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3/17/2023
Assumptions Involved in the Derivation of
Reynolds equation
• There is no flow in direction perpendicular to the relative
motion.
• Viscosity of lubricant is constant throughout the oil film .
• Flow is incompressible .
• The flow is laminar.
• The flow is Newtonian's fluid.(fluid obeys Newton's low of
viscosity) '
• Slip between two bearing surfaces is so small that change in
pressure across the clearance is neglected.
• Inertia forces in the oil film are very small, so that their
influence on pressure development in the oil film is
neglected.
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 84
Basic steps involved in Derivation of
Reynolds Equation
• A small element of fluid column is considered
• The height of the fluid film 'h' is considered to be
very small
• Equilibrium of an element of fluid from ~ .
hydrodynamic film {Force Balance Equation) 1s
considered
• Boundary Conditions are applied
• Continuity equation for a fluid element of
dimentions dx, dz, and dy
• REYNOLDS Equation is derived
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 85
3/17/2023
Cont..
• The Navler-Stokes equation Is used and the following assumptions is made
► Consider a small element of fluid column top surface of which is moving with a
velocity U2 In x direction, and lower surface Is moving with a velocity U1•
► The height of the fluid film h Is very small compared with the length and the
span (x and z directions). This permits to Ignore the curvature of the fluid film in
the journal bearings and to replace the rotational with the transnational
velocities.
y V
v,.
h
X,u
Dr. N.R. Chouhon 86
Derivation of Reynolds Equation
► Since the fluid layer is thin, we can assume that the pressure.
gradient in they direction is negligible and the pressure gradients
in the x and z directions are independ ent ofy
B
► Fluid inertia is small compared to the viscous shear
► No external forces act on the fluid film
► compare d with 6u/6y and 6w/6y, other velocity gradient terms
are negligible
87
Or. N.R. Chauhan
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3/17/2023
Derivation of Reynolds Equation
lw
► Equilibrium of an
element of fluid from z
~
BJ ~
y
a hydrodynamic film
Force <4----ln+dp/dK • dx)dy dz
Balance
Equation:
Or. N.R. Chauhan 88
CONT.•
H~ .[Link] -~.[Link] = o I
Op
-=---
ar X
ax oy
Newton's law of shear stress
x-=---µ-~a-=-:-,1
1-,-
-ve sign for U decreases as y increases
Dr. N.R. Ch1uh1n 89
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CONT••
THIS EQUATION SHOWS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT IN THE FLUID
FILM IN X-DIRECTI ON
Similarly
µ ~
~
B'w
-- ~
By ' az
THIS EQUATION SHOWS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT IN THE FLUID
FILM IN Z-DIRECTION
90
[Link] O.W.,
= _1_~1
µ 0 X •
CONT..
Double Integrating of w.r.t . y, we get
Now to evaluate constant of integrati.o n
u = U when y=O
U=o+o+Ci
Cz=U
& When y=h, U=O
I$ U
C1 - - - h- -
µ dx h
Putting values of C1 , C2
Or. [Link]. Cheuha" 91
4
3/ 17 /2 02 3
CONT..
to pressure
Where u1=veloclty distribution due
dis trib utio n due to induced velocity flow.
u2= velocity
92
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
CONT..
ns. v,.
General Boundary Conditio y V
y=O , u = U1 , v
=V1 , w= W1 u,.
y =h, u = U2 , v =V2 , w =W2
h
nt of the X,u
Integrating the x compone
ult in the
above equations would res u,
following equation . z w
93
Or. N.R. Chouhon
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3/17/2023
CONT..
y U2 -U1 )]
p y- y2)+ [ U1 +-(
lo (h
u= ---
2µ ox h
t and putting boundary
Similarly, Integrating the z-componen
condition, we get
[ y W2 -W J)]
lop
w= --- (h y- y 2 )+ W1 +-(
2µ oz h
so small tha t
Slip between two bearing surfaces is
rance(v=O) is
change in pressure across the clea
neglected.
94
Dr. N.R. Chauhon
CONT..
• u and w have two
porti ons;
- A linea r porti on
A parabolic porti on
-- -- -- -- -- -,
-
--
p
u,
Maxi mum pressure location is Where
the I:~ I= o
95
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
6
r
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Using contin uity principal for a fluid elemen t of dx, dz, and dy
and using incompressible flow, we can write the followi ng
relationship·
• Volume of fluid entering in cube = Volume of fluid coming out
of cube
udydz + vdxdz + wdxdy
=(u+~ax)ayaz+(v+~By)oxaz+(w+~ &)axay
96
Dr. N.R. Chauhon
CONT..
