S c i e n c e 10

Data Booklet
 experimental value – theoretical value
_________________________________
% error theoretical value

output
% efficiency =
input

y y y
slope
x x x
 ___ n (mol)
(g)
(g/mol)

element + element compound

compound element + element

compound + element new compound + new element cation + anion NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide

compound + compound new compound + new compound

hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapour

hydrogen - acid HC1(aq) aqueous hydrogen chlor chlor acid

hydrogen - acid H 3 PO 4 (aq) aqueous hydrogen phosph phosphor acid
hydrogen acid H3PO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen phosph phosphor acid
Note: most oxides have low solubility in water

Group 1,
NH4+,
H30+ (H+)

Group 1, Group 1, Group 1,

most NH4+, NH4+, Sr2+, most NH4+ most all all
Group 2 Ba , Tl
2+ +

Ag+, Pb2+ Ag+,

most most most Ag+, none none
Tl+, Hg22+, Pb2+,
Hg22+
Cu+ Ca2+,
Ba2+,
Sr2+,
Ra2+

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that was established using the sp values. A concentration of 0.1 mol/L
corresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L, depending onmolar mass. Hg22+ is a polyatomic ion of mercury.
 Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1
H Note: The legend at the right denotes Legend for the Elements
hydrogen
1.01 the physical state of the elements Solid Liquid Gas Seldom forms ions
+
at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25°C).
H
hydrogen

3
Li 4
Be Table of Polyatomic Ions
lithium beryllium
6.94 9.01 Polyatomic ions

– – – – 2–
acetate CH3COO chlorate CIO3 iodate IO3 permanganate MnO4 sulfite SO3

Li+ Be2+ ammonium NH4

+
chlorite CIO2
–
nitrate NO3
–
phosphate PO4
3–
hydrogen sulfide HS
–

lithium beryllium 2– –
benzoate C6H5COO– hypochlorite CIO– nitrite NO2
–
hydrogen phosphate HPO4 hydrogen sulfate HSO4
11
Na 12
Mg borate BO3
3–
chromate CrO4
2–
methanoate CHOO
–
dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4
–
hydrogen sulfite HSO3
–

sodium magnesium carbonate CO3

2–
dichromate Cr2O7
2–
oxalate OOCCOO
2–
silicate SiO3
2–
thiocyanate SCN
–

22.99 24.31 2– 2–
hydrogen carbonate HCO3– cyanide CN
–
hydrogen oxalate HOOCCOO– sulfate SO4 thiosulfate S2O3
– –
perchlorate CIO4 hydroxide OH
+
Na Mg2+
sodium magnesium
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93
Ti4+ V5+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Co2+
titanium(IV) vanadium(V) chromium(III) manganese(II) iron(III) cobalt(II)
K+ Ca2+ Sc3+ Ti3+ V4+ Cr2+ Mn4+ Fe2+ Co3+
potassium calcium scandium titanium(III) vanadium(IV) chromium(II) manganese(IV) iron(II) cobalt(III)
37
Rb 38
Sr 39 Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91
Nb5+
niobium(V)
Rb+ Sr2+ Y3+ Zr4+ Nb3+ Mo6+ Tc7+ Ru3+ Rh3+
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium(III) molybdenum technetium ruthenium(III) rhodium
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir
cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22

Cs+ Ba2+ La3+ Hf4+ Ta5+ W6+ Re7+ Os4+ Ir4+

cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268)

Fr+ Ra2+ Ac3+ Lanthanide and Actinide Series Begins

francium radium actinium

Key 58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm
Atomic number
Name of
91
Pa Symbol of
the element
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium
the element protactinium 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36
Atomic mass 231.04
Sm3+
Pa5+ Ion charge samarium(III)
protactinium(V) Stock name
Pa4+ (IUPAC) Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm2+
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium(II)
protactinium(IV)

Based on 126 C
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu
Most stable or common ion is listed above thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium
dotted line. Atomic mass in parentheses indicates 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244)
mass of the most stable isotope.
Pa5+ U6+ Pu4+
protactinium(V) uranium(VI) plutonium(IV)
Th4+ Pa4+ U4+ Np5+ Pu6+
thorium protactinium(IV) uranium(IV) neptunium plutonium(VI)

6
 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1
H 2
He
hydrogen helium
1.01 4.00

