MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND LANGUAGES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION OF FEMALES

IN MEKELLE CITYTHE CASE OF ADI-HAWSI.

A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHLOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN
SOCIOLOGY.

BY: G/MEDHIN TEKLAY

ADVISOR: CHEKOLE HADIS

 JUNE 2018

MEKELLE ,ETHIOPIA

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First and foremost would like to praise my almighty God, who gave me the insight strength and
courage to begin and complete this study with in a long run.

Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude toward my advisor Chcole Hadis (M) for his
valuable advice, comment, suggestions and encouragement through writing of the research
paper.

Also, I would like to extend my heart full thanks towards my family for their family hood
treatment and unforgettable emotional support while collecting the data.

Last but not the least, my special thanks goes to the all staff of school of social work for their
guidance and providing needed materials to accomplish this research paper.

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List of Table page

Table 1. Sex and age distribution respondents

Table.2.Respondents response of marital status and educational background

Table.3.Respondents response on family occupation and born place

Table.4 .Migration causes of out migration

Table 5: Respondents of gender role before and after migration

Table 6: Respondents Responses on the History of migration decision making

Table.4. Respondents Response on the impact of rural to urban migration on women autonomy

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List of Acronyms
GNP: Growth National Product

IOM: International Organization Monetary

UK: united kingdom

CSA: centeral stastical agency

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 Table of content
Content page
ACKNOWLEGEMENT...................................................................................................................i
List of Acronyms............................................................................................................................iii
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.................................................................................1
1.2. Statements of the Problems...............................................................................................2
1.3 Research Question..................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objective of the Study............................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General Objectives..........................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives..........................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................4
1.6 Limitation of the Study..........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6
2. REVIEWING LITERATURE.....................................................................................................6
2.1 Types of Migration.................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Rural-Urban Migration....................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Urban – Rural Migration.................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Urban-Urban Migration...................................................................................................7
2.2 Major causes of Rural-Urban Migration...............................................................................7
2.2.1 Economic factors.............................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Social factors..................................................................................................................8
2.3 Effects of Female’s Rural-Urban Migration.........................................................................8
2.4 Theoretical Frame Work........................................................................................................9
2.5 Raven steins Law of Migration..............................................................................................9
2.6 Migration Lee’s Theory of.....................................................................................................9
2.7 Developed Harris – Todaro Model of Migration.................................................................10
A larger body of literature has grown up in recent years around the topic in contemporary less
country (LDC)............................................................................................................................10

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 2.8 Patterns of Female’s Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia....................................................10
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................12
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................12
3.1. Description of the Study Area.............................................................................................12
3.2. Research Design..................................................................................................................12
3.3 Research Approaches...........................................................................................................12
3.4. Methods of data collection,.................................................................................................13
3.5 Sampling Techniques...........................................................................................................13
3.6. Sample size.........................................................................................................................13
3.7. Data collection tools and instruments.................................................................................13
3.7.1 Questionnaires...............................................................................................................13
3.7.2 Checklist......................................................................................................................14
3.8 Data Analysis and Interpretation..........................................................................................14
3.9 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................15
4. Data Analysis and interpretations.............................................................................................15
4.1. Personal Characteristics......................................................................................................15
4.2. Marital Status and Educational Background of respondents..............................................16
4.3. Family occupation and origin of respondent.......................................................................17
4.4. The pull and Push factors of the migrant Females..............................................................18
4.5. Migration decision making.................................................................................................20
4.6. Impact of rural to urban migration on women autonomy...................................................21
.......................................................................................................................................................22
4.7. Analysis of respondent’s gender role before and after migration.......................................23
Chapter Five...................................................................................................................................24
5. Conclusions and Recommendations..........................................................................................24
5.1. Regarding to the factors behind females rural- urban migration:...................................24
5. 1.1 the major social factors.................................................................................................24
5.1.2. The major economic factors.........................................................................................24
5.1.3.. The major social factors such as..................................................................................25
5.1.4. The economic factors...................................................................................................25

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 5.2 Regarding to the expectations about urban life realized on the female rural-urban migration
had settled in the urban area:......................................................................................................25
5.3.Regarding to the socio economic consequences of female rural- urban migration:............25
5.4. Social expectations..............................................................................................................25
Prevalence of job opportunity;...................................................................................................25
5.5. Regarding to the possible solution that could be drawn to manage the problem
associated with female rural-urban migration are......................................................................26
5.6. Recommendation................................................................................................................26
Reference.......................................................................................................................................28
Appendix........................................................................................................................................29

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Abstract
This research was conducted in Mekelle Town particularly in Adi Hawsi kebele. The main
purpose of this was to investigate the cause of female rural- urban migration and its socio
economic impact on This study found the causes of female rural urban migration to Adi Hawsi
kebele of Mekelle town as push and pulls factors. The Sample Size. The data of this study was
obtained through both questionnaires and interviews. The collected survey information of this
study was analyzed by using statistical tools such as percentage and tables and whereas the
qualitative method was analyzed through presentation of opinions of key information which
were collected by using unstructured interview and open ended questionnaires. Based on the
findings of the study, the push factors are the socio – economic factors that forced female to
migrate from place of origin. These factors include shortage of food, lack of better job, and