Where,
h
qx= fudy dz
0
h
qz= fwdy dx
0
!al (bl
Dr. N.R. Chauhon 97
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3/17/2023
CONT..
uations, the
bstituting the relevant quantities in the continuity eq
Su d as:
Re olds e uation is obtaine
=- !!:_ op dx + W1 +2 W2 h dx
qz 12µ OZ
q
element in the Y direction is 1
Fluid moving into the fluid
98
Or. N.R. Ch•uhon
CONT..
I ·q 2 =V2 dx dz -U2 -d
oh
xd z- W2 oh xd z
-d
oz
I
ox
oh
3 oh -W2 ) -
3
I i_ch op )+ i_ch op) = (U1-U 2) -- 2( Vi -V2) +( W1 oz
ox
6 ox µ OX oz µ oz
r 0 (ff\ +W i
O (U, +U 2)+ h m
h ax-
a u,i and a;<w,+w, a
The last two terms a;<u,+
ce there 1s rare y a
are nearly always zero, sm
locities U and W.
change in the surface ve
99
Dr. N.R. Chluh1n
3/17/2023
Reynolds Equation in Three Dimension
I Physical Significance of terms In Reynolds Equat
ion I
~(phJop); J_(ph op)
oy 12µ oy
3
Poiseullle terms
ox 12µ ox
Couette terms
100
Dr. N.R. Ch1uhon
CONT..
r
h(ua +ub)op I Density wedge
I
2 ox
~h ! (u +ub)
0
I Stretch term
I
p(ua +ub)ah I Physical wedge
I
2 ox
{ wa -w.b -ua ck a',) I Squeeze term
I·
hop
a, I Local expansion
I
.;
\.
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 101
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CONT..
• Poiseuille terms: Describe the net flow rates due to
pressure gradients within the lubricated area
• Couette terms: Describe the net entering flow rates
(velocity induced flow) & following three terms fall under
this ..
o Density wedge: Lubricant density changes in the sliding
direction. In sliding direction if +ve pressure develops then density
decreases and temperature increases.
Figure : Density wedge.
102
Or. N.R. Chauhan
CONT..
- Stretch term: Stretch action concerns the rate at which the surface
velocity changes in the sliding direction.
- Physical wedge: Well known device for generating pressure. This
term for plane slider and a stationery bearing pad.
Figure: Stretch mechanism. Figure : Physical wedge mechanism.
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 103
10
CONT..
• Squeeze (Normal) term: Variable cushioning effect when
bearing surface tends to be pressured together.
Figure: Normal squeeze mechanism.
104
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
CONT..
• Local expansion: Local time rate of densit y charge govern s
the local expansion terms .
• Translational squeeze term: Result from transla tion of
incline d surface
Heat
Figure: Translation squeeze Figure: local expansion
mechanism. mechanism.
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 105
3/17/2
• Using the coordinate system and applying no-
slip boun dary conditions at the two surfaces,
the local velo city components ULand VLcan be
expressed as
UL= opl [1-=-dz- F1 ]dz]+~ ]dz
oµ
ax oµ Fo o µ Fo
where F0 and F1 Is cross-film viscosity Integrals and
U Is the surface velocity of the journal,
hL hL
F0 J
= (I/ µ)dz and Fi = f(z/µ)dz
0 0
Dr. N.R. Chauhan 106
• The local lubricant flow per unit width in X- and Y-
direction can be obtained by integrating the
respective velocity components across the local film
thickness and are expressed as
Where F2 = J(=-=- - ~
o µ
fj ) dz
µ Fa
s.
where PL Is the local fluid-film pressure and Is the local fluid-film thicknes
Or. N.R. Chauhan 107
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• Applying the principle of continuity of flow on
the control volume yields the continuity
equation and is expressed in non-dimensional
form as
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
108
GENERALIZED REYNOLDS EQUATION
The generalized Reynolds equation after simplificatio
n with the
assumptions the flow of lubricant in the clearance
space of a
smooth journal bearing considering variable viscos
ity can be
expressed as:
Using Following Non-Dimensional terms
a,{J= {x,y)/ RJ hL =(hL)/c Pi =PLIP. fl=aJJ(µ,R ; /c 1 p,}
where is the PL local fluid-film pressure and hL is the local
fluid-film thickness
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
109
13
o f Surface Rou ghness in Journal
Influence
Bearing
ultitude of irregularities
► Th e su rfa ce roughn ess is a m
ith re la tiv el y sh or t spac in g (2 to 800µm) and height of
w
(0 .03 to 400µm).
t (shortest wavelength)
► Ro ug hn es s in clu de s th e fin es
irr eg ul ar iti es of a surface.
a particular production
► It ge ne ra lly resu lts fro m
process or material condition.
te re st in m an uf ac tu ring because it
► It is of sign ifi ca nt in
hn es s th at de te rm ines its friction in contact
is th e roug
w ith an ot he r surface.
110
Dr. N.R. Chauhan