H– He
hydride helium
5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Polyatomic Elements
Elements
B C N 3– O2– F– Ne
astatine At2 iodine I2 boron carbon nitride oxide fluoride neon
bromine Br2

chlorine Cl2
nitrogen

oxygen
N2

O2
13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
fluorine F2 phosphorus P4 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
hydrogen H2 sulfur S8

Al3+ Si P3– S2– Cl– Ar

aluminium silicon phosphide sulfide chloride argon
28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Ni2+ Cu2+
nickel(II) copper(II)
Ni3+ Cu+ Zn2+ Ga3+ Ge4+ As3– Se2– Br– Kr
nickel(III) copper(I) zinc gallium germanium arsenide selenide bromide krypton
46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
Pd2+ Sn4+ Sb3+
palladium(II) tin(IV) antimony(III)
Pd3+ Ag+ Cd2+ In3+ Sn2+ Sb5+ Te2– I– Xe
palladium(III) silver cadmium indium tin(II) antimony(V) telluride iodide xenon
78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2* 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
Pt4+ Au3+ Hg2+ TI +
Pb2+ Bi3+ Po2+
platinum(IV) gold(III) mercury(II) thallium(I) lead(II) bismuth(III) polonium(II)
Pt2+ Au+
Hg+
TI3+ Pb4+ Bi5+ Po4+ At– Rn
platinum(II) gold(I) mercury(I) thallium(III) lead(IV) bismuth(V) polonium(IV) astatide radon
110
Ds 111
Rg * The isotopic mix of naturally occurring lead is more variable than that of other elements, preventing
precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.
darmstadtium roentgenium
(271) (272)

63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
Eu3+ Yb3+
europium(III) ytterbium(III)
Eu2+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb2+ Lu3+
europium(II) gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium(II) lutetium
95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr
americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
(243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Am3+ Bk3+ Md2+ No2+
americium(III) berkelium(III) mendelevium(II) nobelium(II)
Am4+ Cm3+ Bk4+ Cf3+ Es3+ Fm3+ Md3+ No3+ Lr3+
americium(IV) curium berkelium(IV) californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium(III) nobelium(III) lawrencium

7
Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems

Formulas Abbreviation (units)

= change in

= velocity (m/s)

= speed (m/s)

= displacement (m)

= distance (m)

W F d = time elapsed (s)

W= E = acceleration (m/s2)

Fg mg = mass (kg)

W = work (N•m or J)
Em = mechanical energy

= weight or force due to gravity (N)

= gravitational potential energy (J)

Em = Ep + Ek
= magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

= height (m)

= kinetic energy (J)

F = force (kg•m/s2 or N)

In Alberta, acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth = 9.81m/s2

 Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
Magnification = (power of objective lens)(power of eyepiece)

high ! power ! field ! diameter ! low ! power ! magnification

!
low ! power ! field ! diameter high ! power ! magnification

field ! diameter !
Actual Size of Object =
"#$%&'!()!(%*&+,-!&-,.$/,&0!,(!).,!/+'(--!).&10!()!2.&3

Scale = diagram ! size! of ! object *

/+,#/1!-.4& *
*must be in same units

Surface Area to Volume Ratio = surface area

volume

Unit D: Energy Flow in Global Systems

Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25°C
Specific Heat Capacity
Compound J/(g"°C) or kJ/(kg"°C)
Water H 2 O(l) 4.19
Methanol CH 3 OH(l) 2.53
Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH(l) 2.44
Hexane C 6 H 14 (l) 2.27
Ice H 2 O(s) 2.00
Steam H 2 O(g) 2.02
Toluene C 7 H 8 (l) 1.71
Air mixture of N2(g), O2(g), 1.01
CO2 (g), and trace gases

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

Heat of
Melting Point Boiling Point Heat of Fusion
Compound Vapourization
(°C) (°C) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)

Water H 2 O(l) 0.00 100.00 6.01 40.65

Energy Formulas
# # fus H = molar heat of fusion
!" "
% # vap H = molar heat of vapourization
!" = molar enthalpy (J/mol or kJ/mol)
# " $&!'
!

# = change in enthalpy (J or kJ)

!

# = quantity of heat energy (J or kJ)

Q !

# fus H ! $ = mass (g or kg)

n
!

% = amount in moles (mol)

!

& = specific heat capacity (J/(g"°C or kJ/(kg"°C)

Q !

# vap H ! !' = change in temperature (°C)

n !