KCAS Calibrated Airspeed.

Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and

position error. KCAS is equal to KTAS in standard atmosphere sea level.
KIAS Indicated Airspeed. Speed shown on the airspeed indicator.
KTAS True Airspeed. Airspeed relative to undisturbed air which is KCAS
corrected for altitude and temperature. Used for flight planning
VA Maneuvering Speed. The airspeed at which max abrupt control
movements may be used without overstressing the airframe.
VFE Max Flaps Extended speed.
VMO Max Operating Speed. Associated with turboprops and turbine engine
VNE Never Exceed speed. Associated with piston engine
VS Stalling speed. The minimum speed at which the airplane is controllable.
VSO Stalling speed. The minimum speed at which the airplane is controllable
in landing configuration.
VX Best angle of climb speed that gives the greatest altitude gain in a given
distance (horizontal)
VY Best rate of climb speed that gives the greatest altitude gain in a given
time.
ISA International Standard Atmosphere. Atmosphere which, at sea level the
temp is 15°C, 29.92 inHg (1013.2 mb), temperature gradient is -2°C per
1000ft.
Basic Empty Weight SEW + optional equipment weight
Standard Empty Weight Weight including unusable fuel, fluids and engine oil
Arm Horizontal distance from the reference datum
Reference Datum An imaginary line, 100 inches forward of front face of the firewall.
Scale Drift Inability of the scale to return to a zero reading after weighing. Should be
accounted.
Useful Load Ramp weight minus BEW

Airspeed Limitations KIAS / KCAS

VMO 175
VA 148 at 8750 lbs
137 at 7500 lbs
125 at 6250 lbs
112 at 5000 lbs
VFE 175 Flaps UP to 10
150 Flaps 10 to 20
125 Flaps 20 to Full
VS 63 KIAS (Flaps Up, fwd CG)
VSO 50 KIAS (Flaps full, fwd CG)
Max glide speed 97 / 95 (With cargo pod) at 8750 lbs
90 / 87 (With cargo pod) at 7500 lbs
82 / 79 (With cargo pod) at 6250 lbs
74 / 71 (With cargo pod) at 5000 lbs
Landing without Engine Flaps UP – 100 KIAS
 power Flaps FULL – 80 KIAS
VX 72 KIAS
VY 104 KIAS
VR 70-75 KIAS
Normal Climb Flaps 20 85-95 KIAS
Cruise Climb 110-120 KIAS
Best Glide Speed 95 KIAS (Clean)
85 KIAS (Flaps 20)
VRef (Approach Speed) 75-85 KIAS
Red Band (low speed) 20-50 KIAS
White Band (Flaps full 50-125 KIAS
operating speed)
Green Band (Normal 63-175 KIAS
Operating range)

Normal Operations Airpseed

Take Off
Normal Climb Flaps 20 85-95 KIAS
Short Field TO Flaps 20 83 KIAS

Enroute, Climb with flaps UP

Cruise Climb 110-120 KIAS
Best Rate of Climb (VY), Sea Level – 104 KIAS
10,000ft
Best Rate of Climb (VY), 20,000ft 87 KIAS

Landing Approach
Normal Approach, Flaps UP 100-115 KIAS
Normal Approach, Flaps FULL 75-85 KIAS
Short Field Approach, Flaps FULL 78 KIAS
Balked Landing, TO power, Flaps 20 80 KIAS
Max Crosswind velocity 20 knots
 Cargo Version Passenger Version
KTAS Max Cruise at 10,000 ft 175 Knots 184 Knots
KTAS Max Cruise at 20,000 ft 164 Knots 174 Knots
Max Cruise  At 10,000ft: range 862 NM, 5.1 Hrs  At 10,000ft: range 907 NM, 5.1 Hrs

 At 18,000ft: range 1044 NM, 6.6 Hrs  At 18,000ft: range 1109 NM, 6.6 Hrs

Max Range  At 10,000ft: range 963 NM, 6.5 Hrs  At 10,000ft: range 1026 NM, 6.6 Hrs