Burden of domestic labor population pressure family size pressure, pre marriage pregnancy,
divorce and harmful traditional practices. Pull factors are socio – economic factors that attract
females to migrate to urban or other areas. These include the expectation of better life, success
stories of migrants, the prevalence of relative freedom as compared to country side and the
availability of social services such as pure water supply, electricity and health. With respect to
age structure the productive segments of the population or young age group were the most
migrants of the societies. Concerning marital status the significant portion were founded to be
single. In the regard to the duration of stay of the migrants, the majority of them were new
comers, and the educational level of the migrants was inversely related with the increasing rate
of migration. According to the findings this ever increasing rate of migration is tracing its
impacts on the migrants themselves and the urban dwellers. Though few are lucky, the majority
of the migrants were facing problem of adjustment to the new environment and getting better job
to satisfy their needs which were their bright expectation while they were country side. On the
behalf of the urban dwellers, they were in struggle with the shortage of social facilities, increase
rate of unemployment, expansion of criminal acts, environmental pollution, epidemic disease and
the overall difficult to the city to satisfy the ever increasing demand of the increasing.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Migration is defined as the temporary or permanent movement of individuals or groups of people

from one geographic location to another for various reasons ranging from better employment
possibilities to persecution (Hagen, 2008). These reasons can be different among regions and
states. However, seeking for better environment and fleeing for safety have been conceived to be
among the major causes for migration in the world (Castles ,2000 cited in Fretwork,2007). Rural
urban migration is “the phenomenon of a historically unprecedented movement of the people
from the rural countryside to the mushrooming cities of Africa, Asia and Latin America (Todaro,
1997 include page number as you used quotation). Sometimes ago, migration existed internal
enable access to labor taken to slowly from the rural areas to provide workforce for industries in
urban areas and therefore aid industrial growth this statement is not clear at all; reconsider it.
However, experience in developing and underdeveloped countries in the world shown that rate of
rural urban migration has seamlessly outweighed the rate of job creation and having an
overweight on social and structural amentias available in rural areas (Todaro and Smith, 2007).

In different parts of Africa migration is considered as a means to escape economic, social and
political problem and challenges, it is a survival strategy (Sandar, 2005). The reason varies from
not conducive geographical environment in mailto that of severs poverty (Sandar, 2003).
Landlessness, fragmented unproductive land holding and poor income compel rural exodus in
most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), (Sandar, 2005).

Ethiopia is faced by different migration patterns and dynamics, which have significant political
and socioeconomic a complex consequences of action for the country (IOM, 2008). Over time
the share of Ethiopian population that has migrated from outside their Woreda of current
residence has increased from 11.4% of population (4.54 million people), in 1984 to 12.9 % of the

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population in 1994 (6.92 million people), to 16.5% of the population (12.21 million people in
2008 (Dorosh and Getent 2011).

Female rural-urban migration is a movement of females from rural areas to urban for different
reasons (Jacks, 2006). The numbers of female immigrant are on the rise from time to time and
the conditions that they face and live through is after deplorable. Many are forced to leave their
home of origin by a given condition of disadvantage exclusion or marginalization by holding
hope of better life in urban (Kebede Mamo , 1994).At the place where they migrate to some
struggle is for their existence, and few others fight for welfare and social status (Evangelian , et
al 2006).

According to Berhanu, 2002), many female migrates in Ethiopia leave the rural areas for urban
areas in the period 1960 to 1991. The cause of female rural urban migration trend in Ethiopia can
be explained by a number of so called push and pull factors (Kunza et al, 1973). At a place of
destination (cities and town) female face many problems that they did not expect while they were
in the country side (Ezra and Kiros, 2001). Showing with the increasing of such challenges,
currently, rural urban migration of females is continuing to occur of high levels (Berhanu, 2000).
However studies were not conducted and the driving force behind is not properly known, the
number of population of the study area.

1.2. Statements of the Problems

High net migration has resulted in rapid population growth. The UK population currently stands
at 65.6 million. The Office of National Statistics ‘high’ migration scenario projects that the UK
population will now increase by almost 400,000 a year for the next 25 years - the population of
Bristol currently stands at 430,000. This is unsustainable and in the long term would lead to
growth of almost 10 million over the next 25 years. The ONS state that around 82% of this
increase will be down to future migrants and their children. The remaining population growth
will come from the united kingdom. existing population, including births to immigrants already
here. (Read more about the impact of immigration on pop.

Migration - a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)4.
Migration - the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region
to another for feeding or breeding
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A lot of researches were conducted to understand how many females migrated from rural to
urban. For example was researches were done by Fransen (2009) and Birhanu (2011) on the
cause of female rural-urban migration. The study was only to know the cultural and
psychological causes of female rural-urban migration than studying its socio-economic causes.
But this research devotes to investigate the socio economic cause and consequence of female
rural-urban migration. Moreover, all these studies have been given less focus to female migrants
than male migrants, perhaps because female have often been considered as less prone to
migration (Berhanu, 2011). Moreover, this is treated as interesting research topic. On the other
hand, it can be state that the underlying causes of rural-urban migrations of female do not differ
from those of male (Muzhang, 2003).

According to Dehaan and Rogaly (2002), migration needs to be seen as both social and
economic processes. Thus, migration is socially viewed as the way in which boundaries around
social identities may be affirmed, broken down or otherwise changed. Economically, it may be
seen as a way of escaping from unemployment and means of achieving their interest that push
them way from their place of origin to urban areas. Rural-urban migration of females would
possess a lot of socio-economic problem (Farsens2006). In Ethiopia, rural urban migration
contributes for half of the growth of urban population (David 1994, 42). It was true that most
migrants move too fast to growing urban area and this has great effect on planning a work. Thus
it may alter forecasting of the number of population demand of service such as infrastructure and
future growth direction (David 1994, p 42). This rural urban migration in turn was causing
serious socio-economic and political problems on the migrant female as well as the urban
dwellers. Therefore, it would be the researcher used interested in assessing what are the causes
of rural urban migration of females and its reciprocal socio-economic impact of the migration
both on migrates and dwellers of Adi hawse. The gab of the previous research with regard to
this study was no research in the study area. And also the pervious research was focus on
negative aspect now the researcher analysis both negative and positive aspect. As much as
possible the researcher fills fully the aforementioned gaps.

