Wir irertcane vars mot soy dferenty tis time, imperting the acta names ofthe funetions fom random rather than just tha module eal. This lon us tous tha functions without haveg syntax tke rendomfunction. The storie imports all tho funetent from random, though you can sith that for specie names of ny of rand function, Wel be using tha random funetiontoselectawordfortheplayerto guess. OB sorceress rota ana tan be used throughout the code to Keep track ‘of ecores, Wa need to tar i at 26a now oo that ‘ists otherwise fwedetinedit ina function, would ‘only est inie that function. The cod adds. point tothe computer or layer depending onthe outoome ofthe round OG eis tic: a ta sian {SOI hangr@ man stages. Were stong thoce ina fureton as a lito separate sting objets s0 ve can call upon them passingon the numberof incoract guess to. There are coven gape inal, lin te per-and-paoor orion. We also irlude the print command with he funtion, sowhen scale it wlcorpletlyhandle te selection and cpa ofthe hanging man wth the rstone beng ined ater the fet ttre guessed OB ascii etal tn oe code, with the function wee cal str Ice quite simple, sxining aur greeting t te player and then staring while oog that wil alow us to heep laying the gareas many esas ve wish. The pass Statoment allows the while loop to stap once wee finished, and could be used to perform 3 numbercer gomeg: dictionary = [ word word_length = len(word) clue of ses =e letters_tried guesses = 0 letters_right = 0 letters_wrong = @ nu”,"kernel”,"Linux”,"nageia”,” choice(dictionary) word_length * [“"] global computer_score, player_score gf while (letters.wrong != tries) and (*join(clue) word) letter=guess_letter() if len(letter} and” letter-isalpha(): if letters_tried.find(letter) != Print(“You've already picked”, letter) of othr task f so wished do stop playing the ma, the score function then call upon wl go ‘vernhat that coos when we gettat OG Wteaes art ot we se in the gama! funtion this time around, 05 thors nt as mich that needs to be sot un. You can spite up further # yu wish, using the style of ce from last issue ft would make the code cesner foryou orhelp you understand the buling Blocks & bitmoc, 7 Te ere ese ty awh nr for the player to guess. Weve got a small selection of words ina ist hee However, these can be imported via HTML or expanded upon. Choie is used toseact random element fromthe li hon comes from the random module wa imported. Final, we ascecan hw log the ring ofthe word to GUESS, and then create the cue variable wth a number of undarsceres ofthat ant This is used today the ‘eras bulsitup from guesses. OG Besztespteniesanste nit variables to Keep track of during the game There can only be si incorrect guesses before the hanging man i uly aw, orn our esse dave, 0 wo sot the is variable to sic Mel keep track of the letters hough laters red torake sure thatrot ‘only wl he player brow, but asa the code fer when it checking against laters aeady played. ral we creste erpty variables forthe numer of euacses ‘made, letters corect and eters incorrect. rake ‘he code elghty eater He alzo import the global scoreshers, Wore stating a white loop t perform the Player selection and chock hm status ofthe gna Thsloep continues unt th player wins ores Ista by check al the ties have been used up by soning ators wong rot equal tots. AS each ‘by wl only aad one port to wrong it wll ener go bovesic it then concatanate ut and sees the ‘same asthe word the comeuter selected, Itoh these Statements are tue goes ontothe return, 1O ates faction nate ang 0 input letter and give i the variable ota We check what i ruins by frst of all making se it only a singe letter, with enter, then by Using isalphato sof t's one of the 26 eters ofthe alphabet. these condions are satisfied, we start ‘naw if statomert to make sure ts a new gues, ‘and tal the payer its already been chosen 80 they an start again fal thi is acceptable, we move on tothe next section ofthe cod to se fs a correct escort i: yenguin” ubuntu’ Whi DLE witkep rackof tho indertsin tecode,yeureusing _testedtorto wits some Python, youllnav to make sreyoure Usngthem correct Pythons ‘verysorttvetowhatheroraot indents aroused correcty anit doesn reaebiy a wel “The Pton Book 41TN ‘Tha codeinatitgartofthe ‘ene fucton we stated onthe prevouspage, so make eure your Indertatonsareinalgnent| | youre not using an. youpln {ospitthiscodeup, we'dsugzest ‘starting withtnowerdelecton adress, Bir letters_wrong se: a letters_tried = letters_tried + letter first_index-word.find(letter) if first_index letters_wrong 41 print@Sorry,",letter,"isn’t what we're looking for.” else: print’Congratulationsetten"is correct.” FB for i in range(word_length): if letter wordLi]: clueti} = letter ie hangedman(Letters_wrong) | | | else: rint(“Choose another.’ print (“ "join(clue)) print (‘Guesses: ”, letters tried) trie print(Game Over.”) print(The word was”,word) computer_score += 1 break -Join(clue) == word: print(‘You Win!) print(The word was”,word) player_score += 1 break if return play_again() —_—&i AA tsar a id acetin the Fist ting ve do is adit 10 the ist of letere tiled. Ths Ie done simpy by ade, the stings togthar Wo an use the fied commando search the ard sth forte tr lente ohio vl then return a umber ofthe agement oftheleter inte sing, does Fd the eter returns 1 wai. ich we vse inthe nar statement to ee ithe stro Variable 1. sa, it adds one ta the number of leters_wrong and then prints a message 1 lt thepiyerknow rat tssanioorect UES, AD tnsegt ew ost en incerect. than we can only assume Ie is caroct. Trough ths simple prooess of {42 The Python Book limination, wa fst printout a message ta let ran graphic a stands, by cling the graphic theplayerknow thattheyve been suscessuland in the lst that corresponds tothe number of thenmakearecordott ‘rcomect guesses thet have Don made. We then pint how tho cue cura lok, with a space 1Q Weewrstosia sation hoes bevean eh chee hen it re we can update the clu withthe corect numberof guesses thathavebeen made. later wee added. Neuse te ange futon to tate rdeton mary nese vsh ota He wo check ef the ge cer th cue by using the word lergth variable cer again, fret f all compar the We ten check to ee whic eter inthe word eters_arong f0 the numberof vs hats hs boon guested corecty and change that tus, we pint a message that the game has pacficpertfthe ca tobe that ter o\tcan ended andrew the mysteryatthe iden nord be pimed out fer th playerto eee and for us to Waincreas the compuzers enore andra the check nhetherornatthegameisove. cop. The next ep checks to se if te Tul ue concatenatedisthesameasthecrigna vard—if 1G teeeibecgnaitessoanty arg tatsthecas npertbvin message ef the player to choose again ifthe drat wordardaddone pootatheplaer sorbate err a supported input Before we go onto the breaking the laop agin. Ths can also be dorw rest ound of chotes, we pine aUt the hangre with fSandels to wad using eke,Oder guess_tettero: print, letter = raw_input(“Take a guess at our mystery word:”) letter.strip() letter: lower() print() return letter q def play_again(): if answer in (“y", “Y", “yes”, “Yes”, “OF course!”): af answer = raw_input(“Would you like to play again? y/n: “) return answer a else: def scores(: global player_score, computer_score print(“HIGH SCORES”) print(“Player: ”, player_score) print(“Computer: ”, af ; startQ 16 ies aero sen ety calling upon return again. which we wi thonpassalithe ayuptothestartfunction once iestevane, 17 Bein eo frtion tat of all pine out @ raw input message. ‘noe the player enter the ete, the function arses fo be used wth the rest ofthe code Fraty, sips used to remove ary whitespace from the input gen a we've et given it ay foua parameters. We then convert it ino lower-case letters, 3s Python wil nt be able to correctly compare an upper-case character wth alover-eacealtematve, Ws then print tho Election fr the record and return feup to the game functon, 18 eseszeet mame tonite ask he payer if they wish to try again The play_again function takes a human input with 0 simple message and then analyses the inputse itknowswhat tosend back ‘computer_score) 19 Sire sous anon ot yr io ne have shoud expecta response in kind The if statement chocks to s9e if any of our defined postive responses have been entered Since Python dferertatas between upper and loner caso, woe made sure it acopts bath Yard If thie tha case return a postive Fesponae ogame, which wilstartitagain. 20 resort n eects soos, we wil assume. the player dose ok want to lay again. Well print a goodbye ‘message and that wil end this funtion. The ‘nl aso cause the star furetion to mae onto thenectesctonandnat tar. DA Sn ny back te st function, ater game Fries we move lontothereeults.Tissectionisquiteserala i calls the scores, which are integers, and then pints them indus after te names ofthe Players This ie the ond ofthe sero, a8 for 98 ‘he player isconcemed. Curent. the coda il print(“Thank you very much for playing our game. See you next time!”) ‘Now tat you'vefnishedwith the code ty ‘otmakeyeuronn changes? nreac the wordeoutt create ferent, selectable word categories; or oven et people gessthafull ‘wor ouhawe alleen Sots inthe ‘umentcede and astnanths tori rot permanent save the score, but you ean have P/thonriteitoaietokeepif yous, DD. i0 int part te cose aon fo the script to be used in two ways Fray, we can exgcute it inthe commard ine ‘nd tll wrk fine. Seconds, we can import Unis into anether Python sori, perhaps i you wanted to adit asa gamete acollecton, ‘is