 At 18,000ft: range 1076 NM, 7.0 Hrs  At 18,000ft: range 1163 NM, 7.4 Hrs

ROC At Sea Level 925 FPM 975 FPM

Service Ceiling ( 22,800 ft 23,700 ft
Max operating altitude 25,000 ft 25,000 ft
Take off  Ground roll: 1405 ft  Ground roll: 1365 ft
 Clear 50 ft obstacle: 2500 ft  Clear 50 ft obstacle: 2420 ft
Landing  Ground roll: 915 ft  Ground roll: 950 ft
 Clear 50 ft obstacle: 1740 ft  Clear 50 ft obstacle: 1795 ft
Stall speed (KCAS)  Flaps up, Idle power: 63 Knots
 Flaps full, Idle power:50 Knots
Max Ramp weight 8785 pounds
Max Takeoff weight 8750 pounds
Max Landing weight 8500 pounds
Standard Empty Weight ( 4680 pounds 4511 pounds
Max Useful Load 4105 pounds 4274 pounds
Wing Loading 31.3 pounds per square foot
Power Loading 13.0 pounds per shaft horsepower
Fuel Capacity 335.6 Gallons, 332.0 usable, 167.7 on each tank
Oil Capacity 14 Quarts
Engine Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-114A.
With flat rated at 675 shaft horsepower
Propeller  McCauley 3 bladed, constant speed, full feathering, reversible propeller.
 Diameter: 106 inches (max), 104 inches (min)
Note Based on indicated weights, standard atmospheric conditions, hard surfaced dry
runways no wind.
Propeller

- McCauley manufacturer, 3 bladed, constant speed, full feathering, reversible, hydraulically

actuated, aluminium-bladed propeller.
- Propeller Blade Angle at 30inch Station: Feathered – 88°, Low pitch – 15.6°, Max reverse – -14°
- RPM must be set at 1900 RPM during all instrument approaches.

Fuel

- Approved fuels: JET A, JET A-1, JET B, JP-1, JP-4, JP-5, JP-8 (kerosene)
- Emergency fuels: All grades of military and commercial aviation gasoline but restricted only for
emergency use. Shall not be used more than 150 hours in one overhaul period.
- Fuel low annunciator light (red) comes on when the reservoir is one half full ‘RSVR Fuel Low
CAS’
- Lef/Right fuel low annunciator when RH/LH tank is 25 gallons left
- 2 Fuel Selector Warning horns
- 14 fuel nozzles: 10 primary, 4 secondary

Fuel Capacity

- Total Capacity 335.6 US Gal

- Total Capacity Each tank 167.8 US Gal
- Total Usable 332.0 US Gal (3.6 Unusable)

Fuel Limitation

- Total Usable Both Tanks 332.0 US Gal

- Total Usable Single Tank 165.0 US Gal
- Total Unusable Both Tanks 3.6 US Gal
- Total Unusable Single Tank 2.8 US Gal

Fuel Flow

- Fuel flows from the tanks through the 2 shutoff valves. Depending on fuel selectors, fuel can
flow left, right or both (normal). Fuel flows by gravity from shutoff valves to the fuel reservoir. At
the reservoir, fuel is pumped by ejector boost pump or electric auxiliary boost pump to the
reservoir manifold assembly. If ejector boost pump fails, auxiliary boost pump will automatically
turn on.

Fuel Boost Pump Switch

- OFF/NORM/ON Position. NORM position boost pump is armed and will turn on when the fuel
manifold pressure drops below 4.75 psi.

Oil
 - Total Oil Capacity 14 US Quarts
- Drain and Refill Quantity 9.5 US Quarts
If engine is hot the quart indicates 1 quart lower than actual. Vice versa for cold.
Accurate oil level reading is checked within 10 minutes after engine shutdown.
- Normal Oil Pressure: 85 – 105 PSI
- Normal Oil Temperature: 60°C – 70°C
- Oil Pressure below 85 PSI only tolerable for the completion of flight.
- Oil Pressure below 40 PSI is unsafe and require engine shut down or landing ASAP using
minimum power.

Engine

- Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-114A.

- With flat rated at 675 shaft horsepower
- Beta Mode: Used only in ground ops. Mode where propeller pitch is controlled by power lever.
- Flat Rated: constant horsepower over a specific altitude or temperature.

Power Plant Limitations

- RPM must be set not to exceed 675 SHP. Full 675 SHP only available at RPM 1800 or greater
- Reverse Power is limited to 1 minute.
-

Hot start

- Engine start which results in an ITT exceeding 1090°C

- ITT: Interstage Turbine Temperature

Max Rated Power

- Max power rating not limited by time but limited to abnormal circumstances which require max
aircraft performance e.g. severe icing conditions, windshear downdrafts.

SHP

- Shaft Horsepower. Calculated by: Propeller RPM x Torque (foot-pounds) / 5252

Takeoff Power
 - Max power rating, limited to 5 minutes max under normal operation.

Centre of Gravity Range

- Forward:
o 179.60 inches aft of datum at 5500 pounds or less
o 193.37 inches aft of datum at 8000 pounds
o 199.15 inches aft of datum at 8750 pounds
- Aft:
o 204.35 inches aft of datum all weights up to 8750 pounds

Load Factor Limit

- Flaps Up +3.8g, -1.5g

- Flaps Down (all settings) +2.4g

Ground Icing conditions defined as:

- OAT is 2 °C or below visible moisture is present (e.g. rain, drizzle, fog, water)
- OAT is 5 °C or below with OAT and dew point difference of 3 °C or less.