1.4 Objective of the Study

1.4.1 General Objectives

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The general objective of this study would intend to investigate the cause of female rural-urban
migration and its socio-economic impact in Mekelle city in the case of Adi-hawsi.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are: -

 To assess the major factor that causes female to migrate from rural to urban.
 To identify the impact of female rural-urban migration on women’s self-
dependence.
 To find out the gender role impacts of female rural-urban migration

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study would have a great important in enlighten cause and consequence of rural-urban
migration. In addition to this, it provides the firsthand information with concerned bodies such as
a government planner, policy makers and municipality of the city on how to monitor the
pressures of rural migrants on urban areas. Furthermore, it may give basic information for
academicians to undertake another study.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

As the researcher intended the accomplishment and undertaking these research different
challenges and constraints were faced by the researcher. Thus some of following problems were
the lists of challenges that were encountered during the course of the study and the limited time
given and other related issue like, lack of experience to conduct research ,shortage of financial
problem to gather data, and expenses for the stationary materials and some service from photo
copy were another problem, inability to get back the distributed questionnaire on time because of
some form of personal carelessness of the respondents was also another limitation and finally
misconception about the research by some subject population which intern reduce mutual interest
and lead respondents to hold back their internal filling was also another the problem faced by
the researcher during by time which the study was undertaken.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURE
Migration: - is the movement of people from the one place (country side) in to another place
(cities) within a nation in a search of learning formal education as well as other opportunity as
(World Bank, 2007). Rural urban migration has been historically connected with
industrialization, urbazation and economic growth (Bhattacharya, 1993).

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2.1 Types of Migration

As Priya and Steven (2004) stated there are broadly four kinds of migration streams rural urban
rural-rural and urban-urban. Often all are present in a country and sometime even within the same
villages at any time. But, the motive and overall goal of the migrants can differ substantially
between different kinds of streams necessitating different kinds of interventions.
There are four types of migration will be discussed as follows:

2.1.1 Rural-Urban Migration

In many poor countries rural-urban migration is still dominates with labors from poorer regions
travelling the agriculturally prosperous, often irrigated areas, which have more work typically
under taken by poorer groups with little education and others asset as it requires lower
investment. Due to the scattered nature of the destination of and roomettes of sending areas, this
is the least regulated of all kinds of migration. It is also the least visible because such migration
is usually missed by officially surveys (Priya and Steven, 2004).

Although still not the main form of migration in many developing countries, rural migration is
rapidly gaining an importance especially in urbanization economics of Asia and Africa as rural
urban wage differentials grow and the return from migration increase. Much of this migration is
long distance to the large cities and manufacturing centers. But there are also smaller town and
confirming activity. It is with respect to rural – urban migration that positive impacts are
potentially the greatest especially where urban income is higher. (Priya and Steven,2004).

2.1.2 Urban – Rural Migration

Urban – rural movement can occur when people retire back to their villages. A crucial factor for
this movement seems to have been access to land in both the city and rural areas. A majority of
urban rural migrants are returnees. Returning migration bring back a range of skills which can
benefit their home areas enormously. A few unsuccessful is have been made to create conducive
conductions for return migrants. In Ethiopia for example, over half a million men were
demobilized from their village’s youth, and a proportion of them gained skills useful for non-
agrarian pursuits. It is estimated that about half of them returned to rural areas (Bryce son, 1999).

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 2.1.3 Urban-Urban Migration
Urban-urban migration is the predominant form of spatial movement in some countries urban to
the size of urban agglomerations, a larger faction of migration takes place between small
administrative divisions with the same urban area. This type of migration flow usually takes
place from the center to the periphery and has implications for urban agglomeration (Priya and
Steven. 2004).

2.2 Major causes of Rural-Urban Migration

Female rural-urban migration can be considered as a significant feature of level hoods in
developing countries to pursuit better living standards. Control to the understanding of rural –
urban migration flow is the traditional push – pull factors approach takes in to account the socio-
economic imbalance among areas that lead females to move toward place which area believed to
desirable for either to move toward place which area believed to desirable for either economic or
socio reasons (David, 1994). “push factor’’ refers to circumstance at home that repel people to
leave country side while” pull factor” refers to those condition found elsewhere (abroad) that
attract migrants. The push-pull factors approach takes in to account the socio-economic or social
reasons (David, 1994). These factors are would be discussed as follows.

2.2.1 Economic factors

There are many factors that push rural females to migrate to urban areas. These are shortage of
food, shortage of land due repeatedly division by inheritance tradition until the plots are too
small to support family, the declining of aeration economic which is subjected to natural
catastrophes and success stories about people who leave their community etc. the economic
factors that pull rural female on the other hand include provision of services bright light”
(electricity) pure water supply, health and other public services and expectation of better job
opportunities make urban areas attractive (David ,1994).

However, these hope and expectation of the city may not exist in reality or would not achieve
easily. While the motivator rural movements are important in themselves, the means of
movement are also of important improvements in from sport systems and increasingly awareness
of the urban areas the media helped to improved educational standards are equally important
factors to be taken in to account when dealing with female rural urban migration (David, 1949).

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 2.2.2 Social factors
Socially the responsible factors for pushing females from rural to urban areas in clued land
fragmentation which resulted from population growth, deforestation, over grazing population
pressure, burdens of labor in the house, conflict with husband (those who were married) conflict
with families (unmarried young girl), divorce, pregnancy before married precipice, sexual
harassment, abduction and tape, early marriage and other harmful traditional practices and etc.
(David, 1994). On the other hand rural-urban movement of females is associated with pulling
social factors in the cities. The first factors is the expansion of quality education and vocational
training which is encourage especially the literature or educated female to leave and stay in
urban areas leaven without particular jobs. The other factors the expansion of the urbanization
being accompanied with modernization and westernization in the cities which females to be free
from traditional way of life cultural operation. (David, 1994).

