Statistics and probability
2nd Semester – Quarter 3
Continuous – having the property that the absolute
value of the numerical difference between the value Steps in Finding the Variance:
at a given point … can be made as close to zero as 3. Subtract the computed mean from each value of
desired by choosing the neighborhood small enough the random variable: 𝑋 − 𝜇
4. Square the value obtained in step 3: (𝑋 − 𝜇) ²
Die – a small cube marked on each face with from one
5. Multiply the value obtained in step 4 by the
to six spots
corresponding probability: (𝑋 − 𝜇) ² ∙ (𝑋)
Discrete – consisting of distinct or unconnected 6. Use equation 2 to find the variance by adding all
elements products obtained in step 5.
Finite – having limits or having a limited nature Steps in Finding the Standard Deviation:
Infinite – extremely large or having no limits 7. Use equation 3 to find the standard deviation by
getting the square root of the value obtained in step 6
Measurement – the process of getting the amount or
degree of something Asymptotic – this means approaching a value or a
Notation – system of marks, signs, figures, or curve closely but never touching it
characters that is used to represent information Deviation – a condition that is different from what is
Random – without definite aim, direction, rule, or usual or expected
method. Frequency Polygon – type of frequency distribution
Random Variable – links a specific numerical value to graph. It is like that of a bar graph but there are no
each element in the sample space of any given spaces in between each bar
experiment Inferences – used to draw conclusions in the presence
Discrete Random Variable – is a random variable of uncertainty
whose set of possible outcomes is finite. Its values are Percentile – measure used in statistics indicating the
obtained through counting value below which a given percentage of observations
Continuous Random Variable – is a random variable in a group of observations falls
whose set of possible outcomes is infinite. Its values Probability Distribution – a function that describes
can only be obtained through measurement the likelihood of obtaining the possible values that a
Discrete Probability Distribution (Probability Mass random variable can assume
Function) – is made up of the values that a random Skewness – a measure of the asymmetry of the
variable can take with their corresponding probability distribution of a real-valued random
probabilities. A valid probability distribution must variable about its mean
have a sum of exactly equal to 1, no more no less.
Standard Deviation – a measure that is used to
quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set
Formulas for Mean, Variance, and Standard of data values
Deviation. Symmetrical – a situation in which the values of
Equation 1. 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) variables occur at regular frequencies and the mean,
Equation 2. 𝜎2 = ∑ (𝑋 − 𝜇) ² ∙ (𝑋) median and mode occur at the same point
Equation 3. 𝜎 = √𝜎 ²
Normal Distribution / Normal Curve – a distribution
Steps in Finding the Mean: contains a very large number of cases with equal
1. Multiply the random variable by its probability. measures of central tendency values, then the
2. Use equation 1 to find the mean by adding all distribution is symmetrical* and the skewness* is 0
products obtained in step 1.
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Statistics and probability
2nd Semester – Quarter 3
Normal Probability Distribution – whenever the
frequencies are converted to probabilities
Standard Normal Curve – normal probability
distribution that has mean value equal to 0 and
standard deviation equal to 1
Probability/Percentage/Proportion – The area of the
region under the curve is 1
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Statistics and probability
2nd Semester – Quarter 3