wa wl not execute the code when boingimported “The Python Book 43Play poker dice using Python Put on your poker face and get ready to gamble as you hone your programming skill with a bit of poker dice Resources Python 3:menpythonertownioas IDLE: senonoratte TheStart Here were dong ome minor setups so we con fet or code to run with some extra madls nt (rotuded with th bases TheRules \Were setting nas foreach sera so they con ‘be propa tented to the player ~ much more intovatrg thar rors TheScore ‘Aainwe've gat smebasc variables setup owe Cankee aor ofthe gamesifwa want TheSeript ‘Theguchandied here pacsing te ployer onto Benetuncteno typ endhnaingte We acess the fll gum loop via hee, aed the function that alls us to play again if wee ssinctined Theinitatnad is deat, soo speak atte start the throws funetion. Thi uncon handles al he econ makngin the gare, while pasingef he ‘doe rola toanather function atone eine Weve az gota special inci so we caninform eralls'= tputwon any de o you want £0 row agai °) TheDecision| There are two rounds inthis version of poker ‘om an you can esac how mary ei you wish torellinthissmall he oop tat make sre Yyourealsosingacorectrumber “44 The Python Book ‘So you've learnt how to program rock, paper, sclssors and guessed your way to victory at hangman, tow fs time to head Las Vega and lay cur cards eg. Or nti case, tut ico, a8 wo continue wth aur Python game tutors and inode yout somepoker de again using ome of the lssons we've yy Ibert. cluding. random number tion, lst creation. and. meication, human put. rule setirg,ecorng ard more But wll algo be dng soe new sls tes Sore sts i gan scot > TE eee: LO peneotee Fret in 23049) tutorial Namalynelbacrestingand appending let with random rumbers, and using functions ‘multiple mes none block of code to ct down onbioa. gin, we recommend using IDLE, and wate using Python 210 ensure company with @ vider arty of stro, including te Raspbery '. So, wehopeluk's@ adyoryou and thatthe ‘ds are ever in your favour ~ just keep those fingers crossad that you dont ola snake eyes (waarecedrgin Python, after all! Code listing Driven’ ploy» wane of Linu Pte Des. rire The copter wil ela yu tron your 5 ce) roster)TheRe-roll, Wore dong the second sot of ros and staring the ond ofthe game hare by caling onthe same function ab before, but woe also aware that choosing evlsmeansthecndofthagame TheDice Here mee findingout which ice the player wants to rerol, and also raking sre that thay enter abd nue, Jt 80 ey Kron theyre dong “omething we printaomething forever tre ‘Second Hand ‘We change and dela the new dee hand to ond the game gain, we make suze to tal the player ‘hat th ctalhand theyhave le TheRolls “The function we ruse to rol or Vite ie Season wt, coat Code listing continued 2 eeaeereD incite: mse” of 2 ace to ral: *) election ir atacion in 2.438: pt did't nderstrd that, Flees enter 1, 2, 3, €or 89 cersion i)" sleet nied ee changed ce election) leeaice chargestieratine 1) = replacement sexsi) FE eaectesicey ince masta eau = region sig simplo whl lop. This allows us to keep "af ripe faery thavodebase smaller pp ler ncn, Sie nee abe ‘The Analysis Gleriterationi = ronda eicetnnters) ‘There are eight prone typee of harden poker eurn te dee, and we ean ue a ie tog t work aut all et bitdnect them witnouteneckingagainat al 2776 ‘outcomes — infact, we only special have to cheaktortwo ‘The Question ‘arse ly agar urction that parses player Inputsoweenestartorendthe sgt TheEnd ‘Sorat are depajed ath end ofthe ait and ‘the very fal part alls us to import tino cterPrthon siptsasamedlo ‘Spltingupsctensiuofurction makesit ier tonot only perform them mutipls times butreducetheamuntofcade Onlnrger projets is ean acwithapeed SS cerca forbs, ei in robin Street = hogs) Seutme > Bae) 18 dice = strane o en Nar ee co de hat ate hart strain turn Mang card play aganos Teo Yels you ike to lay oe? ys") ber" toe," coro) int Thank yeu very mich for paying or ane Se you est tie!" sore) ES acs, cote se Fineoyer poe score) Fnteconpor’ fete tar) ‘ThePython Bock 48#l/usr/bin/eny python3 {import random Aa names = { nine: “9”, player_score = @ conputer_score = @ Be stro: Drint@Lat’s play a gone while gameQ: pass seores() Of return play.again() 01 ‘Ag before, we use this ine to enter the path tthe Python interpreter. Thi alls us 2 Fn the araram side & terminal or atherwise ‘outside of Python-spectic DE te OLE. Note thatwerealsousingPython’ forthisseret 02 rete Asean mporietherondomradue foro etre oreo ot te oun functonsowecan verte dosina wo fais tore rede ard ese arly en tart sayer nathan howe 03 Write wet using random numbers for thodoe rol ules we assign the cere cards to each number, the payer wort know what theyve rolled and what eonstiacs a