2.3 Effects of Female’s Rural-Urban Migration

Regarding to the effect of rural urban migration particularly in the place of destination we could
see in two ways. The first is the effect on the migrants. Liter in the cities is generally no less
miserable for mast of those who escape from the rural areas in the hope of a better life some of
the difficulties in clued hard ship of adjustment, unstable instable living condition, lack of jobs
immediately as soon as their arrival and so on (Charles ,1989). The second one is the effect on
the urban duelers which include increasing the rate of unemployment, shortage of housing and
other social facilities such as health, education, exposure to pollution, and disease, and the
overall problem of the cities to provide the social and economic demand of the increasing
population (Charles, 1989).

2.4 Theoretical Frame Work

For some decades various multi- disciplinary approaches have been trying and provide
fundamental understanding for the phenomena of migration. There are multitudes of theoretical
as well as empirical studies which are concerned with characteristics determinates and impact or
migration both of international and of international levels. This section presents a review and
critical evaluation of the main existing theories of migration with special reference to rural-urban
movement in those developing countries with some similarities’ to the Ethiopia context
(Birhanu, 2011).

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2.5 Raven steins Law of Migration
Raven stein’s coined his idea in 11880s which was considered as a pioneer work in the field of
migration and ideas on the laws of migrations. These laws were comprised of set of migration,
generalizations about the characteristic of migrants, their motives and pattern of migration.
According to him, most migrants travel short distance and that with increasing distance the
number of migrants decrease, migrants proceeding long distance generally go by preferences too
me of the great centers of commerce and industry. Migration occurs in stage i.e. migration will
first be to nearby place and then to most rapidly growing cities. Migration produces
compensating counter current, the native of to where leas migration than those rural part of the
country side female appear to predominate among short journey of migrants the value of
migration increase with development of stage sport industry, commerce and the economic
motives are predominant among push and pull factors of migration

2.6 Migration Lee’s Theory of

In 1966 lee revised the basic push-pull concept. He developed general schema in to which a
variety the basic spatial movements can be placed with regarding to the factors in the act of
migration he divided in to “push” factors (factors associated with the origin) and “Push” factors
(factors associated with the area of destination.

Lee also hypothecs is that both area or origin and destination have positive which hold people
with in the area or pull other to it negative force which repeal or push people from the area and
zero force, which has no effect. The hypothesis that associated with the original area condition
would be more important than those associated with destination areas. These factors associated
with the areas of origin and destination is governed by personal factors which affect individual
there holds and facilitates or retard migration.

2.7 Developed Harris – Todaro Model of Migration

A larger body of literature has grown up in recent years around the topic in contemporary less
country (LDC).
When early 1950’s economist turned their attention to the problem of population growth and
economic development in the LDCs, it was thus natural to think that policies which emphasized.

9
Industrialized would not only increased national incomes, but also relieve the over population of
the country side. However, during the 1960s this view came to be increasingly haleness when it
became apparent that inequality and paucity has persisted despites respectable growth in growth
national product (GNP). This challenge has now led to the new or the doxy in which rural urban
migration in the LDCs is view as “a symptom of and contributing factor to development.

The new Orthodoxy is due mainly to Harris Todaro (1970) whose model has provided a widely
accept the cortical from work for explaining the urban reemployment in many LDCs. In general,
the model underlined that the migrants would reach on the decision to migrate by taking the
probability of employment of opportunities in the destination areas. Some migrants are primarily
“pushed” out of a place of residence by combination of unfavorable force that made
continued residence there undesirable.

2.8 Patterns of Female’s Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia

Berhanu, 2000 argue that many female migrant in Ethiopia filed those rural areas for urban areas
in the period 1960 to 1991. According to the authors the female rural-urban migration in Ethiopia
can be explained by number of so called push and pull factors. The main push factors include as
being over population, famine, poverty, land scarcity, governmental agricultural policies and
lack of agricultural resources. As an addition to these push factors, many rural civilians were
pulled to Ethiopia urban areas in the in the post revolution period in Ethiopia as a result of the
development of these areas in to more important business and political centers.

Currently, rural-urban migrations continuing to occur at high levels as Females seek new
opportunity to escape rural poverty. As a result, Ethiopians to urban poverty, rural to urban
migration among youth female between 10 and 19 years age (41.2 percent) occurred primarily
for educational opportunities. Followed by work opportunities (30% of girls), and escape and
early marriage (18.6% girls). Children girls often migrate with relative or family or friends in the
city who are expected to educated the children while they help in the house.

After migration, however, 13% of girls do not attend school and 19% of females who migrated
from are not employed. The opportunities for work are limited to informal work such as
domestic work, coffee shop supporter, or tavern girl. The latter most option is often enter in to
the sex industry where girls commonly end up. The latter most Erulkar et al (2006) found that

10
female migrants working in domestic labor job receive lower wages than their native’s cohort.
The opportunities for rural migrants in urban areas are limited and life in cities fluently does not
meet expectation.

CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area.

Adi-hawsi is found in Mekelle city. Mekelle is located 780km far from Addis Ababa, the
capital of Ethiopia. The total number of population in Mekelle city is approximately 215,914
(Mekelle administrative center, CSA, 2007 census). People from different nations and
nationalities of the country and of foreigners are living in the city. There are different regional

11
and governmental offices, such as administrative offices, educational offices, private and
governmental schools, hospitals, bank, clinics, universities are found in the city.

