STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 219 EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). the season starts] is determined by the weather. 2. The manual |(how) the device should be built] —— 3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game. —— 4. He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer. —— 5. Talked about where we should go for lunch. —— 6. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained. —— 7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting. —— 8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due. —— 9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting. —— 10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted. Sxitt 10: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. I do not know [what is] in the box. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB concerned about [who NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION ill do the work] Whoever is coming to the party] must bring a gift. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT In the first example there are two clauses: I do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sen- tence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the con- nector that joins the two clauses. In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are. In the second clause whois the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposi- tion about. In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb és com- ing, and the noun clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.220 STRUCTURE The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests (8) [IA was on television made me angry. @ (B) The story (C) What (D) When In this example you should notice immediately that there are two verbs, was and made, and each of those verbs needs a subject. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because it and the story cannot be the subject for both was and made at the same time. Answer (D) is incorrect because when is not a subject. In answer (C) what serves as both the subject of the verb was and the connector that joins the two clauses together; the noun clause what was on television is the subject of the verb made. Answer (C) is therefore the best answer. The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with them: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who what which whoever whatever. whichever NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT sv noun connector/subject I know what happened. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT. Gomeomenormubies) V] What happened _was great. EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the noun clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) —€— 1. The game show contestant was able to respond to was asked. | al ich) the best physics department] —— 3. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job descri —— 4 Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office. —— 5. The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) —— 6. The voters should elect whichever of the candidates seems best to them. —— 7. Itwas difficult to distinguish between what was on sale and what was merely on display. —— 8. Youshould buy whatever the cheapest and most durable _—— 9. What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief. —— 10. You can spend your time with whoever important to you. Skit 11: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun, Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes. ‘The woman is filling the glass [sat she put on the table, ‘ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. The glass [that she put on the table] contains milk. [ADJECTIVE CLAUSE In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and she is the subject of the verb put. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass. In the second example there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb con- tains, and sheis the subject of the verb put. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. ‘Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests SE The gift (A) because (B) was (©) since (D) which we selected for the bride was rather expensive. In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: gift is the subject of the verb was, and the verb selected needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connec- tor is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes selected into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D). The correct sentence should say: The gift which we selected for the bride was rather expensive. In this sentence giftis the subject of the verb was, weis the subject of the verb selected, and the connector which joins these two clauses.222 STRUCTURE The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS whom which ‘that (for people) (for things) (for people or things) sy I liked the book which you recommended. s s v v The book which you recommended was interesting. NOTE: The adjective connectors can be omitted. This omission is very common in spoken English or in casual ‘written English. It is not as common in formal English or in structure questions on the TOEFL test. EXERCISE 11: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec- tive clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —&_ 1. Itis important to fill out the form in the way ou have been instructed. for five years for sale ata really good price. —— 38. [just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report. —— 4. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed. —— 5. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening. —— 6. Imade an app. tment with the doctor whom you recommended. —— 7. The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome. —— 8. The story that you told me about Bob. —— 9. The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very friendly. ——— 10. I'm not really sure about taking part in the plans that we made last night. Skit 12: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY In Skill 11 we saw that adjective clause connectors were used to introduce clauses that describe nouns. In Skill 12 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) ing the glass on the table IVE CLAUSE The glass on the table] contains milk. [ADJECTIVE CLAUSE In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and that is the subject of the verb és. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause that is on the table describes the noun glass. In the second example, there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb con- tains, and that is the subject of the verb is. In this example that also serves two functions: is the subject of the verb is, and itis the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that is on the tableis an adjective clause describing the noun glass, it directly follows glass. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests is on the table has four sections. (A) The notebook (B)_ The notebook which (C) Because the notebook (D)_In the notebook In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, is and has, and each of them needs a subject. You know that table is not a subject because it follows the preposition on; tableis the object of the preposition. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The notebook which is on the table has four sections. In this sentence notebook is the subject of the verb has, and which is the subject of the verb is. Which is also the connector that joins the two clauses. The following chart lists the adjective clause connector/subjects and the sentence pat- terns used with them: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS who | that (for people) {for people or things) s v She needs a secretary types fast. Asecretary who 23224 STRUCTURE EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the adjec- tive clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —£_ 1. Theice cream served in the restaurant] has a smooth, creamy texture. —L 2. The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks. —_— 3. Ihave great respect for everyone who on the Dean's List. —— 4. Itisgoing to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here. — 5. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked. —— 6. The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police. ive in an environment is extremely humid. —— 7. These plants can only su —— 8. The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotas. — 9. The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store. —— 10. The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale. EXERCISE (Skills 9-12): Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). —— 1. Noone explained to me whether was coming or not. —— 2. The part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down. —— 3. The girl who she just joined the softball team isa great shortstop. —— 4. Thave no idea about when the meeting is supposed to start. —— 5. We have been told that we can leave whenever want. —— 6. The racquet with whom I was playing was too big and too heavy for me. —— 7. Iwill never understand that he did. —— 8. He was still sick was obvious to the entire medical staff. — 9. What is most important in this situation it is to finish on time. —— 10. The newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents had not been home in some time.‘STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 225 TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 9-12): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 Dolphins form extremely complicated 6. allegiances and continually change. (a) (B) (Cc) (D) enmities that that are enmities enmities that are that enmities Scientists are now beginning to conduct 7. experiments on trigger different sorts of health risks. (A) (B) (C) (D) noise pollution can that noise pollution how noise pollution how noise pollution can The Apollo 11 astronauts of the Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, 8 were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, (A) (B) (©) (D) whom whom millions ‘were some whom some were Atthe end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed a test for 9. measuring intelligence served as the basis of modern IQ tests. (A) (B) (©) (D) has ithas and which has have at least four hours of 10. hazardous materials response training is mandated by federal law. (A) All police officers (B) All police officers must (C) Thatall police officers (D) For all police officers A cloud’s reservoir of negative charge extends upward from the altitude at the freezing point. (A) (B) (C) (D) temperatures hit hit temperatures which temperatures hit which hit temperatures Ina 1988 advanced officers’ training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing environmental protection laws whenever feasible. (A) itis (B) is (C) has (D) ithas will be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been announced to the public. (A) It (B) What (C) When (D) That During free fall, up toa full minute, a skydiver will fall at a constant speed of 120 m.p.h. (A) itis (B)_ which is (C) being (D) is The fact the most important ratings period is about to begin has caused all the networks to shore up their schedules, (A) isthat (B) of (C) that (D) what226 STRUCTURE TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-12): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 loom high above the northern and_——_6._ Many companies across the country have northeastern boundaries of the molded the concepts describes expanding city of Tucson. into an integrated strategy for (A). The Santa Catalina mountains Eee (B) Because the Santa Catalina (A) and Wolf mountains (B) that Wolf (C) The Santa Catalina mountains are (C)_ what Wolf (D) That the Santa Catalina mountains (D) so Wolf 2. Radioactive provides a powerful 7 in the first draft of the budget will way to measure geologic time. not necessarily be in the final draft. (A) it (A) Although it appears (B) dates (B) Itappears (©) dating (©) What appears (D) can (D) Despite its appearance 3. contained in the chromosomes, 8. Ifa food label indicates that a food is and they are thought of as the units of mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean heredity. is a good food to eat. (A) Genes which are (A) andit (B) Genes are (B) and (C) When genes (C) thatit (D) Because of genes (D) when 4. The benefit the study is that it 9. Aneed for space law to include provides necessary information to commercial concerns has been anyone who needs it. recognized inasmuch been (A) of expanding drastically in recent years. (B)_ which (A) the commercial launch industry (C) that (B) the commercial launch industry (D) because has (C) as has the commercial launch 5. The same symptoms that occur industry occur with cocaine. (D) as the commercial launch industry has (A) amphetamines can (B)_ with amphetamines can (C)_ so amphetamines (D) with amphetamines they 10. The report on the nuclear power plant indicated that when the plant had gone on line unsafe. (A) and it had been (B)_ithad been (©) had been (D) that it had been