batter hand, Vie set each card to a number and then equate nat these should be printed out 8s 04s" ‘Ae usual, we have the empty scores for the payer and computer so we can update 46 The Python Book ten: “10%, jack: from itertools import groupby of Linux Poker Dice.”) help you throw your 5 dice") these as we go. Whi it's not epactclly used in this version of the code, its easy enough te expand on it and add your own simple computer el oriited Aor bata 5 irre ne rcne prc be cosinor tan pe ost ‘Ste tars ante opal aly orybe great mnytnes va Termbsaren slowest sep reo uve fh fe so pin fe fu unc titanic 06 =" Uke cur Rock, Paper, Slesors code, dat game pawnstherestof the gameortocther funetone, th ts main function alloving us to hoop ropeating the game by paacingthe payor througntotnepiay_again function. o7 me Fer our fist thom, wa want to hav ve random dic. WeVe seta variable hee to pass onto ourthroning function, alowing uso reuse queen: “9, king: “", “There ae a few variables that pve pnts uct th ia weve been eae penn we want them 1, 5 rot the best code conduct. The names ofthe variabes dont epecicaly matter ~ it jst best to label ‘them nay you understand or bugtxingandotherstoreed ace: “AY 3 It later with a eitterent number that the player chooses, We gat Five random numbers na st ‘retuned rom the funeton, and weer itusing Sorttomale ta bitmorereadate forte player Andalsolatoronforthehanatunction Dicedlsplay Wi print ot asc dice, umberingthom 0 the player knows which dee is whic, ad ‘also ghirg tthe name we stat the ear ofthe Serpe. Were ding this with atop that repeats ‘eal the number of times ab the doe ict long uss the rengxencioe) argvment. The Fe ineresced each tun, end it pnts out tht spsctierumceroftha dia ist. Currenthand ‘ie want to tnd the toe of hand the player has mltpiotmos ur tho game so st, ‘spect funebontofind out We poss the series ofdcewehaveontathisfuncten onder. 10 teneein Before we can thraw the doe for the s200ed round, we need to krow which eee thedef throws0: roll_nuber = 5 dice = roll(roll_nunber) Watch the indentations again as dice.sort() tae apt the else funein. The for i in rangeClen(dice)): folioning page's codes on the ine“Dlce"s 1," namesLlice! tne tse ro rer aaelmmaiaiadad reac ice_rerolls and dice_changes in result = hand¢dice) = print(You currently have", result) while True: rerolls = input("How many dice do you want to throw again? “) trys AF rerolls in (1,2,3,4,5): break except Valuetrror: pass print(“Oops! I didn’t understand that. Please enter 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. if rerolls == 0: print(You finish with”, result) else: rollnunber = rerolls dice-rerolls = roll(rol1_nunber) dice changes = range(rerol1s) The big if funtion atthe end of print(Enter the number of a dice to reroll: “) throw doesrt have mary Une iterations breaks between sections = you vuhile iterations < rerolls: canadtheceas muchasyouwant iterations = iterations + 1 to break up the code ino small while True: chunks vival aiding buen. selection = input try: if selection in (,2,3,4,5): break except Valuetrror: pass GB mintoopst 1 aish’t understand that. Please enter 1, 2, 3, 4 oF 5.” dice! changesTiterations-1] = selection ~ 1 DringC'You have changed dice”, selection) doer varistoalagin Nesta isang of isto long fon carts. ho 4. Pare ‘them how mary revels they want tod, which userwantstore-rolzero tines, then that moans We ask the player to ter the numbers ‘allows ust race a custom wil oop to ask heyehappy withthar hand, anditmustbethe of tha dice ty wish to ral. By sting an "the user whieh coe ta change that estes the endothe game We print amessage to ndcate erations variable, we can have te while op conectnumboroftimes, ‘his and ply thee hancagan. last the ene number of mesa we wart Wie also have to make sue i's @ number ral by comparng it othe rll arabe ie vain he ee ft gar vic why 2p There We check each input to msko sure i's a cubar Jae check using the ty function, and pint out Heros where we start the second roll thatcanbeused, nda the vaidchoicesto the amessago which tls the user fardhow ty and theerdof the game, usnga lngelse tothe dce_crargos lst, We use eaten here as ifstaterent welust started erst ofall make Pythons bag atOratherthan |. elo print Surets set ourvarabes- wdateg ll_rumbar out a shor maasage oo re player knows the to pase onto the ol fureten with the roll selection was oveosetl 11 oes Cheer ening neve ben tyngto do meer oso an can tt ae inthese tutorials is pint outhow logis can cut the eactlngthoftharawcotcrels wo who a $0 players. Thisistheendefthe srg asfarasthe when boingron cect, player concerned. Curent, he cade wil 9 ‘ermanenty sa¥8 the scores, Bt you ean have a Python wrtsittoafletokeepityouwish, ‘ThePython Bock 4