3.2. Research Design

In this research, the researcher used Parallel concurrent mixed research design. Because the data
was collect the current time only. The main reason is considering time and budget constraints.
The purpose of this research is to describe the causes and consequences of rural to urban
migration of females.

3.3 Research Approaches

There are three types of research approaches namely, quantitative, qualitative and mixed
methods research approach (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005). Because, the study is to seek the
quantitative aspect of information that can be generalized about the Assessing the causes and
consequences of rural to urban migration of females the qualitative aspect is used to obtain
understanding about the rural to urban migration of females particularly in AdiHawsi that would
determine occurrence of rural to urban migration. In addition to this, according to Creswell, J. W.
(2003) mixed methods research provides strengths that offset the weaknesses of both quantitative
and qualitative research. Considering the research problem and objective shown in the first
chapter, and in order to benefit from the advantage of quantitative and qualitative approaches,
mixed research approach is appropriate for this study.

3.4. Methods of data collection,

In this study, the researcher used both survey and interview methods of data collection. The
reason behind using survey is that, it is difficult to address all population, and the researcher
would use interview because to know detail information about causes and consequence of rural
and urban migrations.

3.5 Sampling Techniques

To gather data regarding the topic under study, the researcher would use simple random
sampling technique for female migrants to decide the number of respondents. Out of the total

12
female migrants with in Adi-hawsi, some of them would be randomly selected in a manner that
gives equal chance for each of them female migrants.

The researcher would use this technique for two basic reasons: It was not require much time and
all population would get equal chance of being selected as a sample of the study so that the data
obtained would not be biased.

3.6. Sample size

Since the total number of the female migrants in Adi Hawsi was 100 centeral stastical agency.
But the researchers randomly selected would be distributed to those 35 female migrants in order
to make the research more representative.

3.7. Data collection tools and instruments

This study was employ two main instruments namely questionnaires and check list.

3.7.1 Questionnaires

Self-administered questionnaires which contain both open ended and close ended questions then
would be distributing to thirty five female migrants, three respondents. The main advantage of
distributing this questionnaire is that it was helped the researcher to collect data from
respondents understanding and reaction towards female rural to urban migration.

3.7.2 Checklist
The researcher would use check list for its advantages of obtain in -depth information from the
respondents regarding the issue under study.

3.8 Data Analysis and Interpretation

In analyzing the data collected using the above instruments; both quantitative and qualitative
methods of data analysis would use. This means, data that would be collected through close
ended questionnaire would be analyzed by using statistical tools such as percentage, and tables

13
and others. Whereas, data that would be collected through open ended questionnaire would be
analyzed through qualitative method of data analysis, i.e., through statements and words.

3.9 Ethical Considerations

The cooperative or attachment letter provided from the institute of educational research and
development was given to the organizations and the study area to get their permission and
voluntary support to access relevant data and information smoothly. Each concerned body was
pre-oriented about the purpose of the research and the intension of the researcher to undertake
the study in those organizations. The participants were provided with written consent (informed
consent) in the introduction part of the questionnaires, and given the opportunity to determine
their confidentiality. In addition, all information that was provided by individuals, groups and
institutions was kept confidential by the researcher. The researcher understood and respecting of
informants’ requests and informants were informed that they would remain unidentified
throughout the study. Generally, any confusion was clarified before the study had been
conducted and at any time of conducting the research for the informants of a study.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. Data Analysis and interpretations
This part of the study presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered through interview
of the female migrants and questionnaires (open and closed ended) from the administration and
non-migrants of Mekelle town in Adi Hawsi kebele. The data would be displayed by using
descriptive statistics in the form of tabulation, percentage and statements as follows.

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4.1. Personal Characteristics

Table. 1. Sex and age distribution respondents

S/No. Personal information Frequency Percentage

1. Sex Male

Female 35 100%

Total 35 100%

2. Age 15-20 years 10 29%

21-30 years 20 57%

30 and above 5 14%

Total 35 100%

As it can be observed in table 1 on serial number 1, all 35(100%) of the respondents are female
migrants. As a result, this is based on the focus of the study on only female migrants as there is
maximum numbers of female migrants in Adi Hawsi kebele migrants and due to the fact that, as
it is indicated in statement of the problem section, most studies conducted so far have focused on
male migrants.

And the age composition of the migrant females in Adi Hawsi kebele of Mekelle City shows
that most of the migrants, that is 20 (57%), are in the age of group of 21 -30 years old and 10
(29%) of the migrants are in the age of 15-20 years old. In addition, 5(14%) of the female
migrants are in the age of 30 and above years old. This fact reveals that the migrant females who
are in the age of 21- 30 are more prone to move than all other age groups, and this in turn shows
that they are active in migration because of their ability to easily adjust themselves to the new

15
environment and their capacity to do any job they want and accessed in the urban area of Adi
Hawsi kebele in Mekelle City.

4.2. Marital Status and Educational Background of respondents

Table.2.Respondents response of marital status and educational

background
3 Marital Single 25 71%
Status
Married 7 20%

Divorce 3 9%

Total 35 100%

4 Educational Uneducated 15 43%

Background
Primary 10 29%

Secondary 5 14%

Prep- reparatory and above 5 14%

Total 35 100%

As it is indicated in table 2above,25(71%) of the respondents are single female migrants.

