C2 Chapter 5: Matter Question •

Progre ss • Succe
ed

Knowledge organiser

Elements and atoms Groups and periods

• An element is a substance that only contains one type of atom, it is found on the Periodic Table • G
 roups are the columns in the Periodic Table, they go downwards
• E
 ach element has it’s own unique chemical symbol which is the same in every language, these are also found on • Periods are the rows in the Periodic Table, they go sideways
the Periodic Table • E
 lements in the same group normally follow the same trends in properties such as melting point, boiling
• An atom is the smallest part of which an element can be broken down into point and reactivity
• As there are around 100 types of elements that can occur naturally, there are around 100 different atoms • By placing these elements into these groups, scientists can make predictions about their properties

Compounds Group 0 Halogens

• C
 ompounds are formed when two or more different 0 • G
 roup 0 elements are known as
group number fluorine most
elements chemically bond together H He the noble gases
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 reactive
 he compound will have different physical properties to
• T • T
 hey are all non metals with low
the elements which make up the compound, for example
Li Be B C N O F Ne melting and boiling points, meaning chlorine
water is a liquid, but it made from oxygen and hydrogen Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar all are gases at room temperature
which are both gases • T
 he boiling point decreases going bromine
• C
 ompounds are hard to separate and need a chemical K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr down the group
reaction to do this Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe • A
 ll of the group 0 elements are iodine least
reactive
unreactive
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
• W
 hen naming a compound, we always mention the metal • W
 hen electricity is passed through
first and the non metal second Fr Ra the gas, they emit a brightly coloured
• T
 he name of the metal will not change but the name of the light, this can be seen in neon signs
non metal will, for example oxygen can change to oxide
• C
 hemical formulae tells us how many atoms of each
element are in the compound in relation to each other Group 1 Group 7
CH4 CO2 • Group 1 elements are also known as the alkali metals • G
 roup 7 elements are also known as the halogens
• They share similar properties with other metals such as: • They share similar properties with other non metals such as:
1 carbon 4 hydrogens 1 carbon 2 oxygens • Being shiny when freshly cut • Having low melting and boiling points
• T
 he small number tells us the number of each element • Being good conductors of electricity and heat • Not conducting electricity
which is in front of the number • G
 roup 1 metals are much softer than other metals and • Moving down the groups the elements have an increased melting and boiling point
also have much lower melting and boiling points • The halogens also react in a similar way to one another, for example with iron:
• Group 1 elements react with water to form alkali solutions iron + chlorine ➞ iron chloride
Polymers lithium + water ➞ lithium hydroxide + hydrogen iron + bromine ➞ iron bromide
• P
 olymers are long chains of groups of atoms which are metal + water ➞ metal hydroxide + hydrogen  alogens can undergo displacement reactions, this is where a more reactive halogen
• H
repeated many times • T
 he further down the group that the metal is, the more will take the place of a less reactive halogen
• Natural polymers are not man-made and include wool, vigorous the reaction will be. This is called a trend • T
 he most reactive halogens are at the top of the group, and the least reactive halogens are
cotton, starch and rubber • A
 nother trend seen in Group 1 is with the boiling and at the bottom of the group
• Synthetic polymers are man-made and include polythene, melting points: the further down the group, the lower the • If the most reactive halogen is on its own,
it will take the place of the less reactive calcium bromide + chlorine → calcium chloride + bromine
polystyrene and nylon boiling and melting points are
halogen in a compound

Key terms Make sure you can write definitions for these key terms.

atom  alkali metals  compound  displacement reaction  element  group  Group 1  Group 7  Group 0  halogen

noble gas  period  Periodic Table  physical properties  polymer  trend

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