KOEL (Kinds of Operations Equipment List)

- C208B G1000 is equipped for day or night VFR or IFR and into known icing conditions when
appropriate equipment is installed.

Max Operating Altitude Limit

- Non-Icing 25,000ft
- Icing Conditions 20,000ft
- Any conditions with any ice on the airplane 20,000ft

Max Passenger seating limits

- Cargo Version: one seat may be installed on the right of pilot’s seat (for crew or passenger)
 - Passenger Version: 11 seats. If right front seat is occupied by a passenger, only 8 aft seats can be
occupied.

Garmin GFC 700 AFCS

- Autopilot max engagement speed 175 KIAS

- Autopilot min engagement speed 80 KIAS
- Electric Trim Max operating Speed 175 KIAS
- Autopilot must be off below 200ft AGL during approaches and below 800ft AGL during other
ops.
- Autopilot ILS approaches limited to CAT 1 only.

Pitot-static System

- 2 independent pitot-static.
- Left pitot static: supplies ram air to ADC 1 and standby airspeed indicator. Supplies static
pressure to ADC1, standby airspeed indicator, VSI and altimeter.
- Right pitot static: Provides ram air and static pressure to ADC 2.

Vacuum System

- Provides suction to operate standby attitude indicator.

- ‘Vacuum low’ annunciator indicates suction drops below 3.0 inch HG

Stall Warning System

- Vane-type in the leading edge of left wing. Warning horn will sound 5-10 knots above stall.

Brake System

- Hydraulically actuated, single disc brake on the inboard side of each wheel.

PT6-114A Turboprop

- Reverse-Flow and Free-Turbine

- Reverse-Flow means air enters from the engine at the back and exhausted at the front. This
purpose is to reduce vibration problems
- Free Turbine means the power turbine is separate from the compressor turbine.

PT6-114A Turboprop Process

- Air goes through the back engine

- It flows to the compressor and air is compressed
- Then flows to Combustion chamber, fuel is mixed here
 - The exhaust air from exhaust duct turns the fan which turns the power turbine
- Power is transferred from power turbine to propeller by planetary gearbox
- The exhaust gas goes out from nozzle releasing residual energy giving small jet thrust.

Benefits of a turboprop

- Burn significantly less fuel per passenger. Efficient at speeds slower than 400 knots. Perfect for
short flights.

CASR 135 – rules for commuter, charter certificate holders which has max 30 seats OR having max
payload of 7500 pounds

135.107 – Briefing Passengers

- Certificate holder operating carrying passengers must brief: Smoking, emergency exits, safety
belts, location of emergency flotation, upright seat position, first aid kits, normal use of oxygen
(if flying above 12000ft), fire extinguishers,

135.17 – AOC (Air Operator Certificate)

- Without AOC in Indonesia you cannot engage in any air transportation service.
- AOC is valid for 24 calendar months

How many compressor stages in the engine?

- 4, 3 axial 1 centrifugal
Oil type

- 2380

ITT Max Temp

(Interstage
Turbine Temp)
Idle 685°C
Take off 805°C
Climb 765°C
Cruise 740°C

Ng high at Idle – 65%

Max torque for Takeoff – 1865

Max Ng – 101.6%

Starter / Generator – 28.5V and 200 Amps. 70% Ng means it is producing max output

Standby Alternator – 27.5V 75 Amps

Purpose of ejector pump – provides fuel to the engine driven pump

Engine driven fuel pump failure indication – complete engine failure.

If primary propeller governor fails – propeller RPM will go to 1976RPM

Electrical System:
- 28V DC electrical system.
- 24V system of sealed lead acid battery for source of electrical energy.
- Battery is energized continuously. Used for: Cabin/courtesy lights, and when functions require power
when the two general power is off.

Standby Electrical System:

- Provides power when main generator malfunctions.
- Has 75A alternator

GCU (Generator Control Unit)

- Provides electrical control necessary for the operation of starter-generator
- Above 46% engine RPM: provides automatic starter cutoff
- Below 46% engine RPM: starter-generator functions as starter, above 46% starter-generator
functions as generator when starter switch is OFF
Battery switch
- ON position: battery power is supplied to the 2 general buses.
- OFF position: cuts off power to all buses except the battery bus.

Generator switch:
- ON/RESET/TRIP Switch
- ON position: GCU controls generator line contactor.
- If amber ‘Generator off CAS msg’, red ‘voltage low/high CAS msg’ put RESET position.
- If erratic operation of the generating system is observed, put TRIP position. Can be put to RESET
position momentarily.
- RESET and TRIP position are spring loaded to ON position.