However, the remaining 7 (20%) are married and 3 (9%) are divorce female migrants of Adi
Hawsi kebele in Mekelle City. This data indicates that maximum numbers of migrants’ females
are single. The reason why the majority of the migrants were single is because most of them
were largely concentrated within the young adult age groups and they are predominately more
prone to migration. This data shows that for singleness given them a freedom of deciding to
migrate. The table further indicates that’s unlike those single, those who are married and
divorced were relatively less in number since it would be difficult for them to migrate mostly not
to escape from socio economic influence rather than search for better life and change of working
place. The divorce women on the other hand, migrate to win their life by engaging in many job

16
opportunities in urban areas such as cleaning house, servant and commercial sex work as their
response replied.

Regarding to the educational background of the female migrants in table 2, most 15 (43%) of the
migrant females are uneducated and 10 (29%) are in the primary school. In addition, 5 (14%) of
the migrant females are in the preparatory school and the remaining 5 (14%) of them are
secondary migrant females. As a result, this data shows that greatest number of the migrant
females was uneducated.

4.3. Family occupation and origin of respondent

Table.3.Respondents response on family occupation and born place

S/No Family occupation Frequency percentage

5. agriculture (farming and 20 58%

livestock)
Business (such as…) 5 14%

self-employment 4 11%
social worker 2 6%

House wife 4 11%

total 35 100%
Place of Origin Frequency percentage
6.
Urban 5 14%
Rural 30 86%
total 35 100%
According to table 3,
20(58%) of the respondents had been engaged in agricultural activities including farming and
livestock. And 5(14%) were engaged in Business. And therest 4 (11%) of the respondents we
reengaged in self-employment. and 4(11%) of the respondents are engaged in social worker
and 2 (6%) of the respondents are House wife. Based on the above table we can conclude that the
majority the respondents are peasant engaged in agriculture and livestock and the others are

17
participated on different sectors such like social worker, Business, self-employment and House
wife respectively engaged.

According to table 3, Item 1, 30(86%) of respondent female migrants responded that they were
born in rural areas while other 5 (14%) of them responded that they were born in urban area of
Adi Hawsi kebele in mekelle city. This indicated that majority of the female migrants were born
in Rural area as studied by the researchers.

Regarding Table 3, Item 1, 30(86%) of respondent female migrants responded that they were
born in rural areas while other 5 (14%) of them responded that they were born in urban area of
Adi Hawsi kebele in mekelle Town. This indicated that majority of the female migrants were
born in Rural area as studied by the researchers.

4.4. The pull and Push factors of the migrant Females

Table.4 .Migration causes of out migration

Causes Responses in

Number Percentage (%)

1. Social factors

To be free from cultural or family 18 52%

restriction and obligations

To gain education and training 12 34%

To join immediate relatives or friends 5 14%

Total 35 100%

2. Economic factors Number Percentage (%)

Prevalence of job opportunity 25 72%

Expectation of better life 5 14%

To open up or extended personal 5 14%

business

18
Total 35 100%

Number Percentage (%)

Extended family pressure 5 14%

Harmful traditional practices like early 10 29%

marriage and divorce

Economic factors 20 57%

Total 35 100%

According to table 4, 18 (52%) of the respondents mentioned that to concerning item 2the need
to be free from cultural or family restriction & obligations was their only social factor that pull
them to migrate from rural to urban area and 12 (34%) of them responded that to gain education
and training was their major social factor; while the remaining 5 (14%) of the respondents
replied that to join their immediate relatives or friends in the urban area was their major social
factor that pull them to be migrated to the urban area of Mekelle City Adi Hawsi kebele
respectively. This data show that many of the migrant females were migrated to urban are in
order to be free from cultural or family restriction & obligations as a result of their social factor
that pull them to migrate from rural to urban area of Mekelle City Adi Hawsi kebele.

Additionally in item 2 of the above table, 5(14%) of the respondents reacted that expectation of
better life was their major cause of economic factors to pull them to be migrated from rural to
urban area and 25(72%) of the respondents responded that prevalence of job opportunity; and
5(14%) of them replied that to open up or extended personal business were their major economic
factors to pull them to be migrated from rural to urban area of Mekelle town. This data implies
that most of the migrant females were migrated to urban area for prevalence of job opportunity in
the urban area of Mekelle City.

Moreover, 5 (14%) of the respondents reacted that population growth of the place of the origin
such as extended family pressure in rural area was their major social factors cause of push factors
for their migration to urban area of Mekelle City Adi Hawsi kebele, whereas 10 (29%) of the
respondents replied that harmful traditional practices like early marriage & divorce was their

19
major cause of push factors for their migration to urban area of mekelle town and the remaining
20 (57%) of them was migrated to urban area of Mekelle town for their economic factor .As a
result, this data indicates that almost of the migrant females were migrated to urban area of
Mekelle town due to social factors, for example, population growth of the place of their origin
such as their economic factor in rural area as their major cause of push factors for their migration
to urban area.

4.5. Migration decision making

Table 5: Respondents Responses on the History of migration decision

making
influence factor Alternative Responses in

Number Percentage
(%)

1.Duration of . 1-6 months 15 43%

stay in urban
7-12 months 18 51%

above 1 year 2 6%

Total 35 100%

2.Individuals . My own decision 10 29%

involved
decision Parents decision 5 14%

friends 20 57%

Employee - -

Total 35 100%

3. Main source Educational purpose 7 20%

of information
Mass media 10 29%

Contact with people who are 18 51%

familiar to the urban town

20
 Total 35 100%

Concerning, table5, it is clearly showed that 18(51%) of the respondent female migrants were
come to Urban area from 7-12 months ago while 15 (43%) of respondent came to Urban and
stayed from 1-6 months and 2(6%) of them responded that their staying here is above 1 year.
This implied that Female migrants’ migration was varied according to the months which they
were spending here in the mekelle town.

In Table 3, Item 1, shows that 10(29%) of respondent female migrants said that they played a big
role for their coming to Urban by their my own decision while 5 (14%) of them were forced to
come to urban by their parents and other 20 (57%) are influenced by their friends to come for
getting jobs and different opportunities. This indicated that those female migrants who come to
Urban by their own decisions are thought to have a good education and good job opportunities to
get and others who were influenced by their parents or relatives thought the same thing as to get
many opportunities in the Town.

According to Table 3, 7 (20%) of respondent female migrants responded that they get
information from education and 18(51%) of respondents responded that their sources of
information’s were from peoples’ who are familiar to town for its advantages while other 10
(29%) of them were got information’s from mass media like TV and newspapers. It implied that
most of the female migrants were luckily to come to urban by the influences of the above
mentioned.

4.6. Impact of rural to urban migration on women autonomy

In this regard, the respondents were asked whether or not they have full autonomy on deciding
how to spend the money they earn without any external influence. Accordingly, the following
descriptive statistics is produced showing the response of the respondents.

Table.4. Respondents Response on the impact of rural to urban

migration on women autonomy
Responses in

21
Question /Item/ Alternatives Number Percentage (%)

1. Decision on how to spend the Yes 35 100%

income generated

No

Total 35 100%

From table 6 above, 100 percent of the respondents claimed that they have full freedom on
deciding in relation to spending their income. This implies that migration can also have positive
consequences. It is because of the fact that they migrated that they have become self-reliant, as it
is shown in the descriptive statistics in table 6.

4.7. Analysis of respondent’s gender role before and after migration

Table 5: Respondents of gender role before and after migration

Item response frequency Percentage
role before migration house wife 3 9%
merchant 5 14%
farmer 10 29%
waiter 4 11%

22
 Daily laborer 5 14%
Private sector 3 9%
Shop keeper 5 14%
Total 35 100%
role after migration Daily laborer 15 43%
Private sector 5 14%

waiter 3 9%
Shop keeper 5 14%
farmer - -

House wife 3 9%
Trader 4 11%
Total 35 100%

According to table 3(9%) of the respondents are house wife before migration, 5(14%) of the
respondents are merchant before migration, 10(29%) of the respondents are farmer,4(11)of
respondents are waiter, 5(14%) of the respondents are shop keeper, 3(9%) of the respondents are
private sector, finally the most of the respondents are farmer before migration. And also after
migration of the respondents are 15(45%) daily labor, 5(14%) of the respondents are private
sector,3(9%) of the respondents are waiter after migration. 5(14%) of the respondents are shop
keeper,3(9%) House wife after migration, 4(11%) of the respondents are trader after migration.
Finally the majority respondents are Daily laborer after migration. this imply the respondents
are change there activities farmer to daily labor and other activities.

Chapter Five
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions

This study was carried out with respondents (female migrants, local dwellers and
administrator’s) Mekelle town in Adi Hawsi Kebele). The necessary information was analyzed
by using statistical tools such as percentage and tables and where as the qualitative method
would be analyzed through presentation of opinions of key information which were collected by
using unstructured interview and open ended questionnaires. The general objective of the study

23
was to investigate the cause of female rural- urban migration and its socio economic impact on
the Adi Hawsi Keble of Mekelle town. This study was focused on the cause of female rural-
urban migration and its socio economic impact on the Adi Hawsi Kebele of Mekelle town.
Finally, given this rational into account the researcher was intended to address the following
basic research questions:

5.1. Regarding to the factors behind females rural- urban migration:

5. 1.1 the major social factors

Population growth of the place of the origin such as extended family size; Family conflict;
and .Harmful traditional practices like early marriage & divorce are the major push factor behind
female’s rural-urban migration.

5.1.2. The major economic factors

Shortage of food;

Shortage of farm land; and

Lacks of job opportunity are the major push factor behind female’s rural-urban migration.

5.1.3.. The major social factors such as

To be free from cultural or family restriction & obligations;

To gain education and training; and

To join immediate relatives or friends are the major pull factors behind female’s rural-urban
migration.

5.1.4. The economic factors

Prevalence of job opportunity;

Expectation of better life; and

To open up or extended personal business are the major pull factors behind female’s rural-urban
migration.

24
5.2 Regarding to the expectations about urban life realized on the female rural-
urban migration had settled in the urban area:
To be free from cultural or family restriction & obligations;

To gain education and training Prevalence of job opportunity;

Expectation of better life; and

To open up or extended personal business in the urban area are the expectations about urban life
realized on the female rural-urban migration had settled in the urban area

5.3. Regarding to the socio economic consequences of female rural- urban

migration:

5.4. Social expectations

Prevalence of job opportunity;

Expectation of better life; and

To open up or extended personal business in the urban area are the female migrants economic
expectation about urban life that realized on the female rural-urban migration.

5.5. Regarding to the possible solution that could be drawn to manage the problem
associated with female rural-urban migration are

Raising awareness on the impact of population growth of the place of the origin such as extended
family in the rural area

Reducing of family conflict in the rural area

Decreasing early marriage & divorce practices in rural areas

Reducing shortage of food in the rural areas

Increasing job opportunity in the rural area

Making females free from cultural or family restriction & obligations

25
Gaining education and training accessibility

Increasing the prevalence of job opportunity in the rural area;

Opening up or extending personal business in the urban area are recommended to be the possible
solution that could be drawn to manage the problem associated with female rural-urban
migration.

5.6. Recommendation
As the findings of the study shows, female rural – urban migration has many negative
consequences on the migrant themselves as well as on the dwellers. To overcome these problems
the researcher suggested the following recommendation as possible solutions to the problem.

The part of government who are at place of origin of the female migrants should:

 Reduce female vulnerability to migration; Increase the awareness of females regarding to

the risk of migration by expanding education, training and counseling services and also
teach the whole rural society; eliminate armful traditional practices and other factors
force females to migrate; and Make the case of female rural – urban migration and
associated problem, their primary agenda and try their best to monitor the ever increasing
rate of the migration.
 Respective government parts are advised to organize the migrant’s females in various
socio-economics unions so as to help them earn their lively hood which in turn reduce the
burden of dependence on the urban dwellers.

The rural development programs should

 Generate employment opportunity in rural areas;

Serve to raise incomes of females relative to those in urban areas and perhaps show the pace of
female rural – urban movements; and minimize the problems seen in the place of destination

The female migrants themselves should:

26
 Make up their confidence by learning lesson from the negative consequence of migration;
and Reject thinking migration as the only solution to earn livelihood and to escape from
the social influences and rural poverty.

Reference
Birhane, (2011).Cause and consequence of rural-urban migration University of South
Africa.
Evangetia, Women migration and citizenship saint Mary’s University Canada (2010
Ezra and Kiros, ((2001).Rural out migration in the drought prone Areas Ethiopia; Amult-
Level Analysis international migration Research, 35(3), 749-771
Hagen Jessica, (2008). Why do people migrate? a review of the theoretical literature.
Working paper of Maastricht Graduate School of Governances /2008/WP002.Rtrievedon
December 11, 2014(http//mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28197/
IOM, Indigenous routes; Atrame work for understanding indigenous Migration Genève.
International partition for migration (2008).

27
 Kebede Mamo (1994).Population Education Monograph; Migration and Urbanization in
Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; ICDR
Muzheng, (2003).Rural-urban migration poverty economic reform and urbanization
Rutledge Curzon, London.
Fransen.Andkotie (2009).Migration in Ethiopia History, current trends, and future
Prospects, Marstict University
World Bank, (2007) urban labor Markets in Ethiopia challenges and prospects.Vol. ISYN thesis Report

Appendix
Mekelle University
College of social science and languages

Department of sociology

Dear respondents, this instrument is designed for the purpose of gathering information regarding
to the topic assessing the cause and consequence of rural to urban migration of female in mekelle
city ,in the case of Adi -Hawsi. Your response to the study items highly contributes to the
success of this study. The final paper that will be written based on the information that you have
provided is intended to serve for research and development purpose only. Therefore, you are
kindly requested to give accurate response to each of the items presented in this questionnaire.

28
The responses you give are to be used for this study purpose only and I assure that your
anonymity is always protected.

Direction:

Do not write your name

Please use circle for close-ended questions.

Give your own idea for open-ended questions on the space provided.

As much as possible try to respond all the questions.

I. demographic characteristics of respondents

1. Sex 1) Male 2) Female

2. Age 1) 15-20 years 2) 21-30 year 3) 30 and above

3. Marital status 1) Single 2) Married 3) Divorce

4. Education background 1) Uneducated 2) primary school

3) Secondary school 4) Prep-repertory and above

5. Family occupation 1) Peasant 2) Business 3) Self employment 4) Social worker

5) House wife 6) others

II.History of migration decision-making

6. Where do you born? 1) Rural 2) Urban

7. When did you come here in urban area of Adi-Hawsi town as migrant females?

1) 1-6 Months 2) 7-12 Months 3) above 1 year

8. Who played a major decision-making role when you left your residence?

1) My own decision 2) Parents decision

29
 3) Relative or friends 4) Employee 5) other, please specify __________

9. What was/were the main source of information to lead you move to urban areas of Adi Hawsei
town?

1) Educational purpose 2) Mass media

3) Contact with people who are familiar to the urban town

III: the Pull and Push factors of the migrant Females

10. What is/are the major cause of push factors for your migration to urban area of Mekelle city
Adi-Hawsi kebele?

1) Extended family pressure.

2) Harmful traditional practices like early marriage and divorce.

3) Economic factors

4) Other, please specify________________________________________

11. What is/are the major cause of pull factors for your migration to urban area of destination?

Social factors

1) To be free from cultural or family research and obligations

2) To gain education and training

3) To join immediate relatives or friends

Economic factors

1) Prevalence of job opportunity

2) Expectation of better life

3) To open up or extended personal business

30
I. History of migration decision-making

6. Where do you born? 1) Rural 2) Urban

7. When did you come here in urban area of Adi-Hawsi town as migrant females?

1) 1-6 Months 2) 7-12 Months 3) above 1 year

8. Who played a major decision-making role when you left your residence?

1) My own decision 2) Parents decision

3) Relative or friends 4) Employee 5) other, please specify __________

9. What was/were the main source of information to lead you move to urban areas of Adi Hawsei
town?

VI: Impact of rural urban migration on women autonomy

12. Do you have the self dependency in your current situation?

1) Yes 2) No

13. What is the reason for your answer in question number 12?

-----------------------------------------------------------------

14. Does migration has impact on self dependency

1) Yes 2) No

15. What is your reason for your answer in question number 14?

________________________________________

________________________________________ .

V: Analysis of responds gender role before and after migration

16. What your role before migration?

31
1) House wife 2) merchant 3) farmer

17. What your role after migration?

1) Waiter 2) daily laborer 3) private sector 4) shop keeper 5) other

IIV: Interview guideline Questions for Females Migrants

1. What were the factors behind your rural to urban migration?

2. To what extent were your hopes about urban life understood on the female rural-urban
migration?

3. What were the socio economic consequences of female rural urban migration?

4. What was the possible solution that could be drawn to manage the problem associated with
female rural urban migration?

5. Please do you have other comments and suggestions about causes and consequences of female
rural to urban migration? ________